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1、EPITHELIAL TISSUE andCONNECTIVE TISSUE （reviewreview）He shaojian（何少健）何少健）Constitution Constitution of human body of human body from from macroscopymacroscopy to microscopy to microscopyhuman human body body systemssystemsorgansorganstissuestissuescellscells and and intercellularintercellularmaterial
2、smaterialssubcellularsubcellularstructuresstructuresmoleculemolecules satomsatomsneutronneutronprotonproton* Covering Epithelium SimpleEpith.Simple Squamous Epith.Simple Cuboidal Epith.Simple Columnar Epith. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epith.StratifiedEpith. Stratified Squamous Epith.Stratifi
3、ed Columnar Epith.Transitional Epith.* Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial CellClassification of GlandsStructure of Exocrine Glands Types of Glandular Cells* Covering Epithelium * Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial Cell Exocrine Glan
4、d Endocrine Gland Acinus or Secretory Portion DuctSerous cellMucous cell* Covering Epithelium * Glandular Epithelium and Glands* Specialized Structure of Epithelial CellFree Specialization Lateral Spec.Basal Spec.MicrovilliCilia Tight Junction Intermediate JunctionDesmosome Gap Junction Basement Mem
5、brane Plesma Membrane InfoldingHemidesmosome*Connective *Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper * * Blood Blood and and LymphLymph* Cartilage* Cartilage and and Bone BoneLooseLoose Connective Connective TissueTissueDense Connective Dense Connective Tissue TissueAdipose TissueAdipose TissueReticular
6、 TissueReticular TissueCellsCellsFibersFibers GroundGroundSubstanceSubstanceFibroblastsPlasma CellsMacrophagesMast CellsAdipose Cells未分化的间充质细胞未分化的间充质细胞 白细胞白细胞 Collagen FibersReticular FibersElastic FibersProteoglycan (forming molecular sieve)GlycoproteinTissue FluidMesenchyme*Connective *Connective
7、Tissues Tissues ProperProper* Blood * Blood and Lymph and Lymph* Cartilage* Cartilage and and Bone BoneLoose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue Dense Dense Connective Connective Tissue Tissue AdiposeAdipose Tissue TissueReticular Reticular Tissue TissueDense Regular Connective TissueDense Irre
8、gular Connective TissueElastic TissueWhite Adipose TissueBlown Adipose TissueReticular CellsReticular FibersMatrix* Blood and LymphErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets* Connective * Connective Tissues Tissues Proper ProperStructure of Bone MarrowHaemopoiesisBlood （1） Structure of Bone Marrow and Ha
9、emopoiesis Lymph* * Cartilage Cartilage And Bone And Bone* Cartilage* Cartilage And Bone And BoneHyaline CartilageFibrous CartilageElastic Cartilage* Connective * Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper* Blood * Blood and Lymph and LymphBone TissueLong BoneCartilageCartilage（1 1）BoneBone（2 2）Bone Bo
10、ne developmentdevelopmentIntramembranous Ossification Endochondral OssificationHe shaojian (何少健何少健)&* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.M （1） Ultrastructure & Molecular Constitution Mechanism of Contraction Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersMyofibrils Transverse tubules(T
11、-tubules)Sarcoplasmic reticulum, (L-tubules)* Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionMyofibrils （2）Thick filaments（3）Thin filaments Myosin（肌球蛋白）（肌球蛋白）Actin（肌动蛋白）（肌动蛋白）Tropomyosin（原（原肌球蛋白肌球蛋白）Troponin（肌钙蛋白）（肌钙蛋白）* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.M Ultr
12、astructure & Molecular Constitution Mechanism Of Contraction（5） Types of Skeletal Muscle FibersMyofibrils Transverse tubules(T-tubules)（4）Sarcoplasmic reticulum, (L-tubules)* Skeletal Muscle* Cardiac Muscle* Smooth Muscle Structuer Under L.MUltrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionTransverse tubules (
