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1、句子成分(constituent)与句子分类(classification)北京二中北京二中2012级新高一英语衔接课级新高一英语衔接课 v名词名词(n.): 即人或事物的名称即人或事物的名称 boy, dancer, flower, beauty, countryv冠词冠词(art.): 用在名词前，帮助说明其意义用在名词前，帮助说明其意义 a, an ,thev动词动词(v.):表示人或事物的状态表示人或事物的状态 go, do, see, work, feelv形容词形容词(adj.): 表示人或事物的特征表示人或事物的特征 good, easy, new, beautifuv代词代词(
2、pron.): 代替名词或数词代替名词或数词 we, these, some, everybody, whatClassification of English wordsv数词数词(num.): 表示数目和顺序表示数目和顺序 nine, fifty, third, twentiethv介词介词(prep.): 用在名词，代词等前面，说明与别用在名词，代词等前面，说明与别的词之间的关系的词之间的关系 in, on, from, through, forv副词副词(adv.):表示动作特征或性状特征表示动作特征或性状特征 beautifully, carefully, hard, up, ver
3、yv连词连词(conj.): 连接词与词句与句连接词与词句与句 and, or, if, when, althoughv 感叹词感叹词(interj.): 表示说话时的感情和口气表示说话时的感情和口气 ah, well, alas, whyClassification of English wordsOutline 一、句子一、句子(sentence)的定义的定义二、句子的成分二、句子的成分(constituent) （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义 （二）句子成分的构成（二）句子成分的构成 三、句子的分类三、句子的分类 （一）按用途（一）按用途（function） （二）按结构（二）
4、按结构（structure）四、简单句的五种基本类型四、简单句的五种基本类型 五、复合句的三大基本类型五、复合句的三大基本类型 一、句子一、句子(sentence)的定义：的定义：句子是按照一定的句子是按照一定的语法规律语法规律组成，具有主组成，具有主语部分和谓语部分，能表达一个语部分和谓语部分，能表达一个完整的完整的意意思，并有一定的思，并有一定的语调语调的一组词。句子开头的一组词。句子开头的第一个字母要的第一个字母要大写大写，句子末尾要有句号、，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。问号或感叹号。二、句子的成分二、句子的成分(constituent)（一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义 ：构
5、成句子的各个部：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。分叫做句子成分。 （二）句子成分的构成（二）句子成分的构成 ：主语：主语subject、谓、谓语（或谓语动词）语（或谓语动词）predicate、表语、表语predicative、宾语、宾语object、定语、定语attribute、状语、状语adverbial、补足语、补足语complement、同位语、同位语appositive等。等。辨析下列句子中画线部分的成分：辨析下列句子中画线部分的成分：1. To find the right way is not that easy .2. The plane took off at ten ocl
6、ock.3. The weather has turned cold. 4. Are you for or against the plan? 5. Phoebe was found alive. 6. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 主语主语 （subject）定义：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。定义：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在there bethere be结构
7、、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语通常要置于谓语、助动词或情态动和倒装句中，主语通常要置于谓语、助动词或情态动词的后面。词的后面。1. Little streams feed big rivers.2. There are many labs in No.2 High School.3. Could students choose what they want to study?4. Who cares?5. There goes the bell.主语可由名词主语可由名词noun、代词、代词pronoun、数词、数词numeral、不定式、不定式
8、infinitive、动名词、动名词gerund和和主语从句主语从句subject clause等表示等表示。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）（名词）2. We often speak English in class.（代词）（代词）3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）（数词）4. The rich should help the poor.（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词） 5. To
9、find the right way is not that easy. (不定式不定式)谓语谓语 (predicate) 定义：谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的定义：谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。特征和状态。动词动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由简单动词或短语动词构成。、简单谓语：由简单动词或短语动词构成。 He reads English every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.谓语谓语 (predicate) 2、复合谓语：、复合谓语
10、：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词的适当形）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词的适当形式构成。式构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。）由系动词加表语构成。We are students.表语表语 (predicative) 定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于连系动词（如一般位于连系动词（如be, become, turn, grow, get, look, seem, appear, sound, smell, f
11、eel, taste等）之后。等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。1. He became king when he was very young. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold.4. Time is up. The class is over.宾语宾语 (object) 定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。于及物动
12、词和介词的后面。They went to see a film yesterday. Are you for or against the plan?How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. v宾语种类：宾语种类：(1)双宾语双宾语(间宾间宾indirect指人指人+直宾直宾direct指物指物) Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补） They elected him their monitor. 补足语 (complement) 补足语是一种补足主语和宾语意义的句
13、子成补足语是一种补足主语和宾语意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语语(subject complement) ，补足宾语意义的句，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补足语子成分叫做宾语补足语(object complement)。1. Phoebe was found alive. (主补主补)2. He was called Oliver Barret. (主补主补)3. His father named him Dongming.（宾补）（宾补）4. They painted their boat white.（宾补）（宾补）5. Let
14、the fresh air in.（宾补）（宾补） 定语定语 (attribute) 定义：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。定义：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。1. Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）（形容词）2. China is a developing country（分词）（分词） 3. There are thirty women teachers in our school. (名词名词)4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. (代词代词)5. Xiaoming is always th
