英语阅读PPT课件

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1、送给新学期的你v一个人最优越的素质是顽强,坚韧.只有顽强坚韧将如数报偿你所付出的一切:时间,精力,辛苦而枯索的整整一段青春.v凡自强不息者,终能得救.-歌德v比智慧和博学更为重要的是优秀的性格和钢铁般的意志1送给新学期的你v如果有一点点的可能,都不要忘记追求自身各方面的进步,自己的命运自己把握。v天下莫柔弱于水者,而攻坚者,莫之能胜。-老子v大块载我以形,劳我以生,佚(逸)我以老,息我以亡。-庄子2大纲对阅读的要求v能读懂难度相当于美国Newsweek的国际新闻报道;v能读懂难度相当于Sons and Lovers的文学原著。要求在理解的基础上抓住要点,并能运用正确观点评价思想内容。v阅读速度

2、为每分种120-180个单词,理解准确率不低于70%。v能在5分钟内速读1,000词左右、中等难度的文章,掌握文章的大意。3LectureofReadingSkills4v 阅读中出现的问题及不良阅读习惯阅读中出现的问题及不良阅读习惯v 阅读的双重目的阅读的双重目的v 阅读中所需要的技能阅读中所需要的技能v 应试技巧应试技巧5阅读中出现的问题及不良的阅读习惯阅读中出现的问题及不良的阅读习惯v1.问题问题v2. 2. 不良的阅读习惯不良的阅读习惯6v1 1问题问题“只见树木, 不见森林” 型细,慢,个别点;抓不住main idea“不注意细节”型大致了解“具有丰富想象力”型或 “ 主观臆断”型掺

3、杂个人经验及观点.7v阅读理解中的问题与不好的阅读习惯有关,阅读理解中的问题主要有三类:vA型只见树木,不见森林”型: 这类学生阅读时读得很细,很慢,反复回读,仅注意了个别点, 却未抓住文章的总体意思. 8vB型“不注意细节”型:v这类学生读文章读得很快,不注意细节,他们对文章或许有大致的了解,但误解了具体细节.常常忽略一些小词,如连词,情态动词等,因而很容易就文章的某部分得出完全错误的理解.9vC型“具有丰富想象力”型,v这类学生是 “具有丰富想象力的读者” 尤其是对文章主题略知一二,或对此有强烈个人观点时,他们往往以个人的经验和观点来阐释文章,因此,往往忽视了作者在文中的观点,错把自己的观

4、点当作文章的观点. 10v2.不良的阅读习惯不良的阅读习惯A. 用笔用笔,手指指着字手指指着字B.头动头动C.嘴动嘴动D.心中读出声心中读出声(自觉不自觉默读每个单词自觉不自觉默读每个单词)E.喜欢反复回读喜欢反复回读(有可能是由于中途走神或不自有可能是由于中途走神或不自信造成信造成)v其中其中D和和E 尤其延长阅读时间尤其延长阅读时间11 阅读的双重目的阅读的双重目的v1.获取信息获取信息,了解世界科技发展的最新动态了解世界科技发展的最新动态v2.学习新的语言知识的最重要的渠道学习新的语言知识的最重要的渠道v3.大学阶段英语过程大学阶段英语过程,每一项阅读活动一般每一项阅读活动一般都有双重目

5、的都有双重目的121.获取信息获取信息,了解世界科技发展的新动态了解世界科技发展的新动态v这一类阅读的特点:注意的中心是内容,而非语言的形式.例如我们看中文报纸,看完后我们能说出其主要内容,但很少有人记得原文所用的词语,偶尔遇到个别不认识的单词,也懒得查字典.同样,我们阅读英语的最终能力也应该和阅读母语的能力差不多.也就是说,通过阅读,我们能知道作者要传达的信息.13这类阅读所需的阅读技能v浏览skimming主题速读v寻读scanning细节速读v细读closereading(scouting)v归纳内容的能力summarizingv猜词义的技能word-attackskillsv这些技能我

6、们已经在学习母语的过程中获得,所要做的就是通过大量的实践将这些技能运用到英语阅读当中来142.学习新的语言知识的最重要的渠道学习新的语言知识的最重要的渠道v可以毫不夸张得说可以毫不夸张得说,95%的新语言知识都是从的新语言知识都是从书本中获得的书本中获得的v这类阅读的特点这类阅读的特点: v注意新词的准确词义在上下文中的用法注意新词的准确词义在上下文中的用法; ;v新语法知识不同于为获取信息而进行的阅读新语法知识不同于为获取信息而进行的阅读15现阶段英语学习,每一项阅读活动一现阶段英语学习,每一项阅读活动一般都有双重目的般都有双重目的.v既要训练阅读技能既要训练阅读技能,又要学习新的又要学习新

7、的语言知识语言知识16v举例说明:v 英语成绩好的学生和英语成绩不理想的学生在处理这个问题上存在着明显差异.成绩不太好的学生往往不能将双重目的有机结合起来,不是忽视了技能的训练,就是忽视语言知识的学习;成绩好的学生通常会兼顾阅读活动的双重目的.他们把阅读教科书和阅读课外材料区分开来.在阅读教科书时, 语言内容和形式并重.而后者的侧重点则放在训练阅读的技能上,但也没有完全放弃学习新语言知识的机会. 例如阅读教科书中的课文,第一二遍时,他们不查字典尽量掌握课文的大意,然后再研究语言形式和作者隐含的意义.在阅读课外读物时,在读懂的前提下,他们尽量地读得快一点,遇到不懂的单词一般不查字典.但如过这个单

8、词反复出现好几次,或者他们认为特别重要,就用笔做上记号,根据上下文猜词义,了解新词的用法.17 阅读中所需要的技能阅读中所需要的技能vA 培养默读培养默读(silent reading)的技能的技能vB. 学会快速浏览学会快速浏览skimming 获取文章的获取文章的 中心思想中心思想;vC. 学会略读学会略读scanning 了解文章中的细节了解文章中的细节和信息和信息,阅读测试中主要解决阅读测试中主要解决vD. 细读细读SCOUTINGvE.视觉化技巧的目的及训练方法视觉化技巧的目的及训练方法18A.培养默读培养默读 (silent reading)的技的技能能v正确的默读技能:v不出声双

9、唇不动喉结不动脑子里没有声音v朗读口语v朗读是奠定英语基础的唯一法宝v默读阅读v母语的默读技能是自然习得,v第二语言中的默读不容易自然习得,要靠有意识地训练.19大部分中国人默读英语时常出现的问题有大部分中国人默读英语时常出现的问题有:v有的嘴巴在不停的动有的嘴巴在不停的动, ,v有的有手指和铅笔在书上不停地移动有的有手指和铅笔在书上不停地移动, ,有的头在不停地晃动有的头在不停地晃动, ,v有的无上述问题有的无上述问题, ,但在阅读时但在阅读时, ,会情不自会情不自禁在心中默读起来禁在心中默读起来v要克服这些毛病要克服这些毛病, , 需要有意识得进行训需要有意识得进行训练。练。20B. 学会

10、快速浏览学会快速浏览skimming 获取文章获取文章的中心思想的中心思想;v阅读测试中主要解决短文的阅读测试中主要解决短文的主旨题vSkimming的目的及运用方法21v目的目的: v快速寻找段落快速寻找段落/文章中心大意文章中心大意22v方法:v(1)如果时间来不及,可以只读文章的题目及每段的第一句和最后一句,对文章有个大概了解.有时候第一句不是topicsentence,而是introductorysentences举例说whatdoyouthinkofmoney?Moneyisreallyimportant,butitdoesntmeananything.v(2)如果全面理解,可快速浏

11、览每一行,浏览时只选取关键词,忽略虚词(介词,冠词和助词)v*主题句通常在段首,中,尾,若不在这三处,那么主题句有可能是隐含的(写文章亦如此)23C.学会略读学会略读scanning 了解文章中的了解文章中的细节和信息细节和信息v阅读测试中主要解决阅读测试中主要解决v细节类题目细节类题目v猜词义类题目猜词义类题目v作者态度作者态度/文章语气类题目文章语气类题目24scanning的目的及运用方法v目的:目的:v确定你要寻找的信息(如何确定,放在5类题目里面讲)并且想一下它可能是以什么形式出现的,文字还是数字v确定在何处能找到你所需的信息,它可能会出现在哪一部分(即大致在文章的那一部分)。v用眼

12、睛快速扫过每一行,直到找到你需要的信息,再仔细阅读前后的句子v当找到所需的答案后,就不需要再读下去了v略读是需要训练才能掌握的,25v训练方法:训练方法:v开始时,可用笔或手指沿着每行快速移动,遇到你所需要的信息时,可以停下来,仔细阅读,然后再继续读下去。v这样做有两个好处:可防止眼睛漫无目的的移动,可提高总体阅读速度,使得精力容易集中。26D. 细读细读SCOUTINGv细读的目的v是彻底理解文章的内容和作者的观点。27v具体步骤如下:具体步骤如下:v先找到文章中相关的内容部分,在此范围内逐句阅读,特别对关键词,句也要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻,较准确的理解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思,更要

13、通过推理和判断,弄清文章中“字里行间”所隐含的意思,这样才能做到真正找我文章的确切内容,对文章有深入的理解,正确理解作者的意图,观点和态度,近年来许多考题都指定考查某一段落或观点,对相应部分应尽可能细读。28E.视觉化技巧的目的及训练方法视觉化技巧的目的及训练方法v1.Lip lid long left lip lap29v2.A fast reading speed is developed through practice and concentration. Your reading rate also depends on how much you know about a subje

14、ct.30v4.Finish a task: lessen the impact cleaning the attic turn on the light complete a jobv1) 2) 3) 4)训练难度逐渐递增,其目的是拓)训练难度逐渐递增,其目的是拓宽视幅宽视幅 提高阅读能力提高阅读能力31F.了解文章结构模式了解文章结构模式v了解文章结构模式,有助于阅读能力了解文章结构模式,有助于阅读能力的提高,更有助于作文能力的提高。的提高,更有助于作文能力的提高。v简单地说,文章结构模式是指作者扩简单地说,文章结构模式是指作者扩展或支持中新的方法。在组织严密的展或支持中新的方法。在组织严

15、密的段落中,所有的句子都支持或解释中段落中,所有的句子都支持或解释中心大意。这些方法我们可以举几个例心大意。这些方法我们可以举几个例子:如举例法,因果分析法,比较对子:如举例法,因果分析法,比较对比法等。比法等。32 应试技巧应试技巧v1.阅读考试中三个思维阶段及做题阅读考试中三个思维阶段及做题顺序顺序v2.阅读考试中题目类型及对策阅读考试中题目类型及对策331.阅读考试中三个思维阶段及做题顺阅读考试中三个思维阶段及做题顺序序阅读测试中的出题模式及顺序阅读测试中的出题模式及顺序出题模式出题模式 第二遍阅读第二遍阅读: 主旨类题目主旨类题目v 推理类题目推理类题目第一遍阅读:细节类题目第一遍阅读

16、:细节类题目 5wh- 猜词义类题目猜词义类题目v 作者态度文章语气作者态度文章语气出题顺序:基本上按行文的顺序,尤其是第出题顺序:基本上按行文的顺序,尤其是第 一遍阅读题一遍阅读题34阅读考试中的三个思维阶段及处理阅读考试中的三个思维阶段及处理5类题目的顺序类题目的顺序v第一二阶段同时进行:预读问题与第一遍阅第一二阶段同时进行:预读问题与第一遍阅读同时进行,并完成主旨类题目,推理类题读同时进行,并完成主旨类题目,推理类题目,细节类题目三类题目。目,细节类题目三类题目。v第三阶段:第二遍阅读后,完成猜词义类题第三阶段:第二遍阅读后,完成猜词义类题目和作者态度文章语气两类题目目和作者态度文章语气

17、两类题目v一定要遵循先读题目再看文章的规则一定要遵循先读题目再看文章的规则352.阅读考试中题目类型及对策阅读考试中题目类型及对策v1) v第一遍阅读中的三类题目及寻读第一遍阅读中的三类题目及寻读(scanning)技巧的运用技巧的运用v2)v第二遍阅读中的两类题目及浏览第二遍阅读中的两类题目及浏览(skimming)技巧的运用技巧的运用361)第一遍阅读中的三类题目及略读第一遍阅读中的三类题目及略读(scanning)技巧的运用技巧的运用vA. 细节类测试题细节类测试题vB. 猜词义类题目猜词义类题目vC. 作者态度,文章语气类题目作者态度,文章语气类题目37A. 细节类测试题:细节类测试题

18、:v常正问和反问两种形式出现常正问和反问两种形式出现v正问:正问:According to the passage,when/where/who/how/what.The author states in the passage that. The reason for .is that .v 38v反问反问Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following statements are mentioned EXCEPTAll of the following are true EXCEPT

19、 .39做这类题目的技巧:做这类题目的技巧:v用scanning方法找到提干或A.B.C.D选项中的关键词/线索词v迅速回到原文找到关键词所在处,细读前后句子,找到答案。如找不到,可继续寻找关键词出现的下一个地方。v举例:Accordingtothepassage,heroesarecomparedtohigh-voltagetransformersinthat-(2002,12reading12T)40v正确答案项常常不是原文的原句,答案项的正确答案项常常不是原文的原句,答案项的内容与文章中的某一句话的内容最贴近,但内容与文章中的某一句话的内容最贴近,但用词和句子统统不同。用词和句子统统不同

20、。v干扰项特点:大部分干扰项会适用与原句相干扰项特点:大部分干扰项会适用与原句相同的词汇,但是由于句型和语法关系的变化,同的词汇,但是由于句型和语法关系的变化,表达的意思都不同于远距;另外一种情况,表达的意思都不同于远距;另外一种情况,干扰项与原句内容相似,但往往过于绝对。干扰项与原句内容相似,但往往过于绝对。例如:原文是例如:原文是usually, 干扰项出现干扰项出现always, never 等绝对的词汇等绝对的词汇。41v做好细节题目的要求做好细节题目的要求v掌握一定量的同义词和扎实的语法掌握一定量的同义词和扎实的语法v用不同的词语来表达同一意义的能力和用不同的词语来表达同一意义的能力

