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1、A New English GrammarVice Professor Gan Daixia2010.3 虚拟语气虚拟语气三种语气简介三种语气简介三种语气简介三种语气简介语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。陈述语气：谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观
2、现实的，陈述语气：谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，陈述语气：谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，陈述语气：谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。Flowers blossom in spring. Flowers blossom in spring. The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. The
3、 yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. The moon is peeping through the window at the The moon is peeping through the window at the sleepless girl. sleepless girl. Its probably going to snow tomorrow.Its probably going to snow tomorrow.祈使语气：表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、祈使语气：表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告禁止等。警告禁止等。 Do dro
4、p in to see us. Keep off the grass. 虚拟语气：把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人虚拟语气：把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的想象中的“假设假设 ”或或“推断推断”，而不是当作，而不是当作客观客观现实中的真实事件，它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、现实中的真实事件，它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝福等。推测、假设、想象或祝福等。Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.I wish I were a white cloud.A judicious man wouldnt do like
5、that. 虚拟语气在条件句子中的运用虚拟语气在条件句子中的运用英语中的条件句有英语中的条件句有2种：真实和非真实条件句。种：真实和非真实条件句。非真实条件句包括：非真实条件句包括： 虚拟条件句、推测条件句、错综时间条件句。虚拟条件句、推测条件句、错综时间条件句。1 虚拟条件句有虚拟条件句有2种：种： 一是叙述与现在事实相反的情况；另一是叙一是叙述与现在事实相反的情况；另一是叙述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用于推测将来的情况，也称推测条件句。于推测将来的情况，也称推测条件句。 would有时可以换成有时可以换成 should, could， mi
6、ght。 条件从句条件从句条件从句条件从句 结果主句结果主句结果主句结果主句与与与与现现现现在在在在事事事事实实实实相反相反相反相反 动词过去式动词过去式动词过去式动词过去式（werewere） would + would + 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形 与与与与过过过过去去去去事事事事实实实实相反相反相反相反 had + had + 过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词 would + have +V.ed would + have +V.ed 与与与与现现现现在在在在事事事事实实实实相反相反相反相反1 1 一般过去式一般过去式一般过去式一般过去式2 2 were + were + 不定式
7、不定式不定式不定式3 3 should + V should + V. would / should + V. would / should + V. He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. I am sorry I am very busy just now, if I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you. If I knew the answers to all your questions, I would be a genius. If wishes wee hors
8、es, beggars might ride. If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadnt built so many reservoirs.Jack would have died if the doctors hadnt operated on him timely.If he were here this evening, w
9、e would play cards.If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy.If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.If it should rain again, what else could I do?she would tell me if she should know it.If she should have enough money, he would buy it.比较：比较： If it snowed tomorrow, If it were
10、 to snow,If it should snow, I should / would stay at home. uu 注意：注意：注意：注意：（1 1）条件句中有）条件句中有）条件句中有）条件句中有were, had, should, couldwere, had, should, could时，可时，可时，可时，可以省略以省略以省略以省略 if if，而把，而把，而把，而把 were, had, should, could were, had, should, could放在主放在主放在主放在主句前，用倒装结构，这种用法多用语书面语中。句前，用倒装结构，这种用法多用语书面语中。句前，用
11、倒装结构，这种用法多用语书面语中。句前，用倒装结构，这种用法多用语书面语中。uuWere it necessary, I might resign.Were it necessary, I might resign.uuHad you informed me earlier, I wouldnt Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract. have signed the contract. uuShould I have time, I would call on her.Should I have time
12、, I would call on her.uuCould you meet Mary, you should not be Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her. able to recognize her. uuWere they to get married, they would be Were they to get married, they would be happy.happy.uuWere he living happily, I would be very Were he living h
13、appily, I would be very much astonished.much astonished.（2）虚拟语气中的主句也可以是疑问句、）虚拟语气中的主句也可以是疑问句、感叹句、祈使句：感叹句、祈使句：If she had everything, would she be happy?If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been!If you were man enough, dont give up.If you should need help, please tell me.(3) 过去分词也可用于虚拟条件句中，