13、T-tubules) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (L-tubules)Thick filamentsThin filamentsStructuer Under L.M.Ultrastructure & Molecular ConstitutionMechanism of Contraction Neurons Synapse Neuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Shape （1）Structure （2）Classifi
14、cation SomaNeuriteMembraneNucleusPerikaryon The Numbers of Neurite Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of NeurotransmittersDendritesAxonClassificationof Neurons （3） The Number of Neurites Long or Short Axon Function Releasing the Sorts of Neurotrans- mittersPseudounipolar NeuronBipolar N
15、euronMultipolar NeuronGolgi type I NeuronGolgi type II NeuronSensory NeuronInterneuron Motor NeuronCholinergic NeuronAminergic NeuronPeptidergic NeuronSynapse(1)(1)NeuronTypesClassifi-cationStructure of Chemical SynapsesAxodendritic SynapseAxospinous SynapseAxosomatic SynapseAxoaxonal SynapseDendrod
16、endritic SynapseElectrical SynapseChemical SynapsePresynaptic Element (Synaptic Bouton)Synaptic Cleft Postsynaptic ElementNeuroglia cells Nerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve endingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Structure Influence OnNext Cell Excitatory SynapseInhibitory SynapseNeuroglia or gl
17、ial CellsNeuronSynapseGlial Cells In the Central Nervous SystemGlial Cells In the Peripheral Nervous SystemAstrocytesOligodendrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal CellsNerve Fibers and Nerves Nerve Endings Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem CellSchwann Cells Satellite Cells *Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *
18、Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*FunctionNerve Fibers and NervesNeuronSynapseNeuroglia CellsNerve Fibers（1 1）NerveMyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemMyelinated N. F. In the Central Nervous SystemNerve EndingsNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Mye-linated N. F.（2）Unmye-linated
19、 N. F.Unmyelinated N. F. In the Peripheral Nervous SystemUnmyelinated N. F. In the Central Nervous SystemNerve Endings*Neuron *Synapse*Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and NervesSensory Nerve EndingMotor Nerve EndingNeurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell Free Nerve EndingEncapsulated Nerve Ending Tac
20、tile Corpuscle （触觉小体）（触觉小体）Lamellar Corpuscle（环层小体）环层小体）Muscle Spindle（肌梭）（肌梭）Somatic Motor Nerve EndingVisceral Motor Nerve Ending*Neurotrophic Factors and Neural Stem Cell *Neuron *Synapse *Neuroglia Cells*Nerve Fibers and Nerves *Nerve EndingsNeurotrophic FactorsNeural Stem Cell1 1、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组
21、织学有何认识？、通过组织学总论的学习，你对组织学有何认识？2 2、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。、请将每一基本组织的框架列出。3 3、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？、各基本组织的知识点有哪些？4 4、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织、各基本组织的知识点如何构成各基本组织 的内容？的内容？ 5、你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？你如何理解结构和功能的关系（举例说明）？ OVER*Cartilage*CartilageandandBoneBoneHyaline Cartilage Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage* Connective * Connect
22、ive Tissues Tissues ProperProper* Blood and Lymph* Blood and LymphCartilage Tissue PerichondriumFormation and Growth of CartilageCartilage MatrixChondrocyteInterstitial GrowthAppositional Growth* Bone* BoneBone Tissue Long Bone* Connective * Connective Tissues Tissues ProperProper* Blood and * Blood
23、 and Lymph Lymph* Cartilage* CartilageBone MatrixBone CellsOsteoprogenitor CellOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsSpongy BoneCompact BonePeriosteum(Outer/inner) Circumferential LamellaeOsteon or Haversian SystemInterstitial Lamellae BloodNeutrophilic Granulocyte (Neutrophils) Eosinophilic Granulocyte (
24、Eosinophils) Basophilic Granulocyte (Basophils)Monocytes LymphocytesErythrocytesLeukocytesBlood Platelets*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*Function*Shape *Structuer*Function1.Components（组成）成）： 2. Muscle cells and a litter of L.C.T. 3.2. Types ： 4. Skeletal muscle （骨骼肌）（骨骼肌）5. Cardiac muscl