21、和“释义释义”能力能力42B. 猜词义类题目猜词义类题目v猜词义类题目有三类,出题点:猜词义类题目有三类,出题点:v生僻词,旧词新义,指代性名词代词生僻词,旧词新义,指代性名词代词v 常见题型:常见题型:The word “.” In line refers to _?The best definition of .is _?What does .mean?43做题技巧:做题技巧:用略读方式迅速找到文中考察词汇的位置,细读前后几句,猜测词义v充分利用上下文,前后词缀知识,如果文中出现AorB,那么AB为近义词,至少为同项词v猜词义类题目干扰项一般特点:我们熟悉定义,但与上下文意思不符(旧词新义

22、类)错误的定义,与上下文似乎相符(生僻词类)问及指代词时,干扰项中的词汇多为上下文中出现的名词或名词短语。与原文的句子太相似的选项一般不是正确答案v带有绝对字眼always,never,every.的选项一般不是正确答案44C.作者态度,文章语气类题目作者态度,文章语气类题目v这类题目就文章语气,作者对文中所谈事务的态这类题目就文章语气,作者对文中所谈事务的态度而提问,与主旨类题目和推断类题目属于较难度而提问,与主旨类题目和推断类题目属于较难题目,但仍可在第一遍阅读中解决。题目,但仍可在第一遍阅读中解决。v常见题目:常见题目: The authors attitude to/ towards(

23、线索词)(线索词)is _? In the passage, the author looks on .with an attitude of _. What does the author think of .? What is the tone of the passage? The tone of the passage can best be described as _.45v考生应熟悉的有关态度的工具词有:optimistic(乐观的),pessimistic(悲观的),cautious(审慎的),enthusiastic(热情的),objective(主观的),subjectiv

24、e(主观的),arbitrary(武断的),neutral(中立的),positive(肯定的),critical(批评的),compromising(折衷的),indifferent(漠不关心的),positive(积极的),negative(消极的),approval(赞成的),disapproval(不赞成的),sarcastic(讽刺的)。46做题技巧:v用scanning方式快速找到线索词所在,细读相应段落,领会字面意思及其涵义。v注意带有感情色彩的形容词,副词。v如:文中的somewhat,alittle,abit,atrifle等词汇,或者作者使用mightbe/perhaps等

25、词汇,作者态度可能是谨慎(cautious)如文中使用successful之类的褒义词,作者态度可能是赞同(admiring),如使用little,insignificant等否定词贬义词,作者可能是批评的,否定的(critical,negative)v文章题材,通常标明作者的态度,如科技类文章,作者会采用严谨的笔调和实事求是的态度,讽刺小品,作者常用幽默笔调,持否定态度。472) 第二遍阅读中的两类题目及浏览第二遍阅读中的两类题目及浏览(skimming)技巧的运用技巧的运用vA. 主旨类题目主旨类题目vB. 推理类试题推理类试题48A.主旨类题目v常以确定标题或给出大意标题或给出大意的形式

26、给出v标题类标题类问题通常以下列形式出现(都含有title字眼):vThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe/mightbe/isvWhatwouldbeanappropriatetitleforthispassage?vWhatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?vWhichisthebestsuggestedtitle?Thissectionischieflyconcernedabout?49v主题类主题类问题常见形式:Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofth

27、epassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsummarizestheauthorsmainpoint?Thispassageillustrates_.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?50做题技巧做题技巧:v运用scanning的方法,学会寻找主题句主题句(与写作联系)v主题句在段首,作者多采用演绎法写作,即从一般到个别,v主题句在段尾,作者多采用归纳法,即先叙述/论述,再进行总结v主题句在段中,这种情况下,段落的开头几句都是都是铺述,可视为引言部分v主题句没有直接出现在文中,需要读者自

28、己归纳,这里由于文章的题材原因或者由于短文是从原文节选的v先看ABCD选项大致猜测一下关键词,然后浏览全文。确定主题和中心思想,扫描定位文章的关键词。因为标题中带有主题句或中心思想的关键词或是关键词的同义词。vEg.Agoodtitleforthispassagewouldbe_.vTheMalignedProfitMotivevTradeSocietyBasicNeedvWhyTradevReasonsforTrade51B推理类试题推理类试题v常见的提问方式提问方式:whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?vWecanassumethat_.vTheauthorim

29、pliesthat_.vThepassagesuggeststhat_.vItismostlikelythat_.vWecanincludefromthepassagethat_.52v做题技巧:做题技巧:v这类问题的答案一定不会是原文原句,是读者从这类问题的答案一定不会是原文原句,是读者从文章暗示或作者言外之意推理得出来的。文章暗示或作者言外之意推理得出来的。v先做主旨类题目再做推理类题目,即掌握文章中先做主旨类题目再做推理类题目,即掌握文章中心,更易于把握作者或文章的心,更易于把握作者或文章的“话外音话外音”53干扰项的特点:v表面上看似文章的事实为基础而推理出的观点,表面上看似文章的事实

30、为基础而推理出的观点,但实际上偏离文章主旨,属主观臆断的结论。但实际上偏离文章主旨,属主观臆断的结论。v虽以文章提供的事实为依据,但是推理过头,概虽以文章提供的事实为依据,但是推理过头,概括失度。括失度。v是短文具体内容的简单重复,而非推理而来。是短文具体内容的简单重复,而非推理而来。v似推理而得,实与原文内容相悖似推理而得,实与原文内容相悖v与常理相吻合,当从文中无从推知。与常理相吻合,当从文中无从推知。v将将ABCD选项本身进行逻辑推理,先排除一些不选项本身进行逻辑推理,先排除一些不合理项合理项v通读合理选项,找到关键词,然后回到文章中采通读合理选项,找到关键词,然后回到文章中采用浏览和略

31、读的方法找到关键词所在句段,详读用浏览和略读的方法找到关键词所在句段,详读并分析和推敲,选出正确答案。并分析和推敲,选出正确答案。54Howtolearnthiscoursewell?vPreviewthetextbeforehand.vReviewwhatwehavelearntafterclass.vFinish“fastreading”andmoreexercisesvWhatshouldyoureadafterclass?1)ReadingmaterialsinTem-4papers2)NCEIIIorNCEIV55UnitOneGeniusandCraftsman56Outlinev

32、BackgroundInformationvUnderstandingoftheTitlevPre-readingquestionsvStructureanalysisvDetailedAnalysisoftheTextvVocabulary57RobertFrost(1874 1963) 58Frost was an American poet. He is famous for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. He is good at using s

33、imple words to convey complex social and philosophical themes. 59A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry普利策文学奖. -Wikipedia(维基百科)维基百科)60vFrostshousevFrostsTable61vFsbedroomvWoodsbehindFshouse&poetrytrail62v岁月留金岁月留金 大

34、自然的第一抹新绿是金色大自然的第一抹新绿是金色 她最无力保留的颜色她最无力保留的颜色. . 她最初的叶是一朵花她最初的叶是一朵花, , 然而只绽放刹那然而只绽放刹那. . 于是叶沦落为叶于是叶沦落为叶, , 乐园陷入了永夜乐园陷入了永夜. . 黎明堕落成白天黎明堕落成白天, , 金色的东西都不长远金色的东西都不长远 63NothingGoldcanStay岁月留金vNaturesfirstgreenisgold,大自然的第一抹新绿是金色大自然的第一抹新绿是金色 Herhardesthuetohold.她最无力保留的颜色她最无力保留的颜色. . Herearlyleafsaflower;她最初的

35、叶是一朵花她最初的叶是一朵花,Butonlysoanhour.然而只绽放刹那然而只绽放刹那. . Thenleafsubsidesleaf,于是叶沦落为叶于是叶沦落为叶, ,SoEdensanktogrief.乐园陷入了永夜乐园陷入了永夜. . Sodawngosedowntoday,黎明堕落成白天黎明堕落成白天, , Nothinggoldcanstay.金色的东西都不长远金色的东西都不长远 646566StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening(1923)Whose woods these are I think I know.aHis house is in the v

36、illage though;aHe will not see me stopping here b To watch his woods fill up with snow.av想来我认识这座森林,想来我认识这座森林,v林主的庄宅就在邻村林主的庄宅就在邻村, ,v却不会见我在此驻马,却不会见我在此驻马,v看他林中积雪的美景。看他林中积雪的美景。67vMy little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of t

37、he year.v我的小马一定颇惊讶:我的小马一定颇惊讶:v四望不见有什么农家,四望不见有什么农家,v偏是一年最暗的黄昏,偏是一年最暗的黄昏,v寒林和冰湖之间停下。寒林和冰湖之间停下。68vHe gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake.The only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.v它摇一摇身上的串铃,它摇一摇身上的串铃,v问我这地方该不该停。问我这地方该不该停。此外只有轻风拂雪片,此外只有轻风拂雪片,v再也听不见其他声音。再也听不见其

38、他声音。69The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.v森林又暗又深真可羡,森林又暗又深真可羡,但我还要守一些但我还要守一些诺言,诺言,还要赶多少路才安眠,还要赶多少路才安眠,还要赶多少路才安眠。还要赶多少路才安眠。70v雪夜林畔小驻雪夜林畔小驻(Stopping by Woods on a Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningSnowy Eveni

39、ng)是现代英语始终公认的短篇杰作。)是现代英语始终公认的短篇杰作。此诗之难能可贵,在于意境含蓄,用语天然,而格此诗之难能可贵,在于意境含蓄,用语天然,而格律严谨。意境则深入浅出,貌似写景,却别有寓意。律严谨。意境则深入浅出,貌似写景,却别有寓意。这首这首雪夜林前小驻雪夜林前小驻所描写的情景不用解释,但所描写的情景不用解释,但它后面的情趣、哲理、魅力,需要细细品位它后面的情趣、哲理、魅力,需要细细品位我我独自站在树林边沿,里面有一种东西在吸引我,但独自站在树林边沿,里面有一种东西在吸引我,但不能光听内心世界的召唤,我还要许多世间的约会、不能光听内心世界的召唤,我还要许多世间的约会、责任责任:

40、:森林又暗又深真可羡森林又暗又深真可羡/ /但我还要守一些诺言但我还要守一些诺言/ /还还要赶多少路才安眠要赶多少路才安眠/ /还要赶多少路才安眠还要赶多少路才安眠71The Road Not Taken未选择的路未选择的路 Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, (a)And sorry I could not travel both (b)And be one traveler, long I stood (a)And looked down one as far as I could (a)To where it bent in the undergro

41、wth; (b)v黄色的树林里分出两条黄色的树林里分出两条路路 v可惜我不能同时去涉足可惜我不能同时去涉足 v我在那路口久久伫立我在那路口久久伫立 v我向着一条路极目望去我向着一条路极目望去 v直到它消失在丛林深处直到它消失在丛林深处 72Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the sa

42、me,v但我却选择了另外一条路但我却选择了另外一条路 v它荒草萋萋,十分幽寂它荒草萋萋,十分幽寂 v显得更诱人,更美丽显得更诱人,更美丽v虽然在这两条小路上虽然在这两条小路上 v都很少留下旅人的足迹都很少留下旅人的足迹 73vAnd both that morning equally layvIn leaves no step had trodden black.vOh, I kept the first for another day!vYet knowing how way leads on to way,vI doubted if I should ever come back.v虽然在

43、这两条小路上虽然在这两条小路上 v都很少留下旅人的足迹都很少留下旅人的足迹 v虽然那天清晨落叶满地虽然那天清晨落叶满地 v两条路都未经脚印污染两条路都未经脚印污染 v呵,留下一条路等改日再见呵,留下一条路等改日再见 v但我知道路径延绵无尽头但我知道路径延绵无尽头 v恐怕我难以再回返恐怕我难以再回返 v74vI shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and II took the one less traveled by,And that has m

44、ade all the difference.v也许多少年后在某一个地方也许多少年后在某一个地方 v我将轻声叹息把往事回顾我将轻声叹息把往事回顾 v一片森林里分出两条路一片森林里分出两条路 v而我却选择了人迹更少的一而我却选择了人迹更少的一条条 v从此决定了我一生的道路从此决定了我一生的道路 75v这首名诗这首名诗 “The Road NotTaken”形式是传形式是传统的抑扬格四音步,但音步可变(含有不少统的抑扬格四音步,但音步可变(含有不少抑抑扬的成分);每节的韵式抑抑扬的成分);每节的韵式(rime/rhythm)为为abaab 。 76vIsRobertFrostthewriterof

45、thetext?77UnderstandingoftheTitleWhatisgeniusandwhatiscraftsman?Genius:(1)Astrongnaturaltalentoraptitude.(2)Apersonofextraordinaryintellectandtalent.“Oneisnotbornagenius,onebecomesagenius”(SimonedeBeauvoir)Craftsman:Amanwhopracticesacraftwithgreatskill.78Pre-readingquestions1.Whatdoesthepassagetalka

46、bout?2.Tobringastoryintotheworld,howmanystagesoneshouldexperience?Wouldyouliketoexplainthem?79Discussionv1.Ittalksabouthowtowriteanexquisite/excellentstory.v2.twoprocessesva.theprocessofconceivingastory(howtoconceiveanideaofastory)vb.theprocessofdevelopingitintoaperfectworkofart.80Structureanalysisv

47、Part I The first two paragraphsvAnintroductiontothetopic.vPart II The rest of passage(1)Thenecessityofunderstandingthecreativefunction;(2)theprocessofconceivingastory;(3)theprocessofdevelopingastoryintoaperfectworkofart.81vDetailedAnalysisoftheText82Para1vWhatdoesthe1stparagraphtalkabout?vDoyouthink

48、itisrelatedtowriting?Why?vWhatisthefunctionofthe1stparagraph?vAfigureofspeechinthisparagraph.Whatisit?838485PayattentiontothissentencevIstayedtherewatchinguntilthelightwasgone.Isawnothingofthetreesorigin,nothingofthemightwhichhadforcedopenapityoucouldbreakyourteethon,andnothingoftheprinciplewhichhel

49、ditseparatefromtheoaksandthegrasses.Allthatappearedtomewasaprofoundandeeriegrace.86ParallelismvWeshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGodshelp,wehaveridtheearthofthisshadowandliberateditspeoplefromhisyoke.v(WinstonS.Churchill)87vNoproblemtoolarge,nobusinesstoosm

50、all.(IBMadvertisement)88wordattackskill:pitHowtoguessthemeaningofawordfromcontext?8990Readthe2ndparagraph.Whatisthefunctionofthisparagraph?91Soitiswiththereaderwhocomesuponanoutstandingstory:spellbound,hetakesittohisheart,noquestionasked.vsoitiswith:thesameistruewithve.g.SanFransiscoisabigcity,soiti