14、这时的过去分词也可用于虚拟条件句中，这时的could是情态动词，表示是情态动词，表示“能够能够”， 相当于相当于“had been able to” If I could have earned enough money, I should have traveled over the world. If you could have prevented mistakes, you might have been more successful.(4) 条件从句中不可用条件从句中不可用would, If he would have come yesterday, I should have t
15、old him. If he had come yesterday, I should have told him. 2. 错综时间条件句错综时间条件句 / 混合式虚拟语气混合式虚拟语气Had I taken my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be wet now.If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now.If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the fi
16、lm last night.If the criminal were honest, he would have made a clean breast of the whole thing long ago. If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour.If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future.If I were rich, I would have bought the villa last year.如果条件句做宾
17、语从句，其动词形式不受主句如果条件句做宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。谓语动词的影响。I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful. (过去过去)I will tell her that if she would / were to make another try, she might be successful. （将来）（将来）I have told her that if she made another try, she might be successf
18、ul. （现在）（现在）3 无条件的虚拟语气无条件的虚拟语气表示表示“无条件无条件”的词有：的词有：with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what ifBut for (= if it were not for) your help we couldnt have succeeded.They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without (if it were not for.) that common ground.With better equ
19、ipment, we could have done it better.Given more time, we would do it better. 4. 含蓄条件句含蓄条件句有时，句子中没有表示虚拟语气的词，有时，句子中没有表示虚拟语气的词，短语或从句，但依然要用虚拟语气。这短语或从句，但依然要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含在上下文中，称之。要么隐含在上下文中，称之。I would do anything for her. (if I could)You might have failed. (if you made les
20、s efforts)She should have died. ( if she had taken that bus)Even stones would shed tears. (to hear the sad news.)It would do you no good. (if you should give up the job.)Heaven would cry at their sufferings. (if it were able to see their sufferings)She might have refused to answer. ( if you had aske
21、d her.)We could have won the battle, (but we were impatient)We would have made a lot of money. (but we gave up halfway)Such mistakes could have been avoided. ( if one had been more careful) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用（1）wish后的宾语从句后的宾语从句与现在事实相反：与现在事实相反：were / 动词的过去式动词的过去式与过去事实相反：与过去事实相反：had + 过去分词过去分词
22、 / would / could + have +过去分词过去分词表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望：表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望：would / should / could / might + 动词原形动词原形 I wish she were / was here. I wish the moon were shining at the moment. I wish you would go with us tomorrow.I wish she had taken my advice.Sophia wished she hadnt done it.I wish that I h
23、ad never seen her.I wish you wouldnt be so nervous.He wished she might do better next time. if only 和和 ( I ) would that 后用虚拟语气后用虚拟语气表示现在没有实现的愿望：表示现在没有实现的愿望： 谓语动词（一般过去式）谓语动词（一般过去式）表示过去没有实现的愿望：表示过去没有实现的愿望： 谓语用过去完成式（谓语用过去完成式（had + V.ed）翻译为：）翻译为： “要是要是就好了就好了”,“但愿但愿”If only she had known where to find yo
24、u.If only I could speak several foreign languages!Would that I had seen her before she died.If only he were more cautious.Would that I were young again.虚拟语气用在虚拟语气用在suggest, order, demand等后的等后的宾语从句中宾语从句中如：如：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, arrange, ask, recommend,
25、advise, maintain, persist, permit, provide direct, persuade dictate agree pray legislate sentence object 后用动词后用动词原形或原形或should + 动词原形动词原形 He determined that she would go at once. They intended that news should be suppressed. I prefer that you not eat the meat. She insisted that the seats should be bo