25、e （心肌）（心肌）6. Smooth muscle （平滑肌）（平滑肌）3. The Several Terminology：Muscle fiber/cell（肌纤维（肌纤维/肌细胞）：肌细胞）： Because of their shape like the fiber.Sarcolemma（肌膜）：（肌膜）： The membrane of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasm（肌质（肌质/浆）：浆）： The plasma of the muscle cell.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum（肌质（肌质/浆网）：浆网）： The smooth endop
26、lasmic reticulum of the muscle cell.（1） Shape & Size（2） Nucleus（3） Sarcoplasm（1） Shape & Size： long cylinder 1 40 mm in the length 10100 m in diameter（2） Nucleus (Nuclei )： polynucleation peripheral flat-ellipse (扁椭圆形扁椭圆形)（3）Sarcoplasm： Sarcoplasm is full of longitudinal myofibrils, and among them t
27、here are many organelles such as mitochondria.Myofibril（肌原纤维）：（肌原纤维）： Each myofibril is composed of repeating subunits called sarcomeres，which are composed of myofilaments.Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Fibers（longitudinal section）MyofibrilCross StriationMuscle Satellite CellSkeletal Muscle Fibers（t
28、ransverse section）Muscle Cell MyofibrilNucleiMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyofibril I band A bandCross StriationI band.(I/明带明带) A band.(A/暗带暗带) Band Patterns of the MyofibrilMuscle Fiber and MyofibrilMuscle FiberMyo
29、fibril I band A bandCross StriationMyofibrilI bandA band线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline I band.(明带明带): Z line. Thin line in middle of the I band, caused by the presence of the Z disk. Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI b
30、andlineline A band.(暗带暗带): H band M line Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlineline A band.(暗带暗带): H band. The central region of the A band, which is slightly lighter in appearance because it does not have thin filaments in it. Band Patterns of the
31、 Myofibril A band.(暗带暗带): M line There is a central dark line in A band. there are structural proteins at the location that bind to thick filaments to keep them in register. Band Patterns of the Myofibril线线Myofibril（electronic microscope）A band band lineI bandlinelineSarcomereSarcomere( (肌节肌节) ) A s
32、egment of myofibril between two neighbor Z line. I band + A band + I band The basal contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle cells.Location:Structure:Function:MyofibrilI bandA bandlineline band lineMyofibrillinelineThick Filamentline lineline H band I band(thin filament only)A band(thick filament on
33、ly)thin & thick filamentsCross bridge Molecule Myosin（bean-bud shape）Head（ATPase）RodTroponin肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白Actin肌动蛋白肌动蛋白Tropomyosin原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白Thin FilamentComposed mainly of the protein actin. Smaller amounts of tropomyosin and troponin are present. The pointcombined with myosina pair of spiral chains
34、 of molecule actinActin肌动蛋白肌动蛋白Single molecule actin Tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白原肌球蛋白a pair of spiral chains of multipeptideTroponin 肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白（three subunites）Troponin 肌钙（原）蛋白肌钙（原）蛋白Composed of three spherical subunites, namely, TnT、TnI、TnC.TnTTnITnCcombined with Ca2+regulate mutual link between actin an
35、d myosinhelp troponin adhere to tropomyosin The plasma membrane has tubular invaginations, called T-tubules, that run into the cytoplasm, branching and surrounding myofibrils. T-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick FilamentsTerminal Cisterna Their function is to carry the acti
36、on potential(动作电位动作电位) into the cell interior. They associate closely with the SER in the cell. Their location is at the interface between I band and A band in skeletal muscle cell. It forms a network between and around the myofibrils. At level of A band - I band interface, there are terminal cister