51、swithShanghai.v当读者读到一部杰出的小说时,他也会这样如痴如狂,欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心,绝不会提出任何问题。92Paragraph3vWhatdoestheword“it”referto?vTranslatethe3rdparagraph.93vthereismoretoastoryslifethanthebodyofwordswhichcarriesitintotheworld.vthebodyofwords:thewordsthatastoryiscomposedofv除那将小说带到世上的文字主体之外还有更多的因素才能构成小说的生命。94v.itdoesnotbeginwi

52、thwriting,butwithconceptioninthedarkofthemind.vThesecretconstructionofastoryintheinnermostpartofonesmind,ratherthanthewritingofit,istheverybeginningofthewholecreatingprocessofastory.Thepronounitreferstoastoryslife.vinthedark:insecrecy.ve.g.Thetransactionismadeinthedark.v小说并不始于写作,而始于在隐密的内心深处的构思。95Par

53、agraph3、4、5and6vInthisfourparagraphs,theauthorbeginstotalkabouttheprocessofwritingdirectly.Oneisconceivingthestory,andtheotheristodevelopthebodyofwords.Withtheanalysisofthetwoprocesses,thetwothemes“genius”and“craftsman”areintroducedinthispart.96Fromthispart,itcanbeconcluded: In the process of concei

54、ving a story, _is required .While in the process of developing the original story into body of words _ is involved.Listing & classification97vYourgeniusworksattheleveloforigins,itsbusinessistocreate,itisthecreatorofyourstory.vThebodyofwordsthatcarriesyourstoryintotheworldistheworkofcraftsmanslabor.9

55、8vGeniusisnottheexclusivepropertyofthemastercraftsmanv(天赋并非艺术家独有的特性)vproperty:acharacteristictraitorpeculiarity.ve.g.Cheerfulnessisapropertyofherpersonality.99vMasteryisgeniusafoot.vafoot:inoperation.ve.g.Thereisaprojectafoottoimprovetheroads.v高超的技艺是天赋的显现.100vWhilegeniusisanaturalpartofourmentalequi

56、pment./property/trait/chatacteristic,likeperception,memory,andimagination,craftsmanshipisnot.vequipment:thequalitiesortraitsthatmakeupthementalandemotionalresourcesofanindividualve.g.Youhavethenecessaryequipmentforleadership.v天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中天然的一部分,而技艺却不是。)101vIfthestoriesthatrisewithinusa

57、retoemergeandflourish,eachmustbeprovidedwithastrong,handsomebodyofwords,andonlysoundcraftsmanshipcanprovidethis.vsoundcraftsmanship:highlytrainedskills.ve.g.Theworkofartisafullrepresentationofitscreatorsgeniusandsoundcraftsmanship.v如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上,并光彩照人,那么,每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。只有功底深厚的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。

58、102Howisastoryconceived?(Pa7-11)vunconsciousnessconsciousness103Alistofvadjectives:unconditioned,unexplained,unchecked,liveandtimelessvNouns:enigma,wonder,fear,rapture,grandeur,triviavQuestions:throbandwaitforwhat?completionofsomekind?Forrecognitionoftheirownpeculiartruth?vSentences:itwouldseemtheir

59、woundswantlancing,theirsecretknowledgewantstelling,thediscoverieswouldbeshared.vAllthesedescriptionrevealsattheleveloforigin,theideaofthestoryisambiguousandun_.104KeywordsinthispartvCreativewritervIntelligentselectionvDrawingfromtheunconsciousmindvPresentingittotheconsciousmind105vitmaydependonthein

60、dividual,assomuchdoesinwriting.vTheageonebeginswritingmaydependontheindividual,andmuchinwritingdependsontheindividual.Thepronounitreferstotheageatwhichpeoplearesaidtobeginwriting.v这可能取决于个人,而写作中很多事都取决于个人。106vairytraceryofbeautygivenformv(这种飘渺的美就交织成了典雅的形式)vairy:ethereal.ve.g.airyphantomsofthemindvtrac

61、ery:ornamentalworkofinterlacedandbranchinglines,especiallythelacyopenworkinaGothicwindow.107vThusvariouslyladen,wemovethroughlife.vladen:oppressed,burdenedve.g.ladenwithgriefv我们就这样背负着各种记忆渡过一生。108vnowandthenanexperience,oftenslight,prizesthememoryandseizesupononeofthoselive,expectantimpressionsoflong

62、agevprize:openve.g.Onlywithalongironbardidweprizethetopoffthebox.v时而,一个小小的体验撬开了记忆之门,抓住了这些虽已年代久远,却依然栩栩如生,呼之欲出的印象。109In any case, the lucid impressions of childhood and early youth, more or less unconditioned, unexplained, unchecked, lie in the memory, live and timeless. v而写作中的很多事都取而写作中的很多事都取决于个人。无论如何

63、,决于个人。无论如何,童年和少年时期的清晰童年和少年时期的清晰印象,或多或少无条件印象,或多或少无条件地存在于我们的记忆中,地存在于我们的记忆中,未被解释,不受约束,未被解释,不受约束,而且栩栩如生,永不磨而且栩栩如生,永不磨灭。灭。110vEnigma, wonder, fear, rapture, grandeur, and trivia in every degree and combination, these early impressions throb and wait for what? Completion of some kind? For recognition of t

64、heir own peculiar truth?v困惑、徬徨、畏惧、喜困惑、徬徨、畏惧、喜悦、辉煌和平庸,在各悦、辉煌和平庸,在各种程度上以各种形式组种程度上以各种形式组合在一起。这些对往事合在一起。这些对往事的印象在心中悸动着。的印象在心中悸动着。它们在等待什么?是在它们在等待什么?是在等待等待 某种圆满的结果某种圆满的结果?还是对它们特有的真?还是对它们特有的真理的认可?理的认可?111It would seem their wounds want lancing; their secret knowledge wants telling; the discoveries would be

65、 shared, and woes admitted, and the airy tracery of beauty given form. v似乎它们的创伤需要似乎它们的创伤需要切开,隐秘的见解需切开,隐秘的见解需要表露,发现需要与要表露,发现需要与人分享,苦恼需要承人分享,苦恼需要承认,认,这种飘渺的美需这种飘渺的美需要形式。要形式。 112Para.12vTransitionalparagraphvFromPara.12tothelastparagraphbutonetheauthortalksabouthowtodevelopaperfectbodyofwordsandhowcraft

66、smanworksinthisprocess.113Comprehensivequestions:Whatarethethreefunctionsofcraftsman?Whatisthekeywordwhentheauthortalksaboutcraftsman?Wouldyouliketoexplainhowimportantrewriteis?114lettingitcoolinbetweentimesvdoingnothingaboutthestoryduringtheintervalbetweentworewritingtimesinordertocultivatesomenewi

67、deasaboutthestoryorwaitforsomeideastorisev在将其搁置一旁冷一段时间115Nomatterhowfarshortofthemarkyoufall,itisneverfailurevfallshortof:failtoreachanaimve.g.IscheduledtoworkhardfortwoyearstoearnanMAdegree,butmyplanfellshortofthemark.v不论你的工作成果如何不如人意,.这绝不是失败。116vThingswhichslippasttheeyeinrereadingleapatyouanddeman

68、dattention.vslip:topassgradually,easily,orimperceptiblyve.g.Itisnecessarytowrite,ifthedaysarenottoslipemptilyby.v在反复阅读的过程中掠过眼前的事物向你跳跃着以求引起注意。117vSuchexpertknowledgeofthisonestorygivesyoucontrolexpert:havingordemonstratinggreatskill,dexterity,orknowledgeastheresultofexperienceortrainingve.g.Hehadrece

69、ivedexpertacademicadvice.v对这部小说的彻底理解给你以控制力.118ThelastparagraphvInspiringsentencesworthreciting119Vocabularyvexquisite, painstaking, conceive, devise,twilight,profound,eerie,spellbound,suspect,conscious,lucid,perception,enigma,rapture,grandeur,trivia,grandeur,lance,inherent,celestial,inevitability,li

70、terally,superbly,dabbling,vagary,skeletal,condone,flamboyance120Unit2ThePopulationSurprise121OutlinevI.Introduction to exposition.vII.Background InformationvIII. Preview Questions vIV. Emphasized PointsvV. Text Comprehension122AbouttheAuthorv Max Singer is an author and policy analyst. Through his f

71、irm, The Potomac Organization, he consults and does public policy research for business, government, and non-governmental organizations. In 1961 he helped Herman Kahn establish Hudson Institute.v Singer served as president of Hudson Institute from 1965 to 1973. He then spent three years directing th

72、e World Institute in Jerusalem before returning to open a Washington, D.C., office for Hudson. In 1982 he left the staff of Hudson to become a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation, and in 1983 he established The Potomac Organization. He is a trustee of Hudson Institute and author and spea

73、ker on a wide range of topics. 123v v Recently Singer has consulted and written on issues of the changing international order; economic development and long-term environmental protection; public policy questions related to the collapse of the Soviet Union; the uses of informal data (or soft statisti

74、cs); and other matters.v His book, The REAL World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (with Aaron Wildavsky), won the 1996 Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. His articles have appeared in publications such as: The Public Interest; Commentary; Readers Digest; The National Interest;

75、The New Republic; and The New York Times Sunday Magazine.vSinger was educated at Colby and Columbia Colleges, and holds a Doctor of Jurisprudence from Harvard Law School.1241252.TheUnitedNationsPopulationDivisionvThePopulationDivisionisresponsibleformonitoringandappraisalofthebroadrangeofareasinthef

76、ieldofpopulation.Tocarryoutthisresponsibilityit:v*providessupportandservicingofsuchintergovernmentalbodiesastheCommissiononPopulationandDevelopment,aswellasrelatedworkoftheGeneralAssemblyandtheEconomicandSocialCouncil,throughthepreparationofhigh-qualitydocumentation,analyticalworkandfacilitationofco

77、nsensus-buildingandpolicydevelopment.v*facilitatesaccessbyGovernmentstoinformationonpopulationtrendsandtheirinterrelationshipswithsocialandeconomicdevelopmentasaninputtogovernmentpolicyandprogrammeformulation.v*contributestothecapacitybuildingofMemberStatestoformulatenationalpopulationandrelatedpoli

78、ciesandprogrammesfortheeffectiveimplementationoftherecommendationsoftheProgrammeofAction;andimprovestheinstitutionalcapabilitiesofGovernmentsforthecollection,analysisanddistributionofnationalpopulationinformation.126ObjectivevItistounderstandwhatfactorsaccountforthechangeinpopulation,andhowthesefact

79、orsinfluencethechangeinpopulation.127Related Informationv Many people believe that the worlds population will keep increasing. But is it possible for it to decrease? The writer of this article thinks so. The writer has analyzed some factors that account for the change in world population.128 Emphasi

80、zed PointsvKey Wordsvbirthratevfertilityratevdeathratevreplacementrateorreplacementlevelvlifeexpectancyvmodernityvthevaluespeopleholdvtheunfathomablevariablevpeaksandtroughs129vText Comprehension130Comprehension Questionsv(1)Why does the writer believe that the world population will be declining?v (

81、2) How many factors have been mentioned in the passage?v (3) What is the trend in world population? 131(1)Whydoesthewriterbelievethattheworldpopulationwillbedeclining?v- Thewriterbelievesthatinthemodernsocietythedeathratedoesntdeterminethebirthrate,andsotheworldpopulationwontkeepstable.Secondly,lowd

82、eathrateresultsinanincreaseinworldwidelifeexpectancy,andanincreaseinpopulation;lowbirthratemayresultinadeclineinpopulation.Theworldenjoysanincreaseinworldwidelifeexpectancy,andthereisadecreaseinfertilityrate(birthrate)today.thirdly,thefertilityrateisbelowthereplacementrate,sotheconclusioncanbemadeth

83、atdeclineinfertilitywillincreasetheaverageageintheworld,andwillcauseadeclineinworldpopulationfortyorfiftyyearsfromnow.132How many factors have been mentioned in the passage?v- Familieschoicesabouthowmanychildrentheywanttoraise,modernity,andthevaluespeopleholdinthefuture.133(3) What is the trend in w

84、orld population? v-Fiftyyearsfromnowtheworldpopulationwillbedeclining,withnoendinsight.134vStructureAnalysis135Division Paragraph MainIdeaPartIThefirsttwoparagraphsAnintroductiontothemainidea:Fiftyyearsfromnowtheworldpopulationwillbedeclining,withnoendinsight.PartIIThefollowingfiveparagraphsWhythewr

85、iterbelievesthattheworldpopulationwillbedecliningPartIIIThefollowingfiveparagraphFactorsthewriterhasdiscussedthataccountfortheworldpopulationPartIVTherestofpassageTheanalysisofthetrendsinworldpopulation136vLanguage Notes137vThebigsurpriseofthepasttwentyyearsisthatinnotonecountrydidfertilitystopfalli

86、ngwhenitreachedthereplacementrate2.1childrenperwoman.v过去二十年最令人吃惊的事情是,没有一个国家当其出生率降到人口置换率水平时-每个妇女生育2.1个子女-就停止下降了。v注意本句中innotonecountrydidfertilitystopfalling是倒装结构。Fertilityherereferstofertilityrate.138vWorldpopulationwasgrowingbytwopercentayearinthe1960s;therateisnowdowntoonepercentayear,andifthepatte

87、rnsofthepastcenturydontchangeradically,itwillheadintonegativenumbers.v在六十年代,世界人口每年只增长2%,现在这一比率已降到每年1%。而且要不是上个世纪19世纪生育模式发生了根本性变化的话,这将会导致人口的负增长。vhead:moveinevitablytowardsomething.e.g.Theeconomyisheadingforrecession139vAslongagoasSeptemberof1974ScientificAmericanpublishedaspecialissueonpopulationthatd

88、escribedwhatdemographershadbeguncallingthedemographictransitionfromtraditionalhighratesofbirthanddeathtothelowonesofmodernsociety.v早在1974年9月,美国科学杂志发行了一份人口研究的特刊,描述了人口学家所称的“人口过渡期”的情况,即从传统的高出生率和死亡率转到现代社会的低出生率和死亡率。v在本句中,that引导定语从句,修饰aspecialissueonpopulation,而thedemographictransitionfromtraditionalhighr

