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1、商务合同的翻译商务合同的翻译1讨论讨论：外贸合同有哪些内容外贸合同有哪些内容2Huzhou Import &Export Co.addressSales Contract s/c no.: date : The buyers : Address : The buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as below:31)CommoditydescriptionNameofcommodity,SpecificationsQualityUnitPric
2、eTotalValue(ShipmentQuantity%moreorlessallowed)2）Packing:in cases, in bales in boxes of a dozen each, 100 boxes to a wooden case4 3)Time of shipment: in OCT.12th w/t at Hongkong before the end of OCT. 4)Port of loading, port of destination: 5)Terms of Payment: by sight L/C , the L/C must reach the s
3、ellers before May 1st. by D/P , by D/A 6)Insurance: to be covered by the sellers for 110% of the invoice value against all risks as per CIC dated January 1, 1981.57)Inspection :8)Quantity/Quality Discrepancy:9)Force majeure :10)Arbitration:The sells- the buyers-6Tranlation of Business Contract一、商务合同
4、概述二、商务合同的构成部分三、语言特色四、商务合同与协议的翻译五、商务合同与协议翻译实例7一、商务合同概述一、商务合同概述A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned.在 由 Steven H. Gifts编 著 的 “Law Dictionary”中 ，contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the
5、law in some way recognize as a duty.”合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。8合合同同英英语语属属于于庄庄重重文文体体（the the frozen frozen stylestyle），是是各各种种英英语语文文体体中中正正式式程程度度最最高高的的一一种种。总总体体来来说说，这这种种正正式式性性体体现现在在内内容容的的专专业业性性、语语言言的的严严谨谨性性和和结结构构的完整性等方面。的完整性等方面。9合同种类正式合同 Contract (P197
6、)协议书 Agreement确议书 Confirmation备忘录 Memorandum订单 Order意向书 Letter of intent10根据当事人之间的权利和义务关系，主要可做如下分类：Contracts for International Sale of GoodsContracts for International Technology TransferContracts for Sino-foreign Joint VenturesContracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint VenturesContracts for Inter
7、national Engineering ProjectsContracts for Compensation Trade11Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural ResourcesContracts for Foreign Labor ServicesContracts for International Leasing AffairsContracts for Sino-foreign Credits and LoansContracts for International Build-Operate-T
8、ransfer12二、商务合同的构成部分二、商务合同的构成部分一.约首(the head)1.合同名称 Title2. 前文（前言） Preamble 1) Date of signing 2) Signing parties 3) Each partys authority 当事人的合法依据 4）Place of signing 5) Recitals or WHEREAS clause 定约缘由13二. 本文（Body)定义条款 （Definition clause)基本条款（Basic conditions)一般条款（General terms and conditions)a.合同有效
9、期限 （Duration)b.终止 (Termination)c.不可抗力 （Force Majeure)d.合同的让与 （Assignment)e.仲裁 （Arbitration)f.适用法律 （governing law) g.诉讼管辖 （Jurisdiction)h.通知手续 （Notice)i.合同的修改 （Amendment)j.其他 （Others)14三.约尾（the tail)结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等 （Concluding sentence)签名 （Signature)盖印 （Seal) 15三、语言特色1. Use many formal words and
10、 professional words 多使用正式或法律上的用词1）At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备(help)2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。 （send back) 16三、
11、语言特色3) The term “Effective date” means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto (至此,正式).“生效日”的意思是指本协议经订约双方签字的日子。（signed）17Compare the following two kinds of words and expressionsTerminate, stop commence, beginbe deemed to, be regarded as in lieu of, in place of prior t
12、o, before whatsoever, whatever18More formal words in the contract : in accordance with otherwiseprovided thatbe deemed to In accordance with the date of shipment 19Indemnity n. a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged; 赔偿的保证repayment for this；赔偿金An insurance contract that promis
13、es to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of damaged goods赔偿物e.g. to arrange an against loss 办理损失赔偿 to demand an for the delayed payment 因延期付款要求赔偿20Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of a war as a condition of peace is an .战争结束时，战胜国作为和平条件索取之款项称为“赔款”。21Infringement: violation n. 违
14、反；违背；侵犯；侵害copyright infringement版权侵犯版权侵犯patent infringement专利侵权专利侵权trade-mark infringement侵犯商标权侵犯商标权, 商标冒用商标冒用infringement of contract违反合同违反合同infringement of freedom侵犯自由侵犯自由22Force majeure: an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to be changed or cancelled if it has a fo
15、rce majeure clause. e.g. As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。23Arbitration : the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law. 仲裁（通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷）e.g. They decided to settle the dispute by . 他们决定通过仲裁解决争议。24改错Contr
