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1、ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblem最新.1commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh1.Toolong.Theconclusionsectionshouldbeshort.Oft
2、entheconclusionsectionisaslittleas2.5%ofanentirepieceofpublishedresearch.2.Toomuchdetail.Conclusionsthataretoolongoftenhaveunnecessarydetail.Theconclusionsectionisnottheplacefordetailsaboutyourmethodologyorresults.Althoughyoushouldgiveasummaryofwhatwaslearntfromyourresearch,thissummaryshouldbeshort,
3、sincetheemphasisintheconclusionssectionisontheimplications,evaluations,etc.thatyoumake.最新.23.Failuretocommentonlarger,moresignificantissues.Whereasintheintroductionyourtaskwastomovefromgeneral(yourfield)tospecific(yourresearch),intheconcludingsectionyourtaskistomovefromspecific(yourresearch)backtoge
4、neral(yourfield,howyourresearchwillaffecttheworld).Inotherwords,intheconclusionyoushouldputyourresearchincontext.4.Failuretorevealthecomplexitiesofaconclusionorsituation.Negativeaspectsofyourresearchshouldnotbeignored.Problems,drawbacksetc.canbeincludedinsummaryinyourconclusionsectionasawayofqualify
5、ingyourconclusions(i.e.pointingoutthenegativeaspects,eveniftheyareoutweighedbythepositiveaspects).commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh最新.3commonprobleminwritingaconcludingparagragh5.Lackofaconcisesummaryofwhatwaslearned.Inordertobeabletodiscusshowyourresearchfitsbackintoyourfieldofstudy(andthe
6、worldatlarge)youneedtosummarizeitverybriefly.Oftenthesummaryisonlyafewsentences.6.Failuretomatchtheobjectivesoftheresearch.Oftenresearchobjectiveschangewhiletheresearchisbeingcarriedout.Thisisnotaproblemunlessyouforgettogobackandrewriteyouroriginalobjectivesinyourintroductionsothattheyaccuratelyrefl
7、ectwhatyouweretryingtoaccomplishinyourresearch(notwhatyouthoughtyoumightaccomplishwhenyoubegan).最新.4exerciseHereisanexampleofanobjectiveandconclusionthatdonotmatch:Objective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheimpactofroadbuildingonvillagesonruralcommunities.Conclusion:Themodelproducedinthisstu
8、dycanaccuratelypredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonvillagesinsouthwestChina.Ifwerewritetheobjectivetomatchwhatweactuallydid(wedevelopedamodel),itwillfittheconclusion:Rewrittenobjective:Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastodevelopamodeltopredictthesocialandeconomicimpactofroad-buildingonrura
9、lcommunities.最新.5warning1.Dontdependonyourconclusiontosumupthebodyparagraphs.Yourparagraphsshouldflownaturallyintooneanotherandconnectionsshouldbemadeamongthem.Summarycanbeanimportantfunctionofconclusionsbutkeepthispartbrief;avoidrepeating,word-for-word,astatementyouhavemadeearlierinthepaper.2.Donts