89、atesofbirthanddeathtothelowonesofmodernsociety是calling的宾语。140vTheexpertsassumptionthatpopulationwouldstabilizebecausebirthrateswouldstopfallingoncetheymatchedthenewlowdeathrateshasnotbeenborneoutbyexperience.v专家们推测出生率一旦同新的低死亡率达到平衡后就会停止衰减,所以人口能够保持稳定,这种推测没有得到经验的证实。vbear something out:v support or conf

90、irm something.e.g. vThis assumption is not borne out by any evidence.141vIntheUnitedStatesfertilityhasbeenfallingfor200years(exceptfortheblipoftheBabyBoom3),butpartlybecauseofimmigrationithasstayedonlyslightlybelowreplacementlevelfortwenty-fiveyears.v美国二百多年来生育率一直在下降除了二战过后出现的短暂的生育高峰期,但是在某种程度上受移民的影响,在

91、25年里它只略低于人口置换率。vblip:anunexpected,minor,andtypicallytemporarydeviationformageneraltrend.e.g.TheChancellordismissedrisinginflationastemporaryblip.vat6poundsperpage.142vWorldpopulationcanbestableonlyiffertilityratesaroundtheworldaverageoutto2.1childrenperwoman.v只有世界范围内的出生率能达到平均每位妇女生育2.1个子女,世界人口才可能稳定。)

92、vaverageourat/to:resultinanaveragefigureate.g.Thecostshouldaverageout143vForexample,theU.S.population,becauseofimmigrationandafertilityratethatisonlyslightlybelowreplacementlevel,islikelytogrowfrom4.5percentoftheworldtodayto10percentofasmallerworldoverthenexttwoorthreecenturies.v例如,美国人口由于受移民影响,也由于其出

93、生率只是略低于置换水平,所以在将来的二、三百年内,有可能会从目前占世界人口的4.5%增长到世界人口缩减后的10%。v144vMuchbiggerchangesinsharearepossibleforsmallergroupsiftheycanmaintaintheirdifferencefromtheaverageforalongperiodoftime.v对于一些较小的人口群体来说,如果他们长时间内与平均出生率保持差距,那么他们所占世界人口的份额可能会产生更大的变化。)vshare:vapartorportioninalargeamounte.g.vWegavethemallthechan

94、cetohaveashareintheprofits.145vIftheydo,andfertilityratesstarttoclimb,fertilityisnomorelikelytostopclimbingatanaveragerateof2.1childrenperwomanthanitwastostopfallingat2.1onthewaydown.v如果是这样,那么出生率就会攀升。而且在达到每位女性生育2.1个子女这样一个平均水平后会停止上升的可能性并不比降到2.1后会停止下降的可能性大多少。v本句的主句是一个比较句,意为thepossibilitythatfertilityw

95、illstopclimbingatanaveragerateof2.1childrenperwomanisnomorethanthepossibilitythatfertilitywouldstopfallingat2.1onthewaydown.146vIffertilityrisesonlyto2.8,just33percentoverthereplacementrate,worldpopulationwilleventuallygrowbyonepercentayearagaindoublinginseventyyearsandmultiplyingbytwentyinonlythree

96、centuries.v如果出生率仅增长到2.8,比人口置换率高33%,那么世界人口最终将会有1%的年增长率,即七十年内翻一番,在三个世纪内就能增长20倍。147vWhetherpopulationswingsareshortandnarroworlongandwide,theaveragelevelofworldpopulationafterseveralcycleswillprobablyhaveeitheranupwardoradownwardtrendoverall.v不管人口的涨落是短期、小范围的或是长期、大范围的,世界人口的平均水平在经过了几个周期之后,总体上会形成一种或上升、或下降

97、的趋势。v148vOneimplicationisthatnotevenverylargelossesfromdiseaseorwarcanaffecttheworldpopulationinthelongrunnearlyasmuchaschangesinhumanvaluesdo.vin the long run:vafteraverylengthyperiodoftime从长远看来vintheend归根到底,结局,最后,结果v一个隐含的结论是,即使由于疾病或战争使人口大量减少,它们对世界人口的长远影响也不能与由于人类价值观转变所造成的影响相抗衡。149Unit3FOODFIGHT150O

98、utlinevBackgroundInformationvStructurevTextComprehensionvDiscussion151About the AuthorvJeffreyKlugerisaseniorwriteratTimemagazine,coveringscienceingeneralandthespaceprograminparticular.Heisthecoauthor,alongwithastronautJimLovell,ofLost Moon,thebookthatservedasthebasisofthe1995movie,Apollo13.Heisthes

99、oleauthorofasecondbook-TheApolloAdventure-thataccompaniedthereleaseofthemovie,andheiscurrentlywritinganewbookforSimon&Schusterabouttheunmannedspaceprogramandtheexplorationofthesolarsystem.v152vBeforecomingtoTime,KlugerworkedforDiscovermagazine,wherehewrotetheLightElementshumorcolumn.Priortothat,hewa

100、shealtheditoratFamilyCirclemagazine,storyeditoratTheNewYorkTimesBusinessWorldMagazine,andAssociateEditoratScienceDigestmagazine.vHisfeaturesandcolumnshaveappearedindozensofpublications,includingTheNewYorkTimesMagazine,GentlemensQuarterly,TheWallStreetJournal,Cosmopolitan,Omni,McCalls,NewYorkMagazine

101、,TheNewYorkPost,Newsday,and,ofcourse,Time.HeisanadjunctinstructorinthegraduatejournalismprogramatNewYorkUniversity.153About MonsantovMonsantowasfirstestablishedin1901anddevelopedintoagiantbusinessenterpriseoverthepast100years.vIn2001MonsantoannouncesthatallofitsU.S.seedproductionsitesanditsquality-a

102、ssurancelaboratoryhavereceivedregistrationtotheInternationalOrganizationofStandardization(ISO)9002certification.vForty-threecompanyscientistsjointheranksofMonsantoFellows,expandingthescientificrecognitionprogramtoincludescientistsfromMonsantosBiotechnology,Breeding,Genomics,MolecularBreedingandRegul

103、atoryorganizations.ThetotalnumberofScienceFellowsisnow70.154RelatedinformationvGM Food: Devil or AngelvGMfood-GeneticallymodifiedfoodAgeneticallymodifiedfoodisafoodproductdevelopedfromadifferentgeneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO)suchasacropplant,animalormicroorganisms,suchasyeast.Geneticallymodifiedfoo

104、dsproducedbygeneticengineeringhavebeenavailablesincethe1990s.TheprincipalingredientsofGMfoodsderivedfromplantsaresoybean,maize,canolaandcottonseedoil.155SomeGMfoodyouarefamiliarwithvBeanproduct,includingedibleoilandsoyvDairyproductvTomatoPotato,relatedproductsincludingcrisp,chip(FrenchFries)corn-cob

105、vcoffeevinstantnoodlesvbellpeppervoatmealvhamburgervsandwichvfrieddrumstick156157158159160161Attitudev1)Somegovernments,suchasthoseintheEuropeanUnionandJapan,haveemphasisedrisksoverbenefitsfromGMfoodsandrequiremandatorylabellingandtraceability,v2)whileothers,suchastheUnitedStates,haveregulatoryagenc

106、iesthathavenosuchrequirements.ThishasledtotheUnitedStatesclaimingthatbansonthesaleofGMproductsviolatefreetradeagreementsandhasresultedintradewarsovertherequirementsforGMfoodproducts.Manyscientificinstitutions,evenintheEuropeanUnionandJapan,however,donotjudgetheriskofunintendedchangesincompositionofG

107、Mfoodstoexceedtheriskcurrentlyexhibitedbyconventionalcrops.162ParadeinthestateofnaturevNOGMAMBUSHv163structurevPartI:Para(1-4)introductiontothetopicGMfood.vPartII:Para(5-8)publicopinionsonGMfoodandwhypeopleholdthisopinionvPartIII:Para(9-11)foodfightamonggovernmentsvPartIV:Para(12-15)prospectofGMfood

108、s164Text Comprehension165PartI(para1-4)vWhat does Part I talk about?vPeoplegrowuneasywiththeGMfoodbecauseitiswidelyspread.vHow does the author develope this part?vAprotestagainstMcDonaldinFrancevvAnalysisoftheprotestmentionedabove(howandwhy)vvAnalysisoftherootoftheprotestandintroducethetopicpeoplegr

109、owuneasywithGMfood.vPay attention to the figures used in Para3.vFiguresinPara3areusedtoshowthepopularityofGMfood.166Sentencesv1.Overthepastdecade,geneticallymodified(GM)foodhasbecomeanincreasinglycommonphenomenonvasscientistshaverewoven/redesignedthegenesofcountlessfruitsandvegetables,turningeveryda

110、ycropsintober-crops(abletoresistfrost,withstandherbicidesandevenproducetheirownpesticides.)167v在刚刚过去的十年中,随着科学家们对许多蔬菜和水果中基因的改变,这些人们每天食用的作物已经变成超级作物,这些作物能够防霜冻,抵抗除草剂,甚至它们本身就能杀虫,因此转基因食物已迅速成为普遍现象。168Inthissentence,“as”introducesatimeadverbialclause.“abletoresistfrost,withstandherbicidesandevenproducetheir

111、ownpesticides”modifiesber-crops。withstand/resist/beimmuneto:remainundamagedorunaffectedbye.g.Thestructurehadbeendesignedtowithstandwindsofmorethan100mph.169v2.SalesofGMseedsroseinvaluefrom$75millionin1995to$1.5billionlastyear,andthecropstheyproduceareturningupnotonlyonproduceshelvesbutalsoinprocesse

112、dfoodsfromcookiestopotatochipstobabyfood.170v基因作物种子售出的总值从1995年的七qian五十万增加到去年的十亿五千万,并且他们生产的作物不仅出现在直接生产的产品中而且出现在加工食品中,从饼干到薯条到婴儿食品。171vThewordproduceappearstwiceinthesentence,thefirstisaverb,thesecondisanoun,meaningthingsthathavebeenproducedorgrown,especiallybyfarming.e.g.dairyproduce.172PartII(para5-8

113、)v1.What is the topic sentence of Para5, 6,7?v2.How does the author develop Para 8?v 173v1.Thetopicsentenceofeachparagraphisthefirstsentence,whichisfollowedbyfurtherexplanation.Thisisatypicalwaytodevelopaparagraph174v2. It begins with an introductory sentence and is followed with two examples. v The

114、twoexamplesareclearlymarkedoutbytimephrase,oneis“severalyearsago”andtheotheris“lastMay”175v3.Butmanypeoplequestionwhetheritsagoodideaforfalliblehumanbeingstogomuckingaboutwiththegenesofotherspecies.v但是,许多人提出疑问:让容易犯错的人类摆弄其他物种的但是,许多人提出疑问:让容易犯错的人类摆弄其他物种的基因是否是个好主意。基因是否是个好主意。vmuck something about/around

115、with: spoil something by interfering with ite.g. Someone has been mucking about with my bicycle.v176v4.Itsonethingifascientificexperimentgoeswronginalab,theysay,butsomethingelseentirelyifitwindsuponyourdinnerplate.v他们说如果实验室里的科学实验做错了,那是一回事。但如果它最终出现在你的饭桌上,那又是另外一回事.vwindup:arriveorendupinaspecifiedstat

116、e,situation,orplacee.g.KevinwoundupinNewYork.vTodate,uptillnow,fornow,sofarv177v5.Plentyoftradewatchers(inWashington)seetheEuropeanactionsasonemoretweak/strugglefrom/becauseofanincreasinglypowerfulE.U.(whois)nolongerintimidatedbyU.S.economicmight/power.)vintimidateintimidationvContaminate-contaminat

117、ion178v许多华盛顿贸易观察家都看出欧盟这一举动是日益强大的欧盟不再害怕美国经济威胁的又一次回击。179v6.Whilethatmaybe,thefactremainsthattheU.S.Congressmayaddressalabelingbillofitsownlaterthisyear,andsomeprivategroupsarethreateninglawsuitstoforcetheissue.vaddress:thinkaboutandbegintodealwithanissueorprobleme.g.Afundamentalproblemhasstilltobeaddr

118、essed.180v6.事情也许会是这样,但事实还是美国国会今年晚些时候会制定他们自己的商标法案,而一些私人团体正在威胁要诉诸法律迫使制定一法案。)181v7.ThefarmersinFranceareright,observesDennisDemocratfromCleveland,Ohio,whostumbledacrosstheGM-foodissuethisyear,andisturningitintosomethingofacause.vstumbleacross/on/upon:findorencounterbychancee.g.Apolicehadstumbledacrossa

119、gangofyouths.182v7.俄亥俄州克利夫兰的丹尼丝德莫克利特今年才接手转基因食物这件事,他正在将这件事看成一件正事来抓)183v8.ForallthecontroversythatGMtechnologyiscausing,thefactisthatbiotechcompanieshavesucceededindreamingupsomeextraordinaryplants.vDreamingup:thinkofesp.sthimaginativeorfoolish想入非非184v9.Monsanto,(whichproducesthehugelypopularherbicide

120、Roundup,)hasmadejustasbigahitwithitslineofgeneticallymodifiedcropsthatareimmunetotheRounduppoisonvmakea(big)hitwith:bepopularorsuccessfule.g.Youmadeabighitwithher.vHit:sensationalthingsbigpopularity引起轰动的事vHittheheadline185v9.蒙生特公司生产了颇受大众欢迎的除草剂Roundup,他们的转基因作物的生产线也非常轰动。因为这种转基因作物对Roundup毒有免疫作用vGMfood,

121、geneticallymodifieredcrops,foodscontainingengineeredDNA,re-engineeredplants,generally-engineeredcrops,geneticallymodifieredingredients186v10.Suchsouped-upplantsareunderstandablypopularwithfarmers,forwhomevenaslightincreaseinyieldcanmeanabigincreaseinprofits.vsoupsomethingup:increasethepowerofacarbym

122、odifyingtheengine;increasethepowerofefficiency;makesomethingmoreelaborateorimpressive增大马力;加强e.g.Wehadtosoupuptheshowforthenewperformance.187v10.(可以理解这种经过加工而更加吸引人的植物深受农民欢迎,因为对他们来说产量的微增长就意味着利润的大幅增加。)188vPara8somuchsothat:tosuchanextentthatvIamverybusy,somuchsothatIcannotmanagetodoexercise.vChurnout:pr