15、e first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）状语状语 (adverbial) 定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、比较、方式条件、比较、方式,让步让步,伴随。伴随。1. How about discussing it again at six? (时间状时间状)2. Last night
16、she didnt go to the party because of the rain.（原因状）（原因状）3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状）（条件状）4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状）（地点状）5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状）（方式状）6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （伴随状）（伴随状）7. In order to catch up with t
17、he others, I must work harder.（目的状）（目的状）8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状）（结果状）9. She works very hard though she is old. （让步状）（让步状）10. I am taller than he is.（比较状）（比较状） 同位语（同位语（appositive） 定义：在名词或代词之后，并列名词或代词定义：在名词或代词之后，并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分。对前者加以说明的成分。1. We students should study
18、hard. 2. Its good to us students. 3. Sony is working with JK Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books, to create the worlds first magic book.Exercises分析下列句子成分分析下列句子成分1. The student got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. They went hunting t
19、ogether early this morning.5. Fan culture is part of the beauty of soccer.6. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 7. The story takes place in McDulls kindergarten. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He noticed a man enter the room.10. The apple tasted sweet.三、句子的分类三、句子的分类1、按句子的用途可分四种：
20、、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句）陈述句declarative（肯定（肯定affirmative、否定、否定negative） He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句）疑问句interrogative（一般、特殊、选择、反意）（一般、特殊、选择、反意） Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class.三、句子的
21、分类三、句子的分类1、按句子的用途可分四种：、按句子的用途可分四种： 3）祈使句）祈使句imperative Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class. 4）感叹句）感叹句exclamatory How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句）简单句simple：只有一个主语（或并列主：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictu
22、res for the newspapers.2) 并列句并列句compound：由并列连词（：由并列连词（and, but, or, so, while, yet等）或分号（；）把两个或等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如果有两两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如果有两个以上的并列句，通常只在最后一个句子前个以上的并列句，通常只在最后一个句子前面用连词，其他句子之间用逗号。面用连词，其他句子之间用逗号。 Things change and we change.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. I came, I saw,
23、and I conquer.3）复合句）复合句complex：由两个或两个以上的分句：由两个或两个以上的分句以从属的关系组成。复合句包括：名词性从以从属的关系组成。复合句包括：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。These foreigners took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.四、简单句的五种基本类型四、简单句的五种基本类型1. 主语主语+不及物动词：不及物动词：We work.2. 主语主语+系动词系动
24、词+表语（主语补语）：表语（主语补语）： He is a student.3. 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语：宾语：Henry bought a new dictionary.4. 主语主语+双宾动词双宾动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语：直接宾语：I bought my mother a new dress.5. 主语主语+宾补动词宾补动词+宾语宾语+补语：补语： Tom made the baby laugh. There lies a book on the desk.Exercises分析下列句子成分，并说出属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。分析下列句子成分，并说出属于五种基本句型中的哪一
25、种。1. She ordered herself a big meal. 2. Building the Great Wall in ancient times required years of hard labor.3. Meng Jiang finally found her husband dead. 4. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. 6. People all over the world are watching London Olympic G
26、ames now. 7. Dont keep the lights burning. 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 9. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. 10. All these efforts seem in vain. 五、复合句的三大基本类型五、复合句的三大基本类型1. 名词性从句：名词性从句： 主语从句主语从句 What you said is quiet true. 宾语从句宾语从句 He always says that he is born to succeed. 表语从句表语从句
27、 My idea is that you should make good use of your time. 同位语从句同位语从句 The question who was to blame has never been settled.2. 定语从句：定语从句：This is the room where Lu Xun lived.I shall never talk to anyone who gossips.3. 状语从句：状语从句：Wherever you go, I can find you.I stayed home because it was too cold. If I l
28、ost my honest, I could never be happy again.Exercises判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. Advanced technology do of course increase the GDP(国内产生产总值国内产生产总值).4. Xu jinglei is taking a break from
29、her successful directing career and has gone back to school to improve her English in New York.5. His works are always published in magazines or on the front pages of newspapers. Exercises判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句6. He was fond of drawing when he was only a child.7. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder we grow wheat.8. I hope you are safe and sound.9. The farmer is telling the boy how to plant a tree.10. However, if you write something by email, and send it immediately, there is no chance for second thoughts.若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢！32