10、implyrepeatyourintroduction.Trytotalkaboutyourtopicinanewway.Thetoneofyourconclusionisdifferentbecausethereaderhasfinishedyourpaper.3.Dontendyourconclusionwithaquotationorwithastatementthatcouldverywellbethesubjectofanotherpaper.Theformerdeflectsattentionawayfromyouaswriterandthinker;thelatterdeflec
11、tsattentionfromwhatyouresayinginyourpaper.Itisoktoquote,butitisbettertoaddacommentofyourowntoendon.Thisshowsthatyouareincontroltotheveryend.最新.6warning4.Dontuseclichsoranoverlysentimentalorobviousstatement.Theformersoundgoodbutmeannothing;thelatterwillweakenratherthanstrengthenyouressay.5.Dontintrod
12、ucenewarguments,evidence,ordetailsinyourconcludingparagraph.Itisnotplacetointroduceideasyouforgottomentioninthebodyofthepaper.Nevermakeaclaiminyourconclusionthatisunsubstantiatedorevenunmentionedanywhereelse.Newmaterialmayenteraconclusionoccasionally,butitmustbecloselyrelatedtoeverythingelseyouhaves
13、aid.6.Dontapologizefordoingapoorjobofresentingthematerial.Thiswillruinyoureffort.Strategiesforwritingaconclusion最新.7Suggestions1.Answerquestions.Striveforanswerstothequestionsreaderslogicallyraise-Whyareyoutellingmethis?WhydoyouthinkIneedtounderstandyourmainpoint?Showyourreaderswhythispaperwasimport
14、ant.Showthemthatyourpaperwasmeaningfulanduseful.Pointouttheimportanceortheimplicationsofwhatyouvejustsaidonanareaofsocietalconcernisperhapsabitmoredramatic.2.Synthesize,dontsummarize.Dontsimplyrepeatthingsthatwereinyourpaper.Theyhavereadit.Showthemhowthepointsyourmadeandthesupportandexamplesyouusedw
15、erenotrandom,butfittogether.最新.8Suggestions3.Redirectyourreaders.Giveyourreadersomethingtothinkabout,perhapsawaytouseyourpaperintherealworld.Placethepaperinalargercontext.Ifyourintroductionwentfromgeneraltospecific,makeyourconclusiongofromspecifictogeneral.Thinkglobally.Foranalyticalpapersinparticul
16、ar,youcouldmentionthelackofconclusioninthefield.Thisdemonstratesthatyouunderstandthecomplexityofthesubjectmatter.4.Createanewmeaning.Youdonthavetogivenewinformationtocreateanewmeaning.Bydemonstratinghowyourideasworktogether,youcancreateanewpicture.Oftenthesumofthepaperisworthmorethanitsparts.最新.9Str
17、ategies1.Echoingtheintroduction:Echoingyourintroductioncanbeagoodstrategyifitismeanttobringthereaderfull-circle.Ifyoubeginbydescribingascenario,youcanendwiththesamescenarioasproofthatyouressaywashelpfulincreatinganewunderstanding.ExampleIntroductionFromtheparkinglot,Icouldseethetowersofthecastleofth
18、eMagicKingdomstandingstatelyagainstthebluesky.Totheright,thetallpeakofTheMatterhornroseevenhigher.Fromtheleft,IcouldhearthejunglesoundsofAdventureland.AsIenteredthegate,MainStreetstretchedbeforemewithitsquaintshopsevokinganold-fashionedsmalltownsocharmingitcouldneverhaveexisted.Iwasentranced.Disneyl
19、andmayhavebeenbuiltforchildren,butitbringsoutthechildinadults.ConclusionIthoughtIwouldspendafewhoursatDisneyland,buthereIwasat1:00A.M.,closingtime,leavingthefrontgateswiththenowdarktowersoftheMagicKingdombehindme.Icouldseetiredchildren,toddlingalongandstrugglingtokeeptheireyesopenasbesttheycould.Oth