123、oduceinmassvTrigger:causevAllergy;beallergicto189PartIIIPara(9-11)foodfightamonggovernmentsvEU:approved18GMproductsandbannednon-approvedones;defactomoratoriumv(mad-cowdiseasein1996;dioxin-contaminatedBelgianchickens;recallofcontaminatedcansofCoca-ColainFrance)vU.S.:acatfight/disputewithEU.vOnemansme

124、atisanotherpersonspoison.190vWhat does para9, 10 and 11mainly talk about respectively?vPara9:governmentsproblems/worriesvPara10:governmentsactiontakenagainstothersvPara11:thefight&thetruthbehindthefight-lprotectionism191vVengeanceasmuchasprudencevVengeance:revengevPrudence:prudent,becautious,verycar

125、eful.192PartVprospectofGMfoodvWhat have happened in Washington: vLawmakershavenotyetaddressedthelabelingquestion,vprivategroupsarehopingtotakethelead.193v11.Twoyearsago,chiefexecutiveRobertShapirogambledbigonbiotech,spinningoffthecompanyschemicaldivisiontofocusonthenewscience.vspinsomethingoff:(ofap

126、arentcompany)turnasubsidiaryintoanewandseparatecompany194v11.(两年前,首席执行长官罗伯特夏皮罗在生物科技上下了大赌注,他将几个部门合并成立一个化工部门,专门开发新产品。)19512. A year ago, Monsanto stock perched at a lofty 63; today its mired in the upper 30s.Perch on sth: go into, be in a positionMire: bog; soft deep mud 沼泽;泥潭 一年前,蒙生特股高居63点,而现在却陷在30大几

127、。196WhathappenedinWashington?vWashington:vLawmakershavenotyetaddressedthelabelingquestion,vprivategroupsarehopingtotakethelead.vEnvironmentalorganizations,alongwithJewishandMuslimgroups,havewadedinlobbyingtheFDAforlabelingandinsomecasesfilingsuitstocompelit.197vWade:startdoingsthwithenergyanddifficu

128、ltyvFilesuit:sendsthsothatitmightberecorded备案;提交vfilelettersinadrawervfileanapplicationfordivorce198v13.Fornow,themost(thatGMfoescanhopetopushthroughanagri-friendlyCongress)isaproposalforvoluntarylabelingthatbiotechcompanieswouldbefreetohonororignore.vuser-friendlyvInthissentence,”themostGMfoescanho

129、petopushthroughanagri-friendlyCongress”isthesubject,v”biotechcompanieswouldbefreetohonororignore”modifiesvoluntarylabeling。199v13.(到目前为止,转基因产品的反对者至多是让亲农业的国会通过一项提议,允许生物技术公司自己选择是标注还是不标注。)20014. In a demand-driven market, however, they would ignore it at their peril.At their peril:Used ,esp when advisi

130、ng sb not to do sth.Para: If they choose to ignore it, they will take risks themselves.Eg. The bicycle has no brakesyou ride it at your peril.Perilous : dangerous201?vWhat will be the prospect of GM food?202UnitfiveToyStory203OutlinevBackground Knowledgev I. About the authorv II. Related Information

131、vText ComprehensionvStructure analysisvDetailed analysis of each partvDifficult sentencesvVocabulary204DavidCohenPh.D.ProfessorteachingintheareasofClinicalPsychologyandIndividualDifferences/EvolutionaryPsychologyoftheUniversityofTexasatAustin.205MoreinformationabouttheauthorvDavidB.Cohen,anativeBroo

132、klynite,receivedhisB.A.degreein1963fromColumbiaCollege,ColumbiaUniversity,beforemovingtoAnnArborasadoctoralstudentintheclinicalpsychologygraduateprogramattheUniversityofMichiganwhere,in1968,hereceivedhisPh.D.Professor.CoheniscurrentlyteachingintheareasofClinicalPsychologyandIndividualDifferences/Evo

133、lutionaryPsychologyoftheUniversityofTexasatAustin.206vCohensearlyresearchontherecall,content,andfunctionofdreamsresultedinnumerousarticles,bookchapters,andabook,Sleep andDreaming:Origins,Nature,and Functions(Pergamon,1979).Later,hisinterestsinpersonalityandabnormalbehaviorweredirectedtoquestionsabou

134、tthebiologicalmechanismsandriskfactorsinpsychopathologyandtheirimplicationsfortheclassificationofpsychiatricdisorders.In1990,manyoftheseideaswerelaidoutinPsychopathology,anadvancedtextbookthatheandthelateLeeW i l l e r m a n c o - a u t h o r e d . 207vLater,basedonevidenceofgeneticandotherbiologica

135、lsourcesofindividualdifferences,cameOutoftheBlue:DepressionandHumanNature,publishedin1994byNorton.Blueilluminatesdepressionwithinthelargercontextofbiologicalandevolutionaryinfluencesonbothnormalandabnormalbehavior.vCohenslatestbookprojectStrangerintheNest:DoParentsReallyDetermineaChildsPersonality,I

136、ntelligence,orCharacter?exploresthreemajorideasaboutthepowerofparentalinfluenceoverachildsdevelopment:208vfirst,thatgeneticandotherbiologicalinfluencesaremorepowerfulthanmosthaveimagined;vsecond,andmorecontroversial,thatparentalinfluenceismuchlesspowerfulthanwehaveimagined;vandthird,thattheinfluence

137、ofnatureandnurturecanleadtosurprising,thatis,highlyunpredictable,psychologicaldevelopments,allofwhichhasprofoundimplicationforparents.vThejoltingcontributionofthisworkisitsmobilizationofstrongevidencethatmuchparentalinfluenceisnotonlyweakortransitorybutalsoillusory.209Seethetoys?210Barbiedoll2112122

138、13vAdvertisersliketotakeadvantageofchildrensnaturalcredulity.Inaworldfullofdazzlingadvertisements,howdochildrenreacttothem?Havetheylearnedhowtoweighupadvertisingbeforetheysuccumbtoitspromises?214About the textvThestructureofthetextvPartI(Para1-3):IntroductiontothetopicvPartII(Para4-8):Whyareadvertis

139、erstryinghardtomarkettochildrenandwhyisitdifficulttodoso?vPartIII(9-end):Somestudiescarriedoutbypsychologiststotestwhetherchildrencanunderstandads. 215PartIvThetextbeginswithanexampletoshowachildsresponsetoanadvertisement(Para1)vandtheanalysisofthechildresponse(Para2),vQuestionsareraisedwhetherkidsu

140、nderstandthepurposeofadsandwhetheritisethicaltoadvertisetochildren(Para3).216PartIIvItisanimportantandahardthingtomarketintochildrenscientificallyandpeoplearetryingtofindhowtoadtochildrensuccessfully.217ComprehensionQuestions.v1.Whyisitimportanttooccupythemarketaimedatchildren?v2.Whatmakesithardtooc

141、cupythemarketaimedatchildren?v3.Whydoconferencesandconsultanciesaboundandwhatdotheydotohelptheworkshops?218Discussionv1.Itisimportanttomarkettochildrenbecausechildrenhaveabigpocketmoneyandtheyknowwhattheywant.219v2.Therearetworeasons:vThefirst,childrenarefickle.vThesecond,thereareregulationstoprotec

142、tchildrenconsumers,thatistosaythereareregulationsonthewaystoadvertisetochildren220v3.Conferencesandconsultanciesaboundbecauseitisimportantandhardtomarkettochildren.Advertisersandworshopswanttolearnsomethingtomaketheiradsscientificandsuccessful.vTheymaylearn“whatworkswithkidsandwhy”,“peergroupmarketi

143、ng”,“howtothinklikeakid”and“howtocommunicate”,etc.221PartIIIvInthispart,theauthorputsforwandtheideawhetheradsaimedatchildrenshouldbepermitteddependsonhowmuchchildrenunderstandadsandsomestudiescarriedoutbypsychologistsarepresentedandanalysed.222JeanPiaget,aSwisspsychologistvChildren between 2 and 7,i

144、nthepre-operationalstage,areegocentricandcontrolledbytheirimmediateperceptions.Theyarenotconsciousofthefactthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentideasabouttheworldandtheirmotivesanddesiresalsodifferfromeachother.Theydontunderstandthetrickofadvertising.223vChildren after seven,havingenteredtheconcreteopera

145、tionalstage,arelessegocentricandunderstandthattheworldisnotexactwhattheyview.vPiagetdidntconsiderchildrenandadvertising.Ifhedid,hewouldarguethatchildren can not understand the motives behind advertising.224vMoreresearchonchildrenandadvertisingdonebypsychologists225The first study on this issue:v1.Do

146、youthinkitsconclusionfitPiagetstheory?v2.WhatdidthestudyleadtoinUSandEurope?226Discussionv1.ItseemstofitPiagetsmodel.Themajorityofthechildren5to6yearoldfailtofullyunderstandthepurposeofTVads.2272.Thisfindingleadstodifferentresults:vIntheUS,psychologistsusethisresearchtobanadvertisementforchildrenbut

147、failed.vInGreeceandSweden,thesimilarargumentsledtoabanontoyadsonTV.228Jeffrey Goldstein, a Netherlandish psychologistvHebelievesthetestusedinthestudyistoostringentandstandardthatchildrenfullyawaretheadsarestrict.229HenryWellman,anAmericanpsychologist230vPiagetsframeworkdoesnotfitthemodernchild.Byage

148、of5to6,mostchildrenunderstanddeceptionandtherebyknowaboutadvertisement.231v(para19)whatarethedifferentattitudestowardstheedited/doctoredadbet.Childrenaed4to5andchildrenof8ysold?v(para20)WhatisYoungsideatowardsthefunctionofadvertisingforchildren?232Brian Young vMany6-year-oldchildrenonlyhavealimitedu

149、nderstatingofthepurposeofads.vChildrencannotknowthepurposeofadsbecausetheyevendontknowhowtorecommendthemselvesbyexaggeratingtheiradvantages.233v(para21)WhatistheconclusiondrawnbyCRU?v(para22)WhatistheopiniongivenbySmithworkinginCRU?v(para24)WhyYongsaidthatmanysix-y-oldsonlyhavelimittedunderstandingo

150、fadvertising?234Smith, who works for CRUvChildrenhavesomeimplicitunderstandingaboutadsandadvertisingtochildrenarenotsinful235MerrisGriffithsvOnestudyinAberystwyth,Wales236vDifficultsentences237v1.Callitcynicism.Callitsophistication.vTheworditinthesetwosentencesisusedtodenotethethingsmentionedintheab

151、oveparagraph.238v2.AmmiratiPurisLintas:(Latinname)isafamousadvertisementcorporationinLondon.IthasitsbranchinShanghai.239v3.Theycanseethroughmarketinghyperbole.v他们并能看穿“广告的夸张”。v240v4.brandliterate:tohaveacomprehensiveknowledgeofdifferentbrandsofdifferentproduct.241v5.Orcanthey?Thisisanellipticalsenten

152、ceanditmeans:Orcantheyseethroughthemarketinghyperbole?242v6.peergroup:peopleofthesamebackground,rankandquality.v2437.Childrenarenotoriouslyfickle,andadvertisershaveahardjobkeepingupwiththeircapricioustastes,儿童们以口味易变而著称。广告商很难满足儿童反复无常的味口。244v8.Thebackdroptotodaysresearchonkidsandadvertisingisthecognit

153、ivetheoryputforwardover70yearsagobythefamousSwisspsychologistJeanPiaget.vJean Piaget:(1896-1980)Swisschildpsychologistnotedforhisstudiesofintellectualcognitivedevelopmentinchildren.v当今儿童与广告研究的背景,是70年前瑞士著名心理学家让皮亚杰提出的认知理论。245v9.Takebelievesthatthetestusedinthe25-year-oldstudywastoostringent.vA.toleran

154、tB.goodvC.badD.severevD.strict,demanding246v10.Hisstudiesalsosufferedfromaproblemthatplagueschildpsychologytothisday:howdoyougetachildtomakeexplicitwhatmaybeanimplicitunderstanding?vPlague:trouble,afflictvImplicit:implied,unclearbutnotexpresseddirectly.v(opp.)explicit247v11.Thegenuineversionextolled

155、afacecreamonthebasisthatitmadeusersbetterlooking.v其中原版广告赞美一种面霜,因为它使使用者好看。248v同时,他的研究受到至今仍困扰着儿童心理学领域的一个问题的困扰:你如何能让孩子讲清楚也许他们心中理解的事?249v12.Adoctoredversionpraisedthecreambutthepunchlinewasthatitgaveusersdisgustingspots.Inthissentence,theexpressionthepunchlinemeansthelastfewwordsofajokeorastorythatisthe

156、mostimportantv改编了的广告也赞扬这种面霜,但关键的一句台词是说它使使用者长出讨厌的斑点.250v13.Smithsayshisstudyandothersreassurehimthatadvertisingtochildrenisnot“sinfulorwicked”,but,heconcedes,oneshould“bemindfulofthegullibility ofyoungchildren”.vA.IncredibilityB.credibilityvC.credulityD.incredulityvC.轻信251v14.Forexample,ifyouasksix-y

157、ear-oldstoputthemselvesforwardtobecomeoneofateamtheytellyouaboutthemselveswartsandall.Wartsandall:withoutconcealingblemishesorunattractivefeaturesv不隐瞒缺点;如实道来v例如:如果你叫那些6岁的孩子推荐自我加入一个团队,他们会告诉你自己的缺点。v25214.OnestudyofgirlsandboysagedseventoeleveninAberystwyth,Wales,foundthechildrentobenotonlyknowingbutdi

158、smissiveofTVads.Evenseven-year-olds“respondedwithsurprisinghostility”Dismissive:contemptuous轻视的n n孩子们不仅了解电视广告,而且持很轻蔑的态度。甚至孩子们不仅了解电视广告,而且持很轻蔑的态度。甚至7 7岁的岁的儿童也儿童也“ “表现出惊人的敌意表现出惊人的敌意” ” 253VocabularyvTry to list the words which are used to modify children?vcredulity, cynicism, sophistication, brand-lite

159、rate,succumb to its promise, carp, see through, getwise to, notoriously fickle, capricious taste,shrewd,hostileto254Childrens cognitive developmentvpre-operationalstagevEgocentricvAtthemercyof:controlledbyvDriftinginanopenboat,atthemercyoftheelements.vImmediateperceptionvConcreteoperationalstagevStr