16、actor shall assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance.在项目接收之前，承包方应对工程承担全部责任。在项目接收之前，承包方应对工程承担全部责任。Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed.承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海运提单，空白背书。承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海运提单，空白背书。The payment shall
17、be made by confirmed, irrevocable and documentary LC. 付款方式为经确认的、不可撤销的、书面信用证。付款方式为经确认的、不可撤销的、书面信用证。25在在以以上上三三句句中中，acceptance、clean、totheorderof、confirmed和和documentary的的翻翻译译均均未未能能完完全全真真实实表表示示合合同同意意思思，这这些些词词的的中中文文完完整整意意思思分分别别是是“验验收收”、“清清洁洁”、“以以为为抬抬头头”、“保保兑兑的的”和和“跟跟单单”。由由以以上上各各例例可可见见，由由于于对对商商务务合合同同中中专专业
18、业词词汇汇的的错错误误理理解解和和翻翻译译，从从而而传传达达了了一一种种错错误误信信息息从从而而可可能引发法律纠纷。能引发法律纠纷。262.用语力求准确、明白、严密 Party A shall send technicians at Party Bs expense to train Party Bs personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract. 甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。 This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented i
19、n accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties. 本合同的修改补充应按双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行。27三、语言特色3. Use old EnglishTo make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here, there, or whereHereafter: in this document and after th
20、is point 此后, 以后Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此Therefrom: from that从那里28Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party As engineer in Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows. 鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方特此签订如下协议:In consid
21、eration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree as follows. 双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议, 同意如下条款.291）hereby:by mean of ; by reason of this.特此，因此，常用于法律文件，合同，协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可以用。例1The Employer hereby covenants to pay the contractor in considerration of the execution and com
22、pletion of the contract price or such other sum as may become payable under the provision of the contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the contract.参考译文:业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内，按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价，或合同规定的其他应支付的款项以作为本工程施工，竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。30例2 We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that th
23、e foregoing statemeng is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein ,and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.(1)hereby:特此(2)to the best of our knowledge : as far as we know 据我所知(3)foregoing statement:above-motioned statement上述声明(4)docum
24、entary proof:证明文件参考译文特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全面现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件31例3The contract is hereby made and concluded by and between_-co and_co on_,in_,china,on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释(1)hereby:特此(2)on the principle of equlity and mutual
25、 benefit :在平等互利的基础上(3)through amicable consultation:通过友好协议参考译文本合同_公司与 _ 公司，在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于_ 年_ 月_ 日在中国_(地点），特签订本合同。322)hereof （宏观）: of this 关于此点；在本文件中。在表示上文已经提及的“本合同的，本文件的”时，使用该此。比如表示本合同条件，条款时，可以说“the terms ,conditions and provisions hereof”,例1Whether the custom of the port is contrary to this cla
26、use or not the owner of the goods shall,without interruption ,by day and night ,including Sunday and holidays, supply and take delivery of the goods provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default provision hereof,（参考译文：不论港口习惯于本款
27、规定相反，供货方应昼夜，包括星期日和假日，无间断的提供和提取货物。供货方对违反本规定所引起的损失和损坏，包括懈怠应负担赔偿责任。33例2Foreign trade dealers as motioned in this law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释：（1） foreign trade dealers:对外贸易经营者（2） as moti
28、oned in this law :本法所称（3） the provision hereof :本法规定（4） legal entities:法人（5） be engaged in foreign trade dealings:从事对外贸易经营活动参考译文：本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。34例3The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions
29、of this law . A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof ,the company in question shall not be registered as a limi
