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1、Cranes1OSHA Office of Training & EducationMajor Causes of Crane Accidents Contact with power lines Overturns Falls Mechanical failures2OSHA Office of Training & EducationInstability unsecured load, load capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft Lack of communication - the point of operation
2、 is a distance from the crane operator or not in full view of the operatorLack of trainingInadequate maintenance or inspectionHow Do Accidents Occur?3OSHA Office of Training & EducationWho is at RiskOperatorsPersons at Crane Site4OSHA Office of Training & EducationDefinitionsCrane Consists of a rota
3、ting structure for lifting and lowering horizontally on rubber tires or crawler treadsHoist - Used to lift and lower load.Boom An inclined spar, strut, or other long member supporting the hoisting tackleBoom stops A device used to limit the angle of the boom at its highest positionBrake To slow or s
4、top motion by friction or power Block Sheaves or grooved pulleys in a frame with hook, eye and strapJib Extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads.5OSHA Office of Training & EducationCrane Parts6OSHA Office of Training & EducationTypes of CranesMobi
5、leHydraulicOverheadGantryTower7OSHA Office of Training & EducationImproper load ratingExcessive speedsNo hand signalsInadequate inspection and maintenanceUnguarded partsUnguarded swing radiusCrane HazardsWorking too close to power linesImproper exhaust systemShattered windowsNo steps/guardrails walk
6、waysNo boom angle indicatorNot using outriggers8OSHA Office of Training & EducationPlanning Before Start-UpLevel the crane and ensure support surface is firm and able to support the loadContact power line owners and determine precautions. Know the location and voltage of overhead power lines. Know t
7、he basic crane capacities, limitations, and job site restrictions, such as the location of power lines, unstable soil, or high winds. Make other personnel aware of hoisting activities.Barricade areas within swing radius.Ensure proper maintenance and inspections.Determine safe areas to store material
8、s and place machinery.9OSHA Office of Training & EducationCompetent PersonThe competent person must inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and during use, to make sure it is in safe operating condition. If it needs fixing, take it out of service and dont use it until it is fixedBroke
9、nTrack10OSHA Office of Training & EducationLoad Capacity - Speed - WarningsMake sure the crane operator can see the: Rated Load Capacities Operating Speeds Special Hazard Warning or InstructionLoad Rating Chart11OSHA Office of Training & EducationKnow the Weight of the LoadRefer to shipping ticket o
10、r other documentationEnsure lift calculations are correctEnsure load is within load chart rating for boom length and load radius of craneCrane is rated by the maximum weight it will lift at a minimum radius and minimum boom length the further from its centerpoint, the less it will lift12OSHA Office
11、of Training & EducationLoad Limiting FactorsNot level WindSide loadsOn its wheelsLifting over the sideUse of extensions, jibs and other attachmentsLimits of wire rope, slings and lifting devices13OSHA Office of Training & EducationMobile Cranes Lifting PrinciplesCenter of GravityLeverageStabilityStr
12、uctural Integrity14OSHA Office of Training & EducationLoad Example 30 ton crane Will lift 60,000 pounds at 10 feet from the center pin of the craneBased on level surface, no wind, and outriggers fully extendedAt 25 feet from the center pin with an 80 foot boom, the capacity is only 14,950 poundsAt 7
13、4 feet from the center pin, the capacity is only 4,800 pounds15OSHA Office of Training & EducationImproper LoadImproper loads or speeds can result in the tipping of the crane16OSHA Office of Training & EducationImproper Load17OSHA Office of Training & EducationImproper Load18OSHA Office of Training
14、& EducationStay clear from power lines at least 10 feet Power Lines19OSHA Office of Training & EducationAn illustration of the signals must be posted at the job siteHand Signals20OSHA Office of Training & EducationGuard Moving PartsUnguarded Chain DriveGuard moving parts such as gears or belts21OSHA
15、 Office of Training & EducationSwing RadiusSwing RadiusStay out of the swing radius of the crane Make sure there are barrier guards showing swing radius22OSHA Office of Training & EducationOperator VisibilityBroken WindowMake sure broken windows or other obstructions do not prevent the operator from
16、 seeing23OSHA Office of Training & EducationLaddersLadder Use ladders to get to the upper portion of the cab24OSHA Office of Training & EducationGuardrailsRunways and steps need to have guardrails, handholds and slip resistant surfaces25OSHA Office of Training & EducationSuspended Loads Dont stand u
17、nder suspended loads26OSHA Office of Training & EducationBoom Angle IndicatorA boom angle indicator must be on the crane27OSHA Office of Training & EducationSupporting SurfaceCranes must be on a firm supporting surface and level within 1 percent28OSHA Office of Training & EducationThe grooves must b
18、e smooth and free from surface defects which could cause rope damageSheaves29OSHA Office of Training & EducationRigging Equipment SlingsTypes of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and synthetic web.ChainWire ropeMetal meshSynthetic30OSHA Office
19、of Training & EducationAnnual InspectionsInspection of the hoisting machinery must be made by a competent personThe employer must maintain a record of these inspectionsCrane wasnt inspectedand tipped over31OSHA Office of Training & EducationWhat to InspectCorrect air pressure and no leaksTires prope
20、rly inflatedClearance for tail swingWire rope wearPhysical damage to craneLoose or missing hardware, nuts, or boltsFluid leaks32OSHA Office of Training & EducationRemove From ServiceImmediately remove damaged or defective slings from service33OSHA Office of Training & EducationDamaged wire ropeBroke
21、n StrandsDamaged wire rope must be taken out of serviceCrushed Rope34OSHA Office of Training & Education Worn Part35OSHA Office of Training & EducationConduct regular inspectionsof tires for excessive wear or damageTire Inspections36OSHA Office of Training & EducationTrainingOperators: must qualify
22、on specific crane type Must include on-the-job training Supervisor / competent person37OSHA Office of Training & EducationSummary An unstable load, lack of communication, lack of training, and inadequate maintenance or inspection are major contributors to crane accidents. Operators or others working in the area can be victims to “struck by and caught in injuries. Contact with power lines causes many accidents. A competent person must inspect a crane regularly to insure it is in proper order. Planning and training reduces accidents.38OSHA Office of Training & Education