160、ucturedthinking255OtherWordsvBegearedat,ethical,hingeon,motivation=motive=drive=purpose,market,conference,consultancy,venue,vpeergroup,sinister=malicious=sinful=evil=wicked,backdrop,cognitivedevelopment,syllogism,salespitches,concede,stringent,overt,exacerbate,sheltered,plague,extol=praise,accentuat

161、e=stress=emphasize256Unit 7Postmortem with Strings257InformationRelatedtotheTextvAbouttheAuthor258vborninSalzburg,27January1756;diedinVienna,5December1791)259vsonofLeopoldMozart,heshowedmusicalgiftsataveryearlyage,composingwhenhewasfiveandwhenhewassixplayingbeforetheBavarianelectorandtheAustrianempr

162、ess.Leopoldfeltthatitwasproper,andmightalsobeprofitable,toexhibithischildrensGod-givengenius(MariaAnna,Nannerl,1751-1829,wasagiftedkeyboardplayer):soinmid-1763thefamilysetoutonatourthattookthemtoParisandLondon,visitingnumerouscourtsenroute.Mozartastonishedhisaudienceswithhisprecociousskills;260vhepl

163、ayedtotheFrenchandEnglishroyalfamilies,hadhisfirstmusicpublishedandwrotehisearliestsymphonies.Thefamilyarrivedhomelatein1766;ninemonthslatertheywereoffagain,toVienna,wherehopesofhavinganoperabyMozartperformedwerefrustratedbyintrigues.261v1756年1月27日生于奥地利萨尔茨堡粮食街9号,1791年12月5日卒于维也纳,终年35岁。v奥地利作曲家,3岁会弹钢琴,

164、6岁开始作曲。欧洲维也纳古典乐派的代表人物之一,作为古典主义音乐的典范,他对欧洲音乐的发展起了巨大的作用。莫扎特一共创作了22部歌剧、41部交响乐、42部协奏曲、一部安魂曲以及奏鸣曲、室内乐、宗教音乐和歌曲等作品。262莫扎特在海顿等古典主义早期作曲家的基础上,将钢琴协奏曲这一体裁发展到了一个前所未有的高峰。他作有29部加K.107三首钢琴协奏曲,他对于欧洲器乐协奏曲的发展同样作出了杰出的贡献。歌剧是莫扎特创作的主流,他与格鲁克(Gluck)、瓦格纳(Wagner)和威尔第(Verdi)一样,是欧洲歌剧史上四大巨子之一。他又与海顿、贝多芬一起为欧洲交响乐写下了光辉的一页。另外,他的安魂曲也成为

165、宗教音乐中难能可贵的一部杰作。263v作为18世纪末时的欧洲作曲家,莫扎特的音乐深刻地反映了这个时代的精神,尤其是体现在歌剧作品中的市民阶层的思想,无疑在当时具有进步的意义。莫扎特赋予音乐以歌唱优美欢乐性,然而,其中又深合着悲伤,这正反映了莫扎特时代知识分子的命运。并且,莫扎特是欧洲当时唯一一个不接受贵族供养的音乐家。v莫扎特是古典乐派最典型作曲家,与海顿、贝多芬并称为维也纳古典乐派三大作曲家。264埃德加爱伦坡 Edgar Allan Poe265EdgarAllenPoe埃德加埃德加爱伦爱伦坡(坡(18091849)十九世纪)十九世纪美国美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家,在世时长期担任诗人、小

166、说家和文学评论家,在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。其作品是在任何时代都是报刊编辑工作。其作品是在任何时代都是“独一无独一无二二”的风格。语言和形式精致、优美,内容多样。的风格。语言和形式精致、优美,内容多样。侦探小说侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、鼻祖、科幻小说科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、先驱之一、恐怖小说恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义象征主义(symbolism)先驱之一,先驱之一,唯美主义唯美主义(estheticism)者。者。266受到过爱伦受到过爱伦坡影响的主要人物有:坡影响的主要人

167、物有:柯南柯南道尔道尔、波波德莱尔德莱尔、斯特芳斯特芳马拉美马拉美、儒勒儒勒凡尔纳凡尔纳、罗伯特罗伯特路易斯路易斯斯蒂文森斯蒂文森、希区柯克希区柯克、蒂姆蒂姆伯顿伯顿、江江户川乱步户川乱步等。爱伦等。爱伦坡最著名的文艺理论是坡最著名的文艺理论是“效果效果论论”。坡力图在自己的作品中先确立某种效果,再。坡力图在自己的作品中先确立某种效果,再为追求这种效果而思考创作。他在为追求这种效果而思考创作。他在怪异故事集怪异故事集序中称序中称“自己的作品绝大部分都是深思熟虑的苦心自己的作品绝大部分都是深思熟虑的苦心经营经营”。 v爱伦爱伦坡坡安布鲁斯安布鲁斯布尔斯布尔斯(18421914?)?)和和H.P洛

168、夫克拉夫特(洛夫克拉夫特(18901937)并称为美国三)并称为美国三大恐怖小说家大恐怖小说家 267人物评论人物评论v一八四八年九月,坡到普罗维敦斯向一个比他大五岁的一八四八年九月,坡到普罗维敦斯向一个比他大五岁的寡妇莎拉寡妇莎拉海伦海伦怀特曼求婚,她对文学也很感兴趣,他在怀特曼求婚,她对文学也很感兴趣,他在一八四五年认识她以後,不时互通诗文。但女方家庭竭力反一八四五年认识她以後,不时互通诗文。但女方家庭竭力反对,坡追求未遂,十一月间他买了鸦片,到波士顿企图自杀,对,坡追求未遂,十一月间他买了鸦片,到波士顿企图自杀,没有死成反而大病一场。复元後他继续追求,怀特曼太太答没有死成反而大病一场。复

169、元後他继续追求,怀特曼太太答应只要他戒酒就同他结婚。谁知临近喜日,他听了几个青年应只要他戒酒就同他结婚。谁知临近喜日,他听了几个青年怂恿,又喝得烂醉,怀特曼太太受到多方面的压力,只得取怂恿,又喝得烂醉,怀特曼太太受到多方面的压力,只得取消婚约。坡气愤之下发誓今後决心不再同任何爱好文学的女消婚约。坡气愤之下发誓今後决心不再同任何爱好文学的女人来往。人来往。268v曾几何时,又向另一位有夫之妇南茜曾几何时,又向另一位有夫之妇南茜里奇里奇蒙太太(安妮)和纽约一个女诗人莎拉蒙太太(安妮)和纽约一个女诗人莎拉安安娜娜刘易斯表示爱意,都未成功。不久,他刘易斯表示爱意,都未成功。不久,他到里奇蒙和诺福克讲课

170、,不意竟遇到少年时到里奇蒙和诺福克讲课,不意竟遇到少年时代的情人莎拉代的情人莎拉爱弥拉爱弥拉罗埃丝特,当时她罗埃丝特,当时她已成富孀。他丧偶之後十分苦闷,急需异性已成富孀。他丧偶之後十分苦闷,急需异性安慰,便向她求起婚来,她也欣然同意。九安慰,便向她求起婚来,她也欣然同意。九月二十七日,他回纽约准备婚事,并决心戒月二十七日,他回纽约准备婚事,并决心戒酒。酒。269v不料到了十月三日,他又喝得酩酊大醉,不料到了十月三日,他又喝得酩酊大醉,倒卧巴尔的摩街头,人家把他送往华盛顿大倒卧巴尔的摩街头,人家把他送往华盛顿大学医院,他一直人事不省,等他苏醒过来,学医院,他一直人事不省,等他苏醒过来,就对空胡

171、言乱语,挣扎了四天,在十月七日就对空胡言乱语,挣扎了四天,在十月七日清晨五时结束了这坎坷的一生。後来他被安清晨五时结束了这坎坷的一生。後来他被安葬在巴尔的摩威斯敏斯特教堂公墓,陪伴他葬在巴尔的摩威斯敏斯特教堂公墓,陪伴他长眠地下的是他的爱妻弗吉尼亚和岳母克力长眠地下的是他的爱妻弗吉尼亚和岳母克力姆太太以及祖父大卫姆太太以及祖父大卫 坡。坡。 270v虽然坡与世长辞了,但他并没有得到真正的安虽然坡与世长辞了,但他并没有得到真正的安息。刚逝世两天,尸骨未寒,息。刚逝世两天,尸骨未寒,纽约论坛报纽约论坛报就出就出现了一篇署名路德维希的悼文。对他极尽恶毒攻击现了一篇署名路德维希的悼文。对他极尽恶毒攻击

172、之能事,指责他是无可救药的酒徒,毫无道德观念之能事,指责他是无可救药的酒徒,毫无道德观念的恶棍,生性骄横,气量狭窄,善妒易怒,简直无的恶棍,生性骄横,气量狭窄,善妒易怒,简直无一是处。说来奇怪,向坡施放这支毒箭的竟是坡生一是处。说来奇怪,向坡施放这支毒箭的竟是坡生前指定的遗稿保管人鲁弗斯前指定的遗稿保管人鲁弗斯 格里斯伍尔德,此人格里斯伍尔德,此人本来无才无德,偏偏对坡又妒又恨,竟借纪念之名,本来无才无德,偏偏对坡又妒又恨,竟借纪念之名,行抹黑之实,还乘受命编选艾伦行抹黑之实,还乘受命编选艾伦坡选集四卷本之坡选集四卷本之际,纂改坡的书信,际,纂改坡的书信,271v有些作品更出于他的伪造。坡对自

173、己的作品原极认有些作品更出于他的伪造。坡对自己的作品原极认真,一再进行修订,但格里斯伍尔德却发表了坡未真,一再进行修订,但格里斯伍尔德却发表了坡未经修订,有谬误的作品,甚至以权威的身份,编写经修订,有谬误的作品,甚至以权威的身份,编写了不符事实的艾伦了不符事实的艾伦坡传记,使出种种卑劣手法来坡传记,使出种种卑劣手法来破坏坡的声誉,造成不可挽回的後果,尤其在英国,破坏坡的声誉,造成不可挽回的後果,尤其在英国,多年来读者一向把格里斯伍尔德当作研究坡作品的多年来读者一向把格里斯伍尔德当作研究坡作品的权威作者,自然对之深信不疑。当时围攻坡的还不权威作者,自然对之深信不疑。当时围攻坡的还不止格里斯伍尔德

174、一个人。一八四九年夏间常与坡见止格里斯伍尔德一个人。一八四九年夏间常与坡见面的里奇蒙记者约翰面的里奇蒙记者约翰丹尼尔也指责坡脾气古怪,丹尼尔也指责坡脾气古怪,损人利己,不讲道德,一八四五年和坡同事几月的损人利己,不讲道德,一八四五年和坡同事几月的布里格斯则说坡谈不上有什么性格,是个卑鄙小人。布里格斯则说坡谈不上有什么性格,是个卑鄙小人。 272v幸亏也有一些仗义执言的人士出来捍卫坡的声幸亏也有一些仗义执言的人士出来捍卫坡的声誉。如誉。如NP威理斯就说,一八四四年後他和坡结交威理斯就说,一八四四年後他和坡结交的一两年中,看到他一贯稳重,勤勉,富有绅士风的一两年中,看到他一贯稳重,勤勉,富有绅士风

175、度,而且以後也没有看见他盛气凌人和心灵堕落。度,而且以後也没有看见他盛气凌人和心灵堕落。坡的老上司乔治坡的老上司乔治葛雷姆则说坡是个具有赤子之心葛雷姆则说坡是个具有赤子之心的人,温文尔雅,再也没有比他更平易近人的了。的人,温文尔雅,再也没有比他更平易近人的了。他看到别人受伤害,总是勇于代人出头,的确是个他看到别人受伤害,总是勇于代人出头,的确是个正人君子。甚至和坡撕毁婚约的怀特曼太太也写了正人君子。甚至和坡撕毁婚约的怀特曼太太也写了一篇答辩,题名一篇答辩,题名难道坡是道德败坏的人吗?难道坡是道德败坏的人吗?,痛斥格里斯伍尔德一流的无耻毁谤和捏造,以正视痛斥格里斯伍尔德一流的无耻毁谤和捏造,以正

176、视听。听。 273v不管把他说成魔鬼也罢,说成天使也罢,不管把他说成魔鬼也罢,说成天使也罢,要对他的性格和生活作风做出判断,绝对不要对他的性格和生活作风做出判断,绝对不能忽视他先天的遗传和后天的境遇,尤其是能忽视他先天的遗传和后天的境遇,尤其是晚年身心所受到的伤害。晚年身心所受到的伤害。 v就以他的酒癖来说吧,他也明知多饮伤就以他的酒癖来说吧,他也明知多饮伤身,几度信誓旦旦表示决心戒酒,然而总是身,几度信誓旦旦表示决心戒酒,然而总是无法摆脱这个诱惑。无法摆脱这个诱惑。 274v坡幼失双亲,生性敏感,从小得不到温暖和安全感,慈坡幼失双亲,生性敏感,从小得不到温暖和安全感,慈母的幻影一直萦回在他心

177、头,成为他寻求心灵慰藉的偶像,母的幻影一直萦回在他心头,成为他寻求心灵慰藉的偶像,再加屡遭磨难,不如意事常八九,可与人言无一二,对他来再加屡遭磨难,不如意事常八九,可与人言无一二,对他来说,现实世界是不堪忍受的,他只有借助写作和酒精才能在说,现实世界是不堪忍受的,他只有借助写作和酒精才能在幻想的土地上恣意驰骋。有一次他抱怨说,他的敌人把他的幻想的土地上恣意驰骋。有一次他抱怨说,他的敌人把他的精神错乱归因于他的嗜酒,而不是把他的嗜酒归因于他的精精神错乱归因于他的嗜酒,而不是把他的嗜酒归因于他的精神错乱,他临死前不久还说过,神错乱,他临死前不久还说过,“我经常沉湎杯中物,但喝我经常沉湎杯中物,但喝

178、酒并没使我感到半点儿乐趣。我不惜生命和名声,不顾理智,酒并没使我感到半点儿乐趣。我不惜生命和名声,不顾理智,一味喝酒,并非追求乐趣,而是竭力逃避令人痛苦的回忆,一味喝酒,并非追求乐趣,而是竭力逃避令人痛苦的回忆,逃避无法忍受的孤寂,逃避迫在眼前的大限。逃避无法忍受的孤寂,逃避迫在眼前的大限。” 275v话有说回来,他决不是一个梦想家,也话有说回来,他决不是一个梦想家,也决不是一个真正逃避现实的人。从他努力不决不是一个真正逃避现实的人。从他努力不懈的写作态度上表现出他是讲究现实的。从懈的写作态度上表现出他是讲究现实的。从他那些文学评论文章上,更证明了这点,因他那些文学评论文章上,更证明了这点,因