26、oked in advance.The workers demanded that their wages should be raised by 10 percent.They requested that he should sing a song.He advised that the doctor should be sent for.The committee decided that no one should be admitted without a ticket.Sometimes she would suggest that I should be saving some
27、of the money.The examination instructions ask that the students should not use a red pen.It was arranged that she leave the next week.虚拟语气用在虚拟语气用在advice, demand, order 等名词后的主语从句、表语从句和等名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语，同位语，常用的词有：常用的词有：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement
28、, suggestion, idea, recommendation, preference, request, plan, motion, desire, sentence后后用动词原形或用动词原形或should + 动词原形动词原形 The demand is that manuscripts should be written on one side only. He issued the order that the troops should withdraw at once. It is my desire that all the members of the family sh
29、ould gather once a year.Their desire was that a treaty should be signed.The sentence is that the murderer should be shot.虚拟语气用在虚拟语气用在important, necessary等后的从等后的从句中句中urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, insistent, obligatory, vital, advisable, better, keen, preferable, fitting, right good prope
30、r compulsory careful funny pitiful imperative resolved eager anxious, concerned, ridiculous, unthinkable 可以构成句型可以构成句型“it is + adj./ n. + that”,有些词有些词 要用要用“I am + adj. + that”, 用用should + be 句型句型It is necessary that some immediate effort should be made. It is essential that the program should be load
31、ed into computer. He is careful that nobody should know about the secret. She was anxious that her daughter should be taken good care of. it is (high / about) time句型句型 这时，这时， 谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。It is high time that we were off.It is time that we went
32、 to bed.It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.这种句型中的过去式也可以改为这种句型中的过去式也可以改为should (不能省不能省略略)+ 动词原形，动词原形， 但过去式要更普通一些。但过去式要更普通一些。It is about time we should go to bed. It is quite time she should wash her clothes.7. 在在for fear that, in order that, so that, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词引导的目的状语从句中
33、，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气一般用虚拟语气 should / could / might + 动词原形动词原形, 在以在以lest 引导的从句中，谓语动词用引导的从句中，谓语动词用(should ) + 动词原形。动词原形。He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.He kept quiet lest he (should) disturb her. She always studies hard lest she (should) lag behind.I will not make a noise for fear (that) I
34、should / might disturb you.I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me. imagine后的虚拟语气后的虚拟语气表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想用表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想用were型结构，表示对过去非实际情况的型结构，表示对过去非实际情况的意想用意想用 had + 过去分词结构。过去分词结构。Imagine that we were
35、on a desolate island now. Imagine that you were laughed at by those shallow people. Imagine that he had not had taken those measures, what would have happened?以以as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气表语从句，有时用虚拟语气与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式，与过去事实相反，用与过去事实相反，用had + 过去分词过去分词表示将来的可能性不大，用
36、表示将来的可能性不大，用 would/ might / could + 动词原形动词原形He talks as if he knew all about it.She looks as though she were sick.He talks about pyramids as though he has seen them himself.I feel / felt as if we had known each other for years. It looks as if it might rain. 比较：比较： He walks as if he is drunk He walks
37、 as if he were drunk. 10. would rather, would sooner, had better, would as soon, just as soon后的句子用虚拟语气后的句子用虚拟语气(1) 接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择表示一种主观愿望或选择I would rather do it today.He would sooner die than surrender.Hed rather not go dancing tonight.(2) 接不定式完成式，表示过去的某接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰
38、当种选择不恰当I d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.Id rather have stayed at home than went to the dull film.(3)接从句，接从句， 用虚拟语气，表示现在或将用虚拟语气，表示现在或将来的愿望时，用一般过去式，表示一来的愿望时，用一般过去式，表示一个过去的愿望时，用过去完成式。个过去的愿望时，用过去完成式。Id rather you paid the money yourself.Id soon you didnt do anything about it f