20、erssleptintheirparentsarmsaswewaitedfortheparkinglottramthatwouldtakeustoourcars.Myforty-year-oldfeetached,andIfeltabitsadtothinkthatinacoupleofdaysIwouldbeleavingCalifornia,myvacationover,togobacktomydesk.ButthenIsmiledtothinkthatforatleastadayIfelttenyearsoldagain.最新.10Strategies2.Challengingthere
21、aderandcallforaction:Byissuingachallengetoyourreaders,youarehelpingthemtoredirecttheinformationinthepaper,andtheymayapplyittotheirownlives.ExampleThoughservingonajuryisnotonlyacivicresponsibilitybutalsoaninterestingexperience,manypeoplestillviewjurydutyasachorethatinterruptstheirjobsandtheroutineoft
22、heirdailylives.However,juriesarepartofAmericasattempttobeafreeandjustsociety.Thus,jurydutychallengesustobeinterestedandresponsiblecitizens.最新.11Strategies3.LookingtothefutureortoawidercontextLookingtothefuturecanemphasizetheimportanceofyourpaperorredirectthereadersthoughtprocess.Itmayhelpthemapplyth
23、enewinformationtotheirlivesorseethingsmoreglobally.ExampleWithoutwell-qualifiedteachers,schoolsarelittlemorethanbuildingsandequipment.Ifhigher-payingcareerscontinuetoattractthebestandthebrighteststudents,therewillnotonlybeashortageofteachers,buttheteachersavailablemaynothavethebestqualifications.Our
24、youthwillsuffer.Andwhenyouthsuffers,thefuturesuffers.最新.12Strategies4.Posingquestions:Posingquestions,eithertoyourreadersoringeneral,mayhelpyourreadersgainanewperspectiveonthetopic,whichtheymaynothaveheldbeforereadingyourconclusion.Itmayalsobringyourmainideastogethertocreateanewmeaning.Example:Campa
25、ignadvertisementsshouldhelpusunderstandthecandidatesqualificationsandpositionsontheissues.Instead,mosttelluswhatabooborknavetheopposingcandidateis,ortheypresentgeneralimagesofthecandidateasafamilypersonorGod-fearingAmerican.Dosuchadvertisementscontributetocreatinganinformedelectorateorapeoplewhochoo
26、sepoliticalleadersthesamewaytheychoosesoftdrinksandsoap?最新.13ConclusionInyourconclusions,addressthefollowing:reachconclusionsabouttheinitialobjectivesshowadvantagesofyourmethodoverpreviouslypublishedmethodsstateopenproblemsidentifyneedednextstepsinresearchontheproblem最新.14论文的结论部分1结论的内容2写作要点3写作要求4写作时
27、态最新.15结结论论又又称称结结束束语语、结结语语。是是最最终终的的总总体体的的概概括括，也也可可写写建建议议、对对策策、设设想想，或或提提出出研研究究中中发发现现的的尚尚待待解解决决的的问问题题。它它是是在在理理论论分分析析和和实实验验验验证证的的基基础础上上，通通过过严严密密的的逻逻辑辑推推理理而而得得出出的的富富有有创创造造性性、指指导导性性、经经验验性性的的结结果果描描述述。它它又又以以自自身身的的条条理理性性、明明确确性性、客客观观性性反反映映了了论论文文或或研研究究成成果果的的价价值值。结结论论与与引引言言相相呼呼应应，同同摘摘要要一一样样，其其作作用是便于读者阅读和为二次文献作者
28、提供依据。用是便于读者阅读和为二次文献作者提供依据。最新.16一般来说可以归纳为以下几点：一般来说可以归纳为以下几点： 1 1、归纳性说明研究结果或发现、归纳性说明研究结果或发现 2 2、结结论论性性说说明明结结果果的的可可能能原原因因、机机理或意义理或意义 3 3、前瞻性说明未解决的问题、前瞻性说明未解决的问题最新.17有总结和小结之分。有总结和小结之分。小小结结文文稿稿篇篇幅幅短短，内内容容少少、简简单单，多多用用于于原原著著论论文文或或短短文文的的正正文文之之后后，它它只只用用较较少少的的文文字字将将全全文文报报告告的的主主要要内内容容写写出出来来。内内容容包包括括主主要要的的结结果果、