179、为只有保持头脑清醒,才能写出这麼多条理为只有保持头脑清醒,才能写出这麼多条理清晰,分析透彻的作品。清晰,分析透彻的作品。 276v在他短短一生写下的不少作品中,文学评论是在他短短一生写下的不少作品中,文学评论是很重要的一部分。当时文坛上,除了詹姆斯很重要的一部分。当时文坛上,除了詹姆斯罗塞罗塞尔尔洛威尔之外,几乎无人可与抗衡。洛威尔一向洛威尔之外,几乎无人可与抗衡。洛威尔一向不轻易赞扬别人,却把坡誉为不轻易赞扬别人,却把坡誉为“最有见识、最富哲最有见识、最富哲理的大无畏评论家理的大无畏评论家”。当代文学评论家埃德蒙。当代文学评论家埃德蒙威威尔逊也称尔逊也称“坡的文学评论确实是美国文坛上空前的坡

180、的文学评论确实是美国文坛上空前的杰作杰作”。然而,不可忽视的是在坡早年当报刊杂志。然而,不可忽视的是在坡早年当报刊杂志编辑时,为了换取稿费,他也写了许多糟粕,因此编辑时,为了换取稿费,他也写了许多糟粕,因此至今留存的只是很小的一部分精华。至今留存的只是很小的一部分精华。 277v他一向主张他一向主张“为艺术而艺术为艺术而艺术”。他的艺术主张。他的艺术主张几乎贯穿于他的所有作品中,包括诗歌、短篇小说几乎贯穿于他的所有作品中,包括诗歌、短篇小说和论文。在这些作品中,他声称和论文。在这些作品中,他声称“一切艺术的目的一切艺术的目的是娱乐,不是真理。是娱乐,不是真理。”他认为他认为“在诗歌中只有创造在

181、诗歌中只有创造美美超凡绝尘的美才是引起乐趣的正当途径。音超凡绝尘的美才是引起乐趣的正当途径。音乐是诗歌不可缺少的成分,对诗人力求表现超凡绝乐是诗歌不可缺少的成分,对诗人力求表现超凡绝尘的美尤其重要。而在故事写作方面,艺术家就不尘的美尤其重要。而在故事写作方面,艺术家就不妨力图制造惊险、恐怖和强烈情感的效果。而且每妨力图制造惊险、恐怖和强烈情感的效果。而且每篇作品都应该收到一种效果。篇作品都应该收到一种效果。”。 278v他的独创性论文如他的独创性论文如写作的哲学写作的哲学(1846),),诗歌原理诗歌原理(1850),评论霍),评论霍桑桑古老的故事古老的故事,评论朗费罗、柯勒律治、,评论朗费罗

182、、柯勒律治、华兹华斯、丁尼生等人的诗歌、以及评论狄华兹华斯、丁尼生等人的诗歌、以及评论狄更斯更斯老古玩店老古玩店等的作品都显示了他的精等的作品都显示了他的精辟见解,至今仍被视为文艺批评的典范作。辟见解,至今仍被视为文艺批评的典范作。279v他一生写了六七十篇短篇小说,虽然只他一生写了六七十篇短篇小说,虽然只写了四五篇推理小说,但是举世公认为推理写了四五篇推理小说,但是举世公认为推理小说的鼻祖。代表作小说的鼻祖。代表作毛格街血案毛格街血案、玛玛丽丽罗杰疑案罗杰疑案、窃信案窃信案和和金甲虫金甲虫都被奉为这类小说的先河,对後世起了很大都被奉为这类小说的先河,对後世起了很大影响。影响。280v他在前三

183、篇小说中塑造的业馀侦探杜宾的形象,可以说是柯南道尔笔他在前三篇小说中塑造的业馀侦探杜宾的形象,可以说是柯南道尔笔下的下的福尔摩斯福尔摩斯的前辈。据研究侦探小说的专家霍华德的前辈。据研究侦探小说的专家霍华德海克雷夫特认为,海克雷夫特认为,“这个杜宾也是坡的自我理想化身,因为他自幼聪颖异常,处处想表现这个杜宾也是坡的自我理想化身,因为他自幼聪颖异常,处处想表现自己的优越,所以就把杜宾写成具有超人智力、观察入微、料事如神的自己的优越,所以就把杜宾写成具有超人智力、观察入微、料事如神的理想人物,为了衬托他的了不起,又借一个对他无限钦佩、相形见绌的理想人物,为了衬托他的了不起,又借一个对他无限钦佩、相形

184、见绌的朋友来叙述他的事迹,此外还写了一个头脑愚钝、动机虽好而屡犯错误朋友来叙述他的事迹,此外还写了一个头脑愚钝、动机虽好而屡犯错误的警探作为对比。作案地点一般安排在锁得严严密密的暗室;埋藏赃物的警探作为对比。作案地点一般安排在锁得严严密密的暗室;埋藏赃物罪证则用明显得出人意外的方法;破案过程则用逻辑严谨、设身处地的罪证则用明显得出人意外的方法;破案过程则用逻辑严谨、设身处地的推理(今称用心理分析学);然後有条不紊的迫使罪犯就范归案;最终推理(今称用心理分析学);然後有条不紊的迫使罪犯就范归案;最终再由主人公洋洋自得、滔滔不绝的解释其全过程。这已成为坡写侦探小再由主人公洋洋自得、滔滔不绝的解释其

185、全过程。这已成为坡写侦探小说的模式。说的模式。281v”而这一模式在一百四十年来已为全世界各而这一模式在一百四十年来已为全世界各国侦探小说家竞相师法,不少这类作品都是国侦探小说家竞相师法,不少这类作品都是步他後尘,脱不了这个窠臼。甚至被称为侦步他後尘,脱不了这个窠臼。甚至被称为侦探小说之父的英国作家威尔基探小说之父的英国作家威尔基柯林斯那部柯林斯那部名作名作月亮宝石月亮宝石(1868)裏的侦探克夫也)裏的侦探克夫也是在坡的影响下产生的。是在坡的影响下产生的。 282283284285286vLanguagepoints287vDownonthebrickflooroftheUniversity

186、ofMarylandsDavidgeHall,anotedprofessorofmedicineisabouttoperformamostunusualpostmortem.vbeaboutto:begoingtovpostmortem:anexaminationofadeadbodytodeterminethecauseofdeath;ananalysisordiscussionofaneventsoonafterithasoccurrede.g.anelectionpostmortemonwhythepartylost288vTheprepositionalphraseispreposit

187、ivebecausetheauthorwantstoputprominencetotheplace.v在马里兰州立大学戴威基大厅里砖铺的地面上,一位著名的医学教授正准备进行一次极为奇特的尸检vFierce,cruel,savage,ferocious289vTheirsuccoramountedtoablood-lettingandafewcoldcompresses.vcompress:softpadofgauzeorothermaterialappliedwithpressuretoapartofthebodytocontrolhemorrhageortosupplyheat,cold,m

188、oisture,ormedicationtoalleviatepainorreduceinfection.vsuccor:assistantsandsupportintimesofhardshipanddistress.vTheirtreatwasnomorethan/nothingbutlettingbloodoutandcoolingthepatientwithcoldcompress.他们的救助方法无非是放血或用冷敷布降温。290vThus,overweightimaginationsandthesandsoftimehaveturnedtragedyintoamedicalmyster

189、yachingtobesolved.v就这样,过多的想象以及时间的流逝,使悲剧演变成一个亟待解决的医学之谜。对于该医学291vThediagnosisdeathbyrabieswastoppedoff,appropriatelyenough,withamonologuefromPoesstoryTheBlackCat.vtopsomethingoff:vfinishsomethinginamemorableornotablewaye.g.vThefestivecelebrationwastoppedoffwiththeawardingofpresents.vItispropertotaketh

190、emonologuefrom“TheBlackCat”asthetagofthediagnosisthatthepoetdiedofrabies.v最后的诊断结果为,他死于狂犬病,用选自坡所著的黑猫中的一段独白作为诊断的结束语很恰如其分。292vTheresathoroughnesstothehistoricaldiagnosticprocedurethatissometimeslostincontemporaryclinicalpractice,saysPaulSehdev,anM.D.inhisfinalyearoftrainingininfectiousdiseases.“Onceyou

191、getpastyourinternshipandresidency,youtendtomakeautomaticdiagnoses,withoutgoingthroughallthepossibilities,”hesays.v293v医学博士保罗萨赫戴夫正在传染病研究领域接受最后一年培训,他说,给历史人物会诊过程中体现一种彻底性,而当前临床实践有时就缺乏这一点。“一旦你过了见习期及住院实习期,你就容易不假思索地作出一些诊断,而不仔细考虑所有的可能性。”294vRheumaticfeveristriggeredbyaninvadingbacteriumthatelicitsantibodies

192、fromtheimmunesystem.vTrigger:Tosetoff;initiate:vahigh-levelmeetingthattriggeredbitterdebates.velicit:evokeordrawoutvAftermuchquestioningamongthepeopleconcerned,theheadmasteratlastelicitedthetruthabouttheincident.“v风湿热的形成是由于细菌入侵诱发免疫系统产生抗体。295v5.Onecouldsaythattheepidemicwasimmaterialtohisdeath,thatit

193、wascoincidentalvimmaterial:unimportantunderthecircumstances,irrelevante.g.Itisimmaterialwhetherhecomeshimselforsendsasubstitute.v人们可以说那场流行病对他的死因并不重要,那只是巧合而已。296vOccams Razorvoneshouldnotincrease,beyondwhatisnecessary,thenumberofentities/thingsrequiredtoexplainanything如无必要,勿增实体v奥卡姆剃刀定律:奥卡姆剃刀定律:不要把事情人

194、为地复杂化。297vOccamsrazorisalogicalprincipleattributedtothemediaevalphilosopherWilliamofOccam(orOckham).Theprinciplestatesthatoneshouldnotmakemoreassumptionsthantheminimumneeded.Thisprincipleisoftencalledtheprincipleofparsimony/frugalness.Itunderliesallscientificmodellingandtheorybuilding.Itadvisesustoc

195、hoosethesimplestonefromasetofchoices.Inanygivenmodel,Occamsrazorhelpsustoshaveoffthoseconcepts,variablesorconstructsthatarenotreallyneededtoexplainthephenomenon.298奥卡姆剃刀原理奥卡姆剃刀原理v奥卡姆剃刀定律(奥卡姆剃刀定律(Occams Razor, Ockhams Razor)奥卡姆剃刀定律,是由14世纪逻辑学家、圣方济各会修士奥卡姆的威廉(WilliamofOccam,约1285年至1349年)提出。奥卡姆(Ockham)在英

196、格兰的萨里郡,那是他出生的地方。他在箴言书注2卷15题说“切勿浪费较多东西去做用较少的东西同样可以做好的事情。”v这个原理称为“如无必要,勿增实体”(Entitiesshouldnotbemultipliedunnecessarily)。有时为了显示其权威性,人们也使用它原始的拉丁文形式:299vocabularyvpostmortem,deceased,remains,diagnose,pathology,malady,consign,aspellof,ferocious,succumb,profuse,anasarca,rash,bout,vomit,diarrhea,delirious,

197、lasp,celebrity,starstruck,ascribeto,disproportionate,syphilis,autopsy,miliaryfever,syndrome,venereal,dropsy300Unit8TheLifeofSamuelJohnson1709-1784301OutlinevBackground InformationvText ComrehensionvMacro-structurevLanguagevDetailed analysisvRecite and appreciate the letter302塞缪尔塞缪尔约翰逊约翰逊(1709-1784)v

198、约翰逊出生在Staffordshire的里奇菲尔德,是一个穷书商的儿子。他先在里奇菲尔德文法学校就读,而在1728年至1731年在牛津大学读书,但是穷困却迫使他没有拿到学位就离开了牛津。他试图成为一名教师和校长,但并不成功。v在25岁时,他与伊丽莎白“泰蒂”波特,一个比他大21岁的寡妇结了婚。这段时间,他的生活依旧很贫困,其间他写出了诗歌伦敦(1738年)和沙维奇的生活(1745年),他的同事和朋友也是作家,于1744年去世的理查-沙维奇的传记。303文学创作之路文学创作之路v约翰逊于1747年开始了他最重要的一项工作英文字典英文字典(A Dictionary of the English L

199、anguage)的编撰。这一工作直到1755年才完成。虽然它被广泛的赞誉并且有着巨大的影响,约翰逊并未从中获得很多经济利益。v在编撰它的同时,他还写了一系列的双周刊散文称之为漫步者。这些散文,大多涉及道德和宗教主题。它一直写到了1752年。虽然当时并不流行,结集出版后却获得了广泛的欢迎。304v约翰逊于1758年开始了另一个系列的散文写作,“TheIdler”。在两年中,这个系列每周出版在一个周刊上。他们比上一个系列更短。在1759年,约翰逊出版了他的小说“雷塞拉斯”,据说是为了支付她母亲葬礼的费用。同时,他获得了很高的名声,305v1762年,约翰逊获得了300镑每年的政府津贴。1763年他

200、遇到了他未来的传记作者詹姆斯-博斯韦尔。大约同一时间,他组建了“俱乐部”。现在,他已经是一个大人物了,并且在1765年被授予都柏林三一学院的名誉博士学位,十年后又获得了牛津的这一学位。306v1765年,他认识了议员亨利-塞雷尔夫妇。很快他们成为了好朋友。后来约翰逊与他们一起生活了15年直到亨利于1781年去世。塞雷尔夫人的日记等为博斯韦尔的传记提供了很多素材。v1773年,他与博斯韦尔一起进行了“苏格兰西部群岛的旅行”,两年后他出版了同名游记.(博斯韦尔的于1786年以另一题目出版)307v约翰逊的最后一本重要著作是诗人列传(LivesoftheEnglishPoets)是在伦敦书商的要求下