30、ted liability company or a company limited by shares. 参考译文：设立有限责任公司，股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为责任有限公司或股份有限公司。35例4If ,as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall ,in accordan
31、ce with the provisions hereof ,be selected or appointed.注释：（1） as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons:回避或者其他原因（2） arbitrator:仲裁员（3） the provisions hereof :本法规定（4） be selected or appointed:选定或指定参考译文：仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行指责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。36例5In the event of conflict between the provisions on
32、arbitration formulated and prepared prior or the effective date of this law and the provisions of this law ,the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释：（1）conflict:相抵触（2）prior to the effective date of this law :本法施行前（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail:以本法为准参考译文：本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的以本法为准。373）heret
33、o:to this至此；在此上例1All disputes arising from the performance of this comtract shall ,through amicable negotiations,be settled by the parties hereto, should ,through negotiations,no settlement be reached,the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the china intenational ecomomic and
34、 trade arbitration commission,beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied . The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration commission.参考译文:对于
35、因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对对方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。38例2“Patented Techology means such patent,and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B,or as Party B has or ma
36、y have the right to control, or as are pemitted to be transferred during the effective period of this contract in any or all countries of the world ,and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of contract products specified by the parties hereto.注释：（1）patented techology:专利技术(2)applica
37、tion for the patent:专利申请(3)pemitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world:在世界任何国家许可转让(4)contract products specified by the parties hereto:本合同双方规定的本合同产品参考译文：“专利技术”，指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或有可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，使用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。39例3“Technical documents means the d
38、ata and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto,such as engineering,manufacture and maintenance of the comtract products,including drawings,blueprints,designsheets,material specifications,photographs,photostats and gengeral data,and designs and their specifications relating to manufactuing eq
39、uipement,tools and facilities, provided that the above mentioned information as is only available to party B and applicable to the budiness operation of party A under this contract.注释：（1）material specification材料规格(2)phptostats:影印资料(3)designs and their specification relating to manufacturing equipmen
40、t, tools and factilities:与制造设备，工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书参考译文：“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程，制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备，工具和装置有关的图纸，蓝本，设计图表，材料规格，照片，影印材料和一般资料，设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。40三、语言特色4. Use the synonymous word with its relevant words多用成双成对的同义词Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效 free and clear of
41、无 able and willing 能够并愿意any duties, obligations or liabilities所有责任applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules 适用法律法规41any and all 全部charges, fees, costs and expenses 各种费用covenants and agreements 合同，协议customs and usages 惯例import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密licenses
42、 and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发 support and maintenance 维护 use and wont 习惯，惯例421）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co. and XYZ Co. ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。2）All documents, lette
43、rs, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force. 双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。435、注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵May、shall、should、w
44、ill、may not、shall not等词的确很常见，但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义，所以翻译起来要极其谨慎，避免引起纠纷。a.May：在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。b.Shall：在合同中并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿责任。所以，shall在译文里，通常表示“应该”或“必须”，当然，也有不翻译的时候。例如： 44The parties hereto shall