29、结结论论、数数据据，目目的的在在于于阐阐明本文的成果和理论。明本文的成果和理论。总总结结的的内内容容和和篇篇幅幅较较小小结结为为多多，多多用用于于综综述述或或讨讨论论类类文文稿稿之之后后，起起着着概概括括主主题题的的作作用用。从从内内容容上上说说需需将将全全文文已已论论述述的的问问题题再再扼扼要要概概括括一一遍遍，作作者者还还可可以以发发表表自自己己的的见见解解和和观观点。点。最新.18最新.19通常情况下，有关结论的内容都包括在通常情况下，有关结论的内容都包括在“结果与讨论结果与讨论”或或“讨论讨论”中，但有时也可中，但有时也可将将“结论结论”单独列为一节。在单独列为一节。在“结论结论”中中
30、作者应清楚、简洁地叙述自己研究的主要作者应清楚、简洁地叙述自己研究的主要认识或论点，认识或论点，其中包括最重要的结果、结其中包括最重要的结果、结果的重要蕴含、对结果的说明或认识等果的重要蕴含、对结果的说明或认识等。最新.20应注意的是应注意的是，撰写结论时不应涉及前文不，撰写结论时不应涉及前文不曾指出的新事实，也不能在结论中重复论曾指出的新事实，也不能在结论中重复论文中其他章节中的句子，或者叙述其他不文中其他章节中的句子，或者叙述其他不重要或与自己研究没有密切联系的内容，重要或与自己研究没有密切联系的内容，以故意把结论拉长。以故意把结论拉长。最新.21结结论论不不是是研研究究结结果果的的简简单
31、单重重复复，而而是是对对研研究究结结果果更更深深入入一一步步的的认认识识，是是从从正正文文部部分分的的全全部部内内容容出出发发，并并涉涉及及引引言言的的部部分分内内容容，经经过过判判断断、归归纳纳、推推理理等等过过程程，将将研研究究结结果果升升华华成成新新的的总总观观点点。其其内内容容要点要点如下：如下： 1 1）本本研研究究结结果果说说明明了了什什么么问问题题，得得出出了了什什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题；么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题； 2 2）对对前前人人有有关关本本问问题题的的看看法法作作了了哪哪些些检检验验，哪哪些些与与本本研研究究结结果果一一致致，哪哪些些不不
32、一一致致，作作者者做做了了哪哪些修正、补充、发展或否定；些修正、补充、发展或否定；1结论的内容最新.223 3）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题。对对于于某某一一篇篇论论文文的的“结结论论”，上上述述要要点点1 1）是是必必需需的的，而而2 2）和和3 3）视视论论文文的的具具体体内内容容可可以以有有，也也可可以以没没有有；如如果果不不可可能能导导出出结结论论，也也可可以以没没有有结结论论而而进进行行必必要要的的讨论。讨论。 结论段的格式安排可作如下考虑：结论段的格式安排可作如下考虑：如如果果结结论论段段的的内内容容较较多多，可可以以分分条条来来写写，并并给给以以编编号
33、号，如如1 1），2 2），3 3）等等，每每条条成成一一段段，包包括括几几句句话话或或1 1句句话话；如如果果结结论论段段内内容容较较少少，可可以以不不分分条条写写，整整个个为为一一段，几句话。段，几句话。结结论论里里应应包包括括必必要要的的数数据据，但但主主要要是是用用文文字字表表达达，一一般般不再用插图和表格。不再用插图和表格。最新.2316.ConclusionThispaperpresentedtheresultsofinitialresearchintothedevelopmentofmoreeffectiveminesafetyrulesandregulations.Respon
34、sesfromalmost500mineworkerswereanalyzedandsomesimpleguidelinesestablished,inparticular,regardingrulecontent.Theycanbesummarizedas:最新.24(a)Managementandregulatorsshouldnotcontinuetoproducemoreandmorerulesandregulationstocovereveryaspectofmining.Minerswillnotreadnorcomprehendtothislevelofdetail.最新.25(
35、b)Detailedprescriptiveregulations,detailedsafeworkprocedures,andvoluminoussafetymanagementplanswillnotconnectwithaminer.Theaimshouldbetooperatewithaframeworkoffewerrulesbutofthehighestquality.(c)Ofcourse,achievingmoreeffectiverulesandregulationsisnottheonlyanswertoasaferworkplace.Possiblylessemphasi
36、sshouldbeoncontentandmoreabouttheprocess.最新.26(d)Inparticular,ensuringthatapositivesafetycultureexistsandthatcommunicationchannelsareopenandworkingwell.Thiswasconfirmedinthesurveywhentheexpressionssimplybadrulesorpoorruleswererarelyblamedforaccidentsandincidents,risktakingorerror-making.(e)Itwasmore
37、theproblemsofimplementation,communication,andlearningthatwerethemaincausalfactors.最新.272写作要点 写写作作的的要要点点：内内容容精精炼炼，观观点点严严谨谨；正正面面阐阐述述观观点点，说说明明与与他他人人不不同同之之处处，不不反反驳驳、不指责（指正）、更不攻击。不指责（指正）、更不攻击。（1 1）对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚。）对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚。为有效地回答研究问题，可适当简要地回为有效地回答研究问题，可适当简要地回顾研究目的并概括主要结果，但不能简单顾研究目的并概括主要结果，但不能简
