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1、西方社会分层的两大理论传统Karl MarxMax Weber主导观点阶级斗争阶级调和理论模型历史唯物主义生产力与生产关系经济、声誉、权力三位一体的分层模式职业与阶层紧密关联p中国p美国William Labov生平pProfessor, Departments of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania,pBorn: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJpColumbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D. 1964pIndustrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield,
2、 NJ, 1949-1960pAssistant Professor, Columbia University, 1964-1970pAssociate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1971-pDirector, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1976-William Labov主要著作pThe social motivation of a sound change, 1963pThe Social Stratification of English
3、 in New York City.,1966pSociolinguistic Patterns, 1972pLanguage in the Inner City, 1972pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors , 1994.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. 2001.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive and Cultural Factors, 2010p
4、with U. Weinreich & M. Herzog, Empirical foundations for a theory of language change, 1968.Casestudy 1: Marthas Vineyard (1963)The island was chosen as a laboratory for an initial investigation of social patterns in linguistic change.（1）has the advantage of being a self-contained unit, separated fro
5、m the mainland by a good three miles of the Atlantic Ocean. （2）has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior. （3）We are also fortunate in having the records of the Linguistic Atlas of New England 1931-1972 (henceforth abbreviated LANE) a
6、s a background for the investigation. The social motivation of a sound change The social motivation of a sound change （1）词汇调查pA lexical questionnaire, using the regional markers shown as most significant in the maps of the LANE, supplemented with recent observations, and concentrating on the followi
7、ng words containing (ay) and (aw):pspider dying outpSliding swipe flattening outpwhite outhousepegg pie frying pancrouchThe social motivation of a sound change （2）诱导提问pWhen we speak of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, what does right mean? . Is it in writing? . If a man is su
8、ccessful at a job he doesnt like, would you still say he was a successful man?“p These questions were generally successful in eliciting the informants versions of the italicized words.The social motivation of a sound change （3）请高中生读课文pAfter the high winds last Thursday, we went down to the mooring t
9、o see how the boat was making out. . My father started to pump out the bottom, and he told me to find out if the outboard would start. I found out all right. I gave her a couple of real hard pulls but it was no dice. Let me try her, my father said. Not on your life, I told him. Ive got my pride.The
10、social motivation of a sound change （4）公共场所录音pIn addition to the formal interview, observations were made in a great many casual situations: on the streets of Vineyard Haven and Edgartown, in diners, restaurants, bars, stores, docks, and many places where the general sound of public conversation cou
11、ld be noted, if not effectively recorded.The social motivation of a sound change 样本情况p69人约占总人口的百分之一，可以作为全岛居民的代表性取样。p样品的结构与全岛总人口的结构接近。40 are up-islanders, and only 29 are from downisland, though over 70 percent of the people live down-island. p职业结构The most important occupational groups are represente
12、d: 14 in fishing, 8 in farming, 6 in construction, 19 in service trades, 3 professionals, 5 housewives, 14 students. p民族结构The three main ethnic groups are represented: 42 of English descent, 16 Portuguese, and 9 Indian.p总数据As a result of these 69 interviews, we have about 3,500 instances of (ay) and
13、 1,500 instances of (aw) as the basic data for this study.The social motivation of a sound change The social motivation of a sound change 实验语音学概要The social motivation of a sound change The Social Meaning of CentralizationThe social motivation of a sound change The social motivation of a sound change
14、 Casestudy 2: NYC Department store (1966)pHighest ranking: Saks Fifth Avenueat 50th St. and Fifth Ave., near the center of the high fashionshopping district, along with other high prestige stores such asBonwit Teller, Henri Bendel, Lord and Taylor.pMiddle ranking: Macys Herald Square34th St. and Six
15、th Ave., near the garment district,along with Gimbels and Saks-34th St., other middle rangestores in price and prestige.pLowest ranking: S. Klein Union Square14th St. and Broadway, not far from the LowerEast Side; the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recentlyraised its price and advertising
16、level and moved uptown.The social stratification of English in New York City调查方法pThe interviewer approached the informant in the role of a customer asking for directions to a particular department. The department was one which was located on the fourth floor. pWhen the interviewer asked, “Excuse me,
17、 where are the womens shoes?” the answer would normally be, “Fourth floor.”pThe interviewer then leaned forward and said, “Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style under emphatic stress.pThe interviewer would then move along the aisle of the
18、 store to a point immediately beyond the informants view, and make a written note of the data.The social stratification of English in New York City调查方法pThis method of interviewing was applied in each aisle on the floor as many times as possible before the spacing of the informants became so close th
19、at it was noticed that the same question was asked before. pEach floor of the store was investigated in the same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the question was necessarily different: “Excuse me, what floor is this?”pFollowing this method, 68 interviews were obtained in Saks, 125 in Macys, an
20、d 71 in Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264 subjects was about six and one-half hours.The social stratification of English in New York City调查结果The social stratification of English in New York City扩大调查The social stratification of English in New York CityLabov 突破了什么？pSynchronic structural systems and diachronic historical developments must be studied in isolation.pSound change cannot be directly observed.pFeelings about language are inaccessible.pThe linguist should not use non-linguistic data to explain linguistic change.The social stratification of English in New York City