39、or the time being.I would sooner she painted the wall green next time.Id rather she hadnt done that. 11. would rather than / would rather than 后的从句用虚拟语气后的从句用虚拟语气用用“ should + 动词原形动词原形”than 后的后的that 可以省略。可以省略。I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. He would do anything rather than (t
40、hat) he should live with such a shameless woman.(四四) 条件句的其他表示法条件句的其他表示法1. As (so ) long as 真实性条件从句真实性条件从句You may borrow the book so long as you return it in one week.2. on condition that “在在条件下条件下”，陈述语气，陈述语气或虚拟语气均可。或虚拟语气均可。The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they do
41、/ should do no harm to the animals.3. given that 真实条件，用陈述语气真实条件，用陈述语气Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall go it alone.4. if it were not for“4. if it were not for“如果没有如果没有如果没有如果没有”,”,表示与现在事表示与现在事表示与现在事表示与现在事实相反，主句用实相反，主句用实相反，主句用实相反，主句用should should 型虚拟语气。型虚拟语气。型虚拟语气。型虚拟语气。uu If it were not f
42、or the rain, the crops should / If it were not for the rain, the crops should / would become withered. would become withered. uuIf it had not been for “If it had not been for “如果当时没有如果当时没有如果当时没有如果当时没有”,”,表表表表示与过去事实相反。示与过去事实相反。示与过去事实相反。示与过去事实相反。uu If it had not been for your timely help, I would If i
43、t had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.have gone bankrupt.5. assuming that 5. assuming that 真实条件，从句中谓语动词用陈真实条件，从句中谓语动词用陈真实条件，从句中谓语动词用陈真实条件，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气。述语气。述语气。述语气。uuAssuming (that) we cant get loan, what shall Assuming (that) we cant get loan, what shall we do?we do? 6. in
44、the event that 6. in the event that 同上同上同上同上uu In the event that Harry rejects the proposal, In the event that Harry rejects the proposal, what will she do?. what will she do?. 7. suppose that 既可以表示真实条件，既可以表示真实条件，用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气，用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来的假设。表示对现在或将来的假设。Suppose / supposing that it rains
45、 , we wont go out. Suppose / supposing that it rained, we shouldnt go out. Suppose / supposing that there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped 8Provide that/ providing that表示真实条件表示真实条件 She was prepared to come, provided / providing that she might bring her c
46、hildren. He was willing to give the job to me provided that I could assure him I could do it well. 比较：比较： You will be criticized provided that () / if you are as careless as before. Children were permitted into the hall for the film provided (that) / = if they did not make any trouble.9 Unless 既可以做真
47、实性条件，既可以做真实性条件，= if not.也可以做非真实性条件句，也可以做非真实性条件句，= butif 或或except on condition thatI couldnt get a grant unless I had five years teaching experience. Unless you had done it earlier, you would have failed. I couldnt have bought it unless I had had enough money.10. in case 引导的句子既可以用陈述语引导的句子既可以用陈述语气，又可以
48、用气，又可以用 虚拟语气，由虚拟语气，由should构成，构成，should可以省略。可以省略。The games will be postponed in case it snows. (可能性更大可能性更大)The games will be postponed in case it (should) snow. （可能性小）（可能性小）11. and表示条件的三种结构形式表示条件的三种结构形式 (1) 祈使句祈使句(相当于条件状语从句相当于条件状语从句) + and + 陈述句（既可以用表示真实条件，陈述句（既可以用表示真实条件，也可以表示非真实条件）如：也可以表示非真实条件）如：Car
49、e for others and others will love you. One more step forward and you will touch it. One more step forward and you would have touched it. (2) 祈使句祈使句(相当于条件状语从句相当于条件状语从句) + and （可以省略）（可以省略）+ 祈使句祈使句Light come, light go. 来得容易去得快。来得容易去得快。 Marry in haste, repent at leisure. 草率结婚，事后后悔。草率结婚，事后后悔。 Spare the r
50、od and spoil the child. 孩子不打不成器。孩子不打不成器。Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。爱屋及乌。 （3）名词词组）名词词组 + and + 陈述句陈述句 （表示（表示真实条件或虚拟语气）真实条件或虚拟语气）One more effort, and you will gain your goal.A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous novelist.12. or 表示条件的结构形式：祈使句表示条件的结构形式：祈使句+ or + 祈使句祈使句, or 表示一个否定概念，表示一
51、个否定概念，即第一个祈使句相当于即第一个祈使句相当于Ifnot Make more effort, or you will fail. 用用or else, otherwise, or otherwise, else来来强调强调or. He cant be so irresponsible, or they wouldnt have allowed him to do that. I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 13. 独立条件句中的虚拟语气独立条件句中的虚拟语气 有时候，主句可以省略，