38、单地罗列结果，因为这种结果的概括是为讨地罗列结果，因为这种结果的概括是为讨论服务的。论服务的。最新.28（2 2）推论要符合逻辑，）推论要符合逻辑，避免实验数据不足以支持避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论。的观点和结论。根据结果进行推理时要适度，论根据结果进行推理时要适度，论证时一定要注意结论和推论的逻辑性。在探讨实证时一定要注意结论和推论的逻辑性。在探讨实验结果或观察事实的相互关系和科学意义时，无验结果或观察事实的相互关系和科学意义时，无需得出试图去解释一切的巨大结论。如果把数据需得出试图去解释一切的巨大结论。如果把数据外推到一个更大的、不恰当的结论，不仅无益于外推到一个更大的、不恰当的结论
39、，不仅无益于提高作者的科学贡献，甚至现有数据所支持的结提高作者的科学贡献，甚至现有数据所支持的结论也受到怀疑。论也受到怀疑。最新.29（3 3）观点或结论的表述要清楚、明确。尽可能清）观点或结论的表述要清楚、明确。尽可能清楚地指出作者的观点或结论，并解释其支持还楚地指出作者的观点或结论，并解释其支持还是反对早先的工作。结束讨论时，避免使用诸是反对早先的工作。结束讨论时，避免使用诸如如“Future studies are needed.Future studies are needed.”之类苍白之类苍白无力的句子。无力的句子。最新.30（4 4）对结果科学意义和实际应用效果的表达要实事）对结
40、果科学意义和实际应用效果的表达要实事求是，适当留有余地。避免使用求是，适当留有余地。避免使用“For the first For the first timetime”等类似的优先权声明。在讨论中应选择适当等类似的优先权声明。在讨论中应选择适当的词汇来区分推测与事实。例如，的词汇来区分推测与事实。例如，可选用可选用“proveprove”，“demonstratedemonstrate”等表示作者坚信观点等表示作者坚信观点的真实性的真实性；选用选用“showshow”，“indicateindicate”，“foundfound”等表示作者对问题的答案有某些不确定等表示作者对问题的答案有某些不
41、确定性性；选用；选用“implyimply”，“suggestsuggest”等表示推测；或等表示推测；或者选用情态动词者选用情态动词“cancan”，“willwill”，“shouldshould”，“probablyprobably”，“maymay”，“couldcould”，“possiblypossibly”等来表示论点的确定性程度。等来表示论点的确定性程度。最新.313写作的要求撰写的结论应达到如下要求：撰写的结论应达到如下要求： 1 1）概括准确：措词严谨。结论是论文最终的、总）概括准确：措词严谨。结论是论文最终的、总体的总结，对论文创新内容的概括应当准确、完整，体的总结，对论
42、文创新内容的概括应当准确、完整，不要轻易放弃，更不要轻易放弃，更不要漏掉一条有价值的结论，但不要漏掉一条有价值的结论，但也不能凭空杜撰也不能凭空杜撰。措词要严谨，语句要像法律条文。措词要严谨，语句要像法律条文那样，不能模棱两可，含糊其词。肯定和否定要明那样，不能模棱两可，含糊其词。肯定和否定要明确，确，一般不用一般不用“大概大概”、“也许也许”、“可能是可能是”这这类词语类词语。最新.322 2）明确具体，简短精练。结论段有相对的独）明确具体，简短精练。结论段有相对的独立性，立性，专业读者和情报人员可以只看摘要和专业读者和情报人员可以只看摘要和（或）结论而能大致了解论文反映的成果和（或）结论而
43、能大致了解论文反映的成果和成果的价值，成果的价值，所以结论段应提供明确、具体所以结论段应提供明确、具体的定性和定量的信息。对要点要具体表述，的定性和定量的信息。对要点要具体表述，不能用抽象和笼统的语言。可读性要强，如不能用抽象和笼统的语言。可读性要强，如一般不单用量符号，而宜用量名称，比如，一般不单用量符号，而宜用量名称，比如，说说“T T与与呈正比关系呈正比关系”不如说不如说“温度温度与与压力呈正比关系压力呈正比关系”易读。语言要锤炼，易读。语言要锤炼，删去可有可无的词语。删去可有可无的词语。最新.333 3）不作自我评价不作自我评价。论文的真正价值是通过具。论文的真正价值是通过具体体“结论
44、结论”来体现的，不宜用如来体现的，不宜用如“本研究本研究具有国际先进水平具有国际先进水平”、“本研究结果属国本研究结果属国内首创内首创”、“本研究结果填补了国内空白本研究结果填补了国内空白”一类语句来作自我评价。一类语句来作自我评价。最新.344写作时态 根根据据具具体体内内容容而而定定。论论述述所所做做的的研研究究工工作作通通常常用用一一般般过过去去时时；论论述述普普遍遍现现象象通通常常用用一般现在时有时也用一般过去时一般现在时有时也用一般过去时Conclusions Conclusions 简简述述研研究究内内容容强强调调实实验验结结果果，跟跟Abstract Abstract 可能有部分
45、重复。可能有部分重复。与与AbstractAbstract的的区区别别是是Abstract Abstract 也也要要强强调调研研究内容以叙事为主的风格究内容以叙事为主的风格最新.351 1过去时过去时（1 1）涉及本研究的内容）涉及本研究的内容（2 2）涉及他人研究过程的内容）涉及他人研究过程的内容（3 3）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和条件的结论条件的结论最新.362 2现在时现在时（1 1）指示性说明）指示性说明（2 2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论（3 3）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意义义（4 4）前瞻
46、性说明）前瞻性说明最新.37结论部分常用句型1 结 果 提 示 ： These results suggest that举例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.最新.382结果支持或反对某种观点： These results support the idea that；These results fail to support the idea that举例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to l