45、, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed co
46、ntract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。45The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. 货物的质量和价
47、格必须使进出口双方都能接受。The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。shall没有译出。46c.Should：在在合合同同中中通通常常只只用用来来表表示示语语气气较较弱弱的的假假设设，多多翻翻译译成成“万万一一”或或“如如果果”
48、，极极少少译译成成“应该应该”。The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。47d. Will：一一般般使使用用在在没没有有法法律律强强制制的的情情况况下下，也也用用做做表表示示承承担担义义务务的的声
49、声明明，但但语气和强制力比语气和强制力比Shall弱。弱。e. Maynot（或或shallnot）：用用于于禁禁止止性性义务，即义务，即“不得做什么不得做什么”。48Sentence features Use a lot of complete and long sentences with attribute and adverbial modifier to form the simple sentences and compound sentences49The stylish featuresCorrect and preciseHereinafter called以下称为 Unle
50、ss otherwise stipulated in除非在中另有规定This shall prevail over则以为准50商务合同与协议的翻译一、准确严谨faithfulness & accuracy商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，为了避免产生歧义，涉外商务合同的翻译必须把“准确严谨”作为首要标准。合同文本是合同双方当事人真实意思表示的文字形式的记录，因此合同文本的翻译不同于文学翻译，一般不讲究文采韵味，而要求必须准确严谨反映当事人的意思表示。51要做到译文准确严谨，首先要做到用词准确（accuracy）。比如，accept在一般情况下译为“接受”、“认可”，但在商务合同中，该词一般要翻
51、译成“承兑”，相应地，acceptor就要翻译成“承兑人”。Shipping advice和shipping instruction从表面上看意思相近，但在商务合同中，应该做出区分：前者是“装运通知”（由卖方发给买方的通知，告之买方货已装运的具体事宜），后者是“装运指示”（由买方向卖方在货物运出前，发出的装运指示，卖方完全按照买方的意图做好装运事宜）。shipment date和delivery date，从字面翻译来看，都可以翻译成“装货日期”，但是前者指的是货物装船启运（离港）日期，后者是指货物的到货（到港）日期。52Use the correct and precise words If
52、 Party A insisted on its original quotation, Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere. 如果甲方坚持原报价，乙方将只能从其它渠道购进所需之货物。Party B shall cover the goods with particular average. 乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。In order to cover our order, we have arranged with Dalian Branch, the Bank of China, a credit for USD 86
53、 000.为支付我方订货货款，我方已委托中国银行大连分行开立86 000美元的信用证。53要保持译文的完整（completeness）。商务合同的翻译一定要保持译文的完整性，决不能只保持原文与译文在词语表面上的对等。例如：Payment: By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the Seller 30 days before the time of shipment. 支付：买方应当在装船前30天将不可撤销的即期信用证开到卖方。54二、规范通顺expressiveness & smoothness合同文本是一种法律文件，属于庄严性文体。翻译商务合同时还应该
54、把规范通顺视为另一大原则。所谓“规范”，是指译文必须符合法律语言的特点，尽量体现出契约文体的特点。而所谓“通顺”，是指译文应当符合汉语的语法要求，使译文清晰易懂。55During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution of the Contract. 原译：在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间
55、内，双方每年举行一次会议，讨论合同发行中出现的问题。原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方，译文意思也算正确，但只对原文逐字逐句翻译，显得呆板，改译为：本合同有效期间，双方应每年正式会晤一次，以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。56The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by th
56、e Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.原译：提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟交六天。一次订货多于一批装运，那么，每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。原译文表达累赘，结构松散，不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为：交货日期以提单所载日期为准，双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上，允许有前后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分
57、批装运，则每一批货为合同项下的单独买卖。57One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed, one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected, and the balance by clean bills when the goods have arrived. 合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一，装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一，剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了
58、原条款的三个付款阶段：交货前、交货时、交货后，使得层次清楚，表达通顺。58注意事项酌情使用公文惯用词语慎选容易混淆的词语 If Party A insisted on its original quotation, Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere. 如果甲方坚持原报价, 乙方则只能从其他地方购进所需货物59相关词语连用来限定责任或时间和/或 and/or强调合同是双方签定by and between用大小写文字重复金额正确 使用货币符号A$-AUD-Australian Dollar 澳元US$-USD-United
59、States Dollar美元60商务合同与协议翻译实例商务合同与协议翻译实例Contract of BusinessNo.DateBuyersSellers61This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; Whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the undermentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below: Name of commodity and specifications:62Quantity:Price: Packing:Shipment:Port of Destination: Terms of Payment: The Buyers The Sellers63商业买卖合同 编号 日期 买方 卖方 兹经买卖双方同意, 由买方购进, 卖方出售下列货物,并按下列条款签定本合同: 商品名称和规格:64数量:价格:包装:装船日期:目的口岸:付款方式:买方 卖方 65