52、条件句可以独立有时候，主句可以省略，条件句可以独立存在，表示存在，表示“但愿但愿”，“怎么办怎么办”等等意。意。 If I were young again! If I succeeded. Oh, if I could see you. Oh, if I had another chance! Oh, had I not given up!. 3. neverbut 意为意为:when always It never rains but it pours. I never see the picture but I think of my college years. 4not such b
53、ut, 5 so but 6 或否定主语或否定主语 + be + so + but7 句型中句型中but 相当于相当于that not He is not such a fool but he knows it. 8 No task is so hard but (/ but that) he can accomplish it.I do not doubt but (/ but that)I do not deny but (/ but that)It is not impossible but (but that)句型句型 He didnt doubt but that snow woul
54、d shortly fall. I do not deny but that it is a wise decision. There is no doubt but that he is guilty. and yet和和 but yet是是 yet的变体：的变体：indeedbut, it is truebut，To be sure but, on the contrary, on the other hand. She is vain, and yet people like her. I have given him all he asked for, but yet he is st
55、ill not satisfied. Its true she is beautiful, but she is rather selfish. To be sure hes a nice person, but he is not very clever. Indeed she tried hard, but she did not succeed. He loves her indeed, but he dare not propose marriage to her. while, whereas He likes sports, while Id rather collect stam
56、ps.Wise men seek after truth while / whereas fools despise knowledge. You can wear out iron shoes in fruitless search, whereas you may hit on what you need without even looking for it. or Wear your coat or youll catch cold. Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. Shes a student or something. H
57、e left the key in the classroom or somewhere. It costs a hundred dollars or so. Money or no money, she has made up her mind to do the experiment. as well as 做并列连词做并列连词 = not onlybut also, no less than 比较比较: He is a statesman as well as a scholar. He is no less a statesman than a scholar. He is not o
58、nly a scholar but also a statesman. He has experience as well as skill. He has no less experience than skill. He has not only skill but also experience. As well as = and as well (侧重后项侧重后项) 比较：比较：He needs to develop his reading, and his writing as well.He needs to develop his writing as well as his r
59、eading.He needs to develop not only his reading but also his writing. 在否定句中，在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，的位置不同，句子的意义往往有很大的差异。句子的意义往往有很大的差异。 He, as well as she, will not come. He will not come as well as she. Henry, as well as his brother, doesnt work hard. Henry doesnt work hard as well as his brother. ra
60、ther than 也可以起并列连词的作用，也可以起并列连词的作用，连接两个完全对应的语法结构连接两个完全对应的语法结构连接形容词：连接形容词：He is modest rather than shy. Be honest rather than clever. 连接名词：连接名词： Jane prefers maths rather than physics.连接谓语动词连接谓语动词: The old man hobbled rather than ran. He lay rather than sat in his armchair. 连接不定式：连接不定式： Helen decided
61、to quit the job rather than to accept the term. Rather than work, she would play. Rather than disappoint them, he told the children amusing stories. Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. He had wandered away rather than be with his friends. 有些并列连词也可以连接并列分句：有些并列连词也可以连接并列分句：
62、either orneithernornot only but also, Neither I would consult him nor he would asdk me for advice. Not only was the room well decorated, but also meal was ready.as it is / as it were I thought that things would get better; but as it is , they are getting worse. As it was, she was a very vain girl. A
63、s it is 可放在句子尾部，紧跟在名词或可放在句子尾部，紧跟在名词或代词后面，意为：代词后面，意为：“照现在的样子，按照现在的样子，按目前的情况目前的情况”， It is impossible to finish the work as it is.Take the world as it is. Dont worry about it, leave it as it is. As it were 一种虚拟语气，一种虚拟语气，意为：意为：“似乎，可以说是，打个比方说似乎，可以说是，打个比方说” The film is as it were, a true feflection of the Second World War. He is my best friend, and my second half, as it were. Professor Wang is, as it were, a walking dictionary. The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. 结束语结束语若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！