47、ower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance. 最新.393表示观点的确定或不确定性：There is no evidence that；It is likely/unlikely that 举例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.最新.404具有具有意义：意义：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance into 举举例例：The detection o
48、f p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.最新.415前瞻性说明：前瞻性说明：remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that 举举 例例 ： However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.最新.426插入语： This is the first case of pancreas divisum.举例：Th
49、is is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.最新.43Thisworkrepresentsoneofthefewavailablestudiesonsmolderignition.Theresultsshowastrictrequirementforignitingaself-sustainingforwardsmolderingreactionofaporouscombustiblesuchasopen-cell,unrewardedpolyurethane.Theignitionbehaviorisprimaril
50、ydeterminedbytheigniterpower,timeofpowerinput,andfuel-igniterinterfacetemperature.Themagnitudeoftheseparameterscanbemodeledbythesolutionoftheenergyequationdescribingthesmolderprocess.最新.44Theexperimentalresultsshowaminimumenergyandtemperaturerequirementforagiveninputheatfluxtoinitiateaself-sustainin
51、gsmolderfront.Asmolderignitiondiagramwithawelldefinedboundarybetweentheignitionandno-ignitionregimeshasbeendevelopedwiththeresultsoftheseexperiments.Withinputpowersrangingfrom30to100W,self-sustainingsmolderreactionswereignitedontheorderof1000s.最新.45Thesmoldercharacteristicsoftemperature,velocity,and
52、masslossarestronglycorrelatedwiththeforcedoxidizervelocityusedduringtheself-propagatingportionoftheexperiment;however,theresultsshowthattheself-sustainedsmoldercharacteristicsarenotdependentontheamountoftime,power,orignitionoxidizervelocityusedtoinitiatethesmolder.最新.46Itshouldalsobenotedthattheigni
53、tionboundaryfoundinthisworkisnotindependentofgeometry,asnocorrectionforheatlossesismade.Futureworkshouldexaminetheeffectofoxygenconcentrationaswellashigheroxidizervelocitiesontheignitionprocess.最新.47例2：ThispaperhaspresentedanintegratedDSSforroutinghazardousmaterialsandlocatingfirst-responsemobileuni
54、tswithinaspecifiedcoveragetimefromthehazardousmaterialsroutes.Theimplementationoftheproposedsystemrequirestheconsentoftheshippers/carriersandtheemergencyresponseactorsforsharingprivateinformation.最新.48Underthisperspective,theproposedsystemhasbeenimplementedandevaluatedforcoveringthehazardousmaterial
55、sdistributionwithintheareaofThriasionPedion,Attica,Greece.最新.49Thestakeholdersinvolvedinthisstudyidentifiedtheneedformoreinnovativemathematicalmodelsinordertocoverthefollowingtypesofdecisions:(i)determinationofoptimumroutesfordivertingthetrafficflowheadingtothelocationofthehazardousmaterialsaccidentand最新.50(ii)evacuationpathfindingandtherespectivetrafficmanagementimplicationstakingintoaccountthedynamicfeaturesoftheevacuationprocess,and(iii)routingandschedulinghazardousmaterialstakingintoaccounttime-dependenttraveltimesandriskvalues.最新.51