37、nae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that flank a T-tubule. Usually two terminal cisternae /per T tubule: therefore this complex is called a triad(三连体). Two triads/per sarcomere. It can reserve calcium ions.T-tubules&L-tubulesMyofibrilSarcoplasmT-tubulesA bandI bandThin & Thick FilamentsL-tubulesTermin
38、al CisternaN N冲冲动动 肌肌膜膜 横横小小管管 终终池池及及纵纵小小管管，释放释放钙离子钙离子钙离子钙离子与与肌钙蛋白肌钙蛋白结合结合 细肌丝细肌丝构形改变，构形改变，暴露出暴露出肌动蛋白肌动蛋白的结合的结合位点位点粗、细肌丝粗、细肌丝接触接触 肌球蛋白肌球蛋白分子头分子头ATPATP酶酶被激活，分解被激活，分解ATPATP释放能量释放能量 粗肌丝粗肌丝拉着拉着细肌丝细肌丝向向M M线线方向滑动，方向滑动，肌节肌节缩短。缩短。收缩结束后，收缩结束后，钙离子钙离子被泵回被泵回肌浆网肌浆网，肌钙蛋肌钙蛋白白等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。等恢复原状，肌纤维松弛。M线 肌球蛋白头肌动蛋白肌钙蛋
39、白TC原肌球蛋白松弛时松弛时Z线Z Z线线收缩时：收缩时：肌节肌节Z Z线线Z Z线线Z Z线线H H带带 M M线线松弛时：松弛时：肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图肌丝滑动，各带变化模式图肌丝滑动模式图肌丝滑动模式图* Nerve Cells（Neurons）： They are the basal structural and functional unite. They can receive stimulations, integrate informations and transmit nervous impulses. Some neurons has the endocrine fun
40、ction.* Neuroglia Cells（Neuroglia）： They play an important role in the support , the nutrition, the protection and the insulation for neurons.NeuritesSomaAxonDendritesShape of Neurons (section)H.E stainH.E stain silver stainsilver stainThe soma includes the nucleus and the perikaryon. Nucleuslarge,
41、round, clear, and having distinct nucleolus PerikaryonContains rich organelles The special organelles areNeuron H.E high mag.Nissls bodiesNeurofibrilStructure of NeuronNisslsNissls bodies bodies （尼氏体尼氏体 ）Definition:The basalphilic substances in the cytoplasm of neuron.Component：Rough Endoplasmic Ret
42、iculum, RER. &Free RibosomesFunction：synthesize protein.Neuron H.E high mag.NeurofibrilsNeurofibrils（神经原纤维）（神经原纤维）Definition:They are the filaments, which can be demonstrated with silver stain, in cytoplasm.Component：They consists of aggregate of microtubules and neurofilaments. Function：They suppor
43、t the neurons as a cell skeleton and are also involved in the transportation of substances.Neuron silver stain, high mag.1、According to the number of their processesMultipolar NeuronBipolar NeuronPseudounipolar Neuron2 2、 According to the size of soma and the length of axon:Golgi type:Large soma and
44、 long axon Golgi type:Small soma and short axonAxon3 3、 According to the functions: Sensory Neuron(or Afferent )Motor Neuron(or Efferent )Interneuron Model of nerve reflex circle4、According to releasing the sorts of neurotransmitters or neuromodulators: Cholinergic Neurons（胆碱能神经元）（胆碱能神经元） Aminergic
45、Neurons（胺能神经元）（胺能神经元） Peptidergic Neurons（肽能神经元）（肽能神经元） In general, a neuron can only release a kind of neurotransmitters（神经递质）（神经递质） or neuromodulators（神经调质）（神经调质）.Synapse（突触）. Definition: It is a specialised cellular junction between a neuron and another one, or a neuron and an effecting cell, whe
46、re the transmission of messages occurs. Type of the Synapse * Axodendritic Synapses * Axospinous Synapses * Axosomatic Synapses * Axoaxonal Synapses * Dendrodendritic Synapses. Classification： Electrical Synapses Chemical Synapses. Definition: A nerve fiber is composed of an axon and a surrounding s
47、heath formed by the neuroglial cell. 2 . Classification： *Myelinated nerve fiber （有髓神经纤维）（有髓神经纤维） *Unmyelinated nerve fiber （无髓神经纤维）（无髓神经纤维）3 . Formation of the Myelin Sheath： Glial cell first fixes to the surface of the axon and the axon penetrates into a groove of glial cell cytoplasm. The edges o
48、f the groove then fuse together to form a mesaxon(轴突系膜轴突系膜). Therefor, the glial cell starts to rotate around the axon. During this process, the mesaxon elongates and forms a myelin lamella. Formation of the Myelin SheathNucleus of Glial cellAxonMyelin Sheath见动画见动画髓鞘形成示意（动画）髓鞘形成示意（动画）Unmyelinated Nerve FiberIn the Peripheral Nervous SystemRelationship of Schwann Cell and Unmyelinated Nerve FibersSchwann CellAxonsMode of nerve impulse conduction Saltatory conduction: Myelinated nerve fiberContinuous conduction:Unmyelinated nerve fiberRanviernodes