201、写作的。在每一个人的诗作前,都有一段传记和评论。v约翰逊于1784年去世,安葬于西敏司寺。308v他身材高大,但视力和听力都不好且他脸上从小便有伤疤.v约翰逊的名声部分的归于博斯韦尔的约翰逊传一书的成功。但是因为他在约翰逊几乎成名后才遇到他,他的书中用了不恰当大的比例来描述约翰逊的最后几年。所以,人们很少知道约翰逊于贫困作斗争的早期生活。309名言名言最贫的是无才,最贱的是无志。最贫的是无才,最贱的是无志。310塞缪尔约翰逊奖颁布 v 英国重量级文学奖塞缪尔英国重量级文学奖塞缪尔约翰逊奖约翰逊奖日前公布入选名单,被誉为是目前写中国写得最好的美国作家何伟(PeterHessler)的作品也入围其

202、中。何伟的书行车走中国描写的是何伟一场横越中国的公路之旅,一本有关中国的乡下旅游纪事。塞缪尔塞缪尔约翰逊奖奖励英语非虚构文学,约翰逊奖奖励英语非虚构文学,本次还有其他18本作品入选候选名单,题材多样, 该奖将在该奖将在7月公月公布获奖者,获奖者将得到布获奖者,获奖者将得到2万英镑。万英镑。311vDr JohnsonvAmongEnglandsbestknownliteraryfiguresvEssayist,poet,biographer,lexicographerandacriticofEnglishliteraturevAlsoconsideredtobeagreatwitandpros

203、estylist,hewaswellknownforhisaphorismsvThesinglemostquotedEnglishwriterafterShakespearevasbeingamongthemostoutstandingfiguresof18th-centuryEngland312BiographyvEarlylifeandeducationvEarlycareervThedictionaryvWorkafterthedictionaryvStatusachievedvBoswellandJohnson313EarlyLifeandEducationJohnsonsbirthp

204、laceBorntoapoorbooksellersfamilyAttheageof19,hewenttoOxfordbutquittedsoonbecauseofpovertywithouttakingadegreeJustbeforethepublicationofhisDictionaryin1755,OxfordUniversityawardedJohnsonthedegreeofMasterofArts.Hewasawardedanhonorarydoctoratein1765byTrinityCollegeandin1775byOxfordUniversity314vWorkeda

205、taschoolandmarriedawidowwhowas21yearshiselderwhenhewas25.v1736establishedaprivateacademyandbeganwritinghismajorworksthere315EarlyCareerv1737leftforLondonandforthenextthreedecadeslivedinpovertyvWrotebiographies,poetry,essays,pamphletsandparliamentaryreports316TheDictionaryvBetween1745and1755,Johnsonw

206、roteperhapshisbest-knownwork,A Dictionary of the English Language.vEnglandbrokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurchvrequiringacompilationofstandardgrammaticalandspellingformatsvFurthermore,EnglandfeltaneedtokeepupwithFrance.By1635,Francehadalreadyappointedagroupofscholarstocompileadictionary.317vasidefrom

207、variousassistances,Johnsonwrotethedictionaryentirelyhimself.vItwasonthemorningofJune18,1746thatJohnson,overbreakfastattheGoldenAnchortaverninLondon,signedacontractwiththebooksellers/publishersWilliamStrahanandassociatestoproduceanauthoritativedictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage.318v1500Guineas(1,575)inin

208、stalmentsbasedondeliveryofmanuscriptpages;allexpensesrelatingtotheproject,ieink,paper,assistants,etctobeatJohnsonscostandresponsibility.ItwasassumedbyJohnsonhimselfthattheprojectwouldtakeapproximatelythreeyears.Itwouldtake,infact,nearlytenyears.319vDuringhisworkonthedictionary,Johnsonmademanyappeals

209、forfinancialhelp250thanniversaryofthepublicationofJohnsonsDictionary of the English LanguagecommemoratedonaBritish50pencecoin320vAmongthepatronstowhomJohnsonappealedinvainforsupportduringthewritingofthedictionaryhadbeenLordChesterfield.Afterthedictionarywasfinallypublished,ChesterfieldsentJohnsonala

210、rgecheque.JohnsonreturneditwithhisnowfamousLettertoChesterfield,inwhichhecompareshimselftoadrowningmanwhocallsforhelpvainly,thenslowlyswimstoshoreandcrawlsuponthebeach,onlytobeofferedabelatedassistance.321WorkafterthedictionaryvIn1755,aftercompletionoftheDictionary,Johnsonwasonceagainafreelancewrite

211、r.Whilehewasnowafamousone,hestillfacedagrimhand-to-mouthexistence.322StatusachievedvInJuly1762thetwenty-fouryearoldKingGeorgeIIIgrantedJohnsonanannualpensionof300.WhilenotmakingJohnsonrich,itallowedhimamodestyetcomfortableindependencefortheremainingtwenty-twoyearsofhislife.323vacelebratedfigure.Here

212、ceivedanhonorarydoctoratefromTrinityCollege,Dublinin1765,followedbyonefromOxfordtenyearslater.324BoswellandJohnsonv1762JohnsonmetJamesBoswell,latertobecomehisbiographer,forthefirsttime.325Macro-structurevPara1vPara2-6vJohnsonslettertoLordC.326languagevLiterallanguage,formalandbeautifulvTrytoapprecia

213、tesomewell-writtensentences.327Para1vQs:vIsthestorytruethatLordChesterfieldneglectedJohnsonbecauseofColleyCibber?vWhatstherealreasonforJohnsonspermanentbreakingupwiththeLord?vExerciseB1-3vExerciseD1328vSoothe:comfortvInsinuate:tospeakinaroundaboutwayorbysubtleorartfulmeansv暗示;含沙射影的说vConciliate:vAppe

214、ase;totrytoregainfriendshiporgoodwillbypleasantbehavior;reconcilev平息;调和;使和解329Para2-6vExerciseB46D2-6vAnarchy:thestateofbeingchaoticvMonarchyvPrefix:aagainstvAtheism-pantheism330AppreciationvThetimefordiscriminationseemstobenowcome.vWemusthaverecoursetotheoldRomanexpedientintimesofconfusionandchoose

215、adictator.vThiscourtlydevicefailedofitseffectvThisisthatcelebratedletterofwhichsomuchhasbeensaidandaboutwhichcuriosityhasbeensolongexcited,withoutbeinggratified.vI,formanyyearssolicitedJohnsontofavormewithacopyofit,thatsoexcellentacompositionmightnotbelosttoposterity.331JohnsonslettervRepulse:torebu

216、fforrefusewithrudeness,denialorcoldnessvExerciseB7-8D7-11332ReciteandappreciatethelettervSamuelJohnsonslettertoLordChesterfield致切斯特菲尔德伯爵书伯爵大人:近日从世界报馆主得知,该报刊载了两篇文章,对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词,这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇,本应是一种荣耀,只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐,所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀,也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。333v回想当年,也不知哪来的勇气,我竟第一次拜访了大人回想当年,也不知哪

217、来的勇气,我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样,深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒,不阁下。我像所有的人一样,深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒,不禁玄想他年能口出大言禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得,仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得,仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不取。然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好,自矜也好,我反正无法再周旋下去。我管是出于自尊也好,自矜也好,我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生,但那时我也曾用尽平本是一个与

218、世无争、不善逢迎的书生,但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞,当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞,当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力(不管是多么都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力(不管是多么微不足道)受到完全的忽视,他是绝不会感到舒服的。微不足道)受到完全的忽视,他是绝不会感到舒服的。 334v大人阁下,从我第一次候立于贵府门下,或者说被您拒于门外时算起,已经7年过去。7年多来,我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚,现在再来倾诉,已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版,在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为,一句鼓励的话语,一抹称

219、许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇,因为我从未有过一位赞助人。335v维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识,这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。大人阁下,有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷,等他安全抵岸之后,却才多余地伸出所谓援手,莫非这就叫赞助人么?大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作,这原本是一桩美意,只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰,再无法快乐地消受;迟到我已经是孤身一人,无从与家人分享;迟到我已经名闻海内,再不需阁下附丽张扬。我既然本来就没有得到过实惠,自然母需怀感恩之心;既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业,我自然不愿让公众产生错觉,似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为

220、太苛刻、太不近人情。336vWhilethiswasthetalkofthetownv此事满城风雨之际。337vCondescension屈尊;俯就vCongenial相宜的;适合的338vThereisacuriousminutecircumstancewhichstruckme,incomparingthevariouseditionsofJohnsonslimitationsofJuvenalv在比较约翰逊的仿尤文纳尔不同版本时,一个有趣的细节吸引了我。339vYetthinkwhatillsthescholarslifeassail,pride,envy,want,thegarret,

221、andthejail.v然而,设想书生一生遭遇的灾难无数,v骄傲,极度,匮乏,阁楼,还有那牢狱之苦。340Unit11PersonalName341Inthisunityouwill: Know naming habits among Americans Take a test on fast reading Know something about wine in American culture Read more stories about names 342OutlinevBackground InformationvText ComprehensionvVocabularyvDisc

222、ussion343I. Background Informationv1. About the Puritan coloniesvPuritancolonieswerefoundedforreligiousratherthaneconomicreasons.ThepurposeofthefounderswastoworshipGod,toescapereligiouspersecutionsandestablishaPuritanutopia.Amongthe13earliestcoloniesPuritanonesincludedPlymouth,Massachusetts,Connecti

223、cut,RhodeIsland,NewJersey,Pennsylvania,andMaryland.3442. The story of Uncle Sam?vDuringtheWarof1812,theUSgovernmenthiredmeatpackerstoprovidemeattothearmy.OneofthesemeatpackerswasamannamedSamuelWilson.Samuelwasafriendlyandfairman.EveryonelikedhimandcalledhimUncleSam.vSamWilsonstampedtheboxesofmeatfor

224、thearmywithalargeUSforUnitedSates.SomegovernmentinspectorscametolookoverSamscompany.TheyaskedtheworkerwhattheUSontheboxesstoodfor.Asajoke,theworkeransweredthattheselettersstoodforthenameofhisboss,UncleSam.v345The story of Uncle SamvThejokespread,andsoldiersbegansayingthattheirfoodcamefromUncleSam.Be

225、forelong,peoplecalledallthingsthatcamefromthegovernmentUncleSams,UncleSambecameanicknamefortheUSgovernment.vSoonthereweredrawingsandcartoonsofUncleSaminnewspapers.Intheseearlypictures,UncleSamwasayoungman.Heworestarsandstrips,buthishairwasdarkandhehadnotabeard.ThebeardwasaddedwhenAbrahamLincolnwasPr

226、esident.PresidentLincolnhadabeard.346vTextComprehension347v1.Inananthropologicalaccountofanytribe,themannerofitsgivingofpersonalnamesisoftenthoughtofsufficientimportanceorinclusion,andsowemayfittinglyattemptanappraisalofsuchhabitsamongtheAmericans.(在任何民族的人类学研究中,取名的习俗往往非常重要,而且包含许多内容。因此,我们可以对美国人的取名习俗作

227、一番研究。)Appraisal:anactofassessing.e.g.Shemadeathoroughappraisal.348v2.Theoldtheorythathetookthenameofhismasterseemstohavelittlefoundation,asisevidencedbythefailureofthenamesofthegreatslave-holdingfamiliestobeverycommonamongNegroes.(过去的理论认为黑人用的是自己主人的姓,这似乎站不住脚。因为拥有大量奴隶的家族的姓并没有成为黑人中的常见姓。)Notetheuseofasi

228、nthesentence.e.g.Itsoneofthosethingsaspeopleusedtoknowmuchabout.349v3.Sometimesthishasresultedfromadesiretoescapefromarealorfanciedstigmaofassociationwithaforeignbackground.(有时是想摆脱外国背景的耻辱,这种耻辱或者是现实存在的,或者只存在于想象中。)Stigma:herereferstoamarkofdisgrace.e.g.Tobeanon-readercarriesasocialstigma.350v4.Ontheot

229、herhand,thislevelingprocesshasfailedtoeliminateverymanynames,andthenumberofnamesinGreatBritainoranyothercountry.(同时,这种拉平的过程并没有使大量的姓消失,也没有减少英国或其他国家姓的数量。)Leveling:heremeansremovingthedisparity.e.g.leveltherichandthepoor.351Vocabularyvmigrate,immigrate,hereditary,waifsandstrays,illegitimate,convert,bap

230、tism,exuberant,stigma,fad,saint,shove,admonition,Caleb,BrotherJonathan352DiscussionvDiscussaboutnames353Unit12WhypeopleworkbyLeonardR.Sayles354OutlinevI. Information Related to the TextvII Discussing the following topics.vIII. Text analysisvIV. Vocabulary355 To my mind, work will help people live fa

231、irly. That is why in my picture I depict people working in the garden. They have worked hard and their harvest is rich. 356357I. Information Related to the TextvAttitudesTowardWorking1.Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.-WinstonChurchill,Britishprimeminister 2. One of the symptoms o

232、f approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that ones work is terribly important, and that to take a holiday would bring all kinds of disaster. If I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work important. - Bernard Russel, Bristish philosopher3583.Oneofth

233、esymptomsofapproachingnervousbreakdownisthebeliefthatonesworkisterriblyimportant,andthattotakeaholidaywouldbringallkindsofdisaster.IfIwereamedicalman,Ishouldprescribeaholidaytoanypatientwhoconsideredhisworkimportant.-BernardRussel,Bristishphilosopher4.Whenworkisapleasure,lifeisjoy!Whenworkisduty,lif

234、eisslavery.-MaximGorky,Russianwriter5.Workbanishesthosethreegreatevils:boredom,vice,andpoverty.-Voltaire,Frenchphilosopher6.Themorewedo,themorewecando;themorebusyweare,themoreleisurewehave.-WilliamHazlitt,Britishcriticandessayist359v7.Workisworthdoingifworthdoingwell.-ThomasCarlyle,Britishhistorianv

235、8.Workismorethananecessaryformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.-LeonardR.Sayles,Britishwriterv9.Whyshouldworkbesuchasignificantsourceofhumansatisfaction?Agoodshareoftheanswerrestsinthekindofpridethatisstimulatedbythejob,bytheactivityofaccomplishing.v-Leon

236、ardR.Sayles,Britishwriterv10.Workisthegrandcureforallthemaladiesandmiseriesthateverbesetmankind.-ThomasCarlyle,Britishhistorian360II Discussing the following topics. v1.Inwhatwaysistheauthorjustifiedinsaying,Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentity

237、?v2.DoyouagreethatallworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy?Givereasonstosupportyouranswer.361Q1vAccordingtotheauthor,workprovidesasignificantsourceforhumansatisfaction.Itisfromworkthatahumanbeingdrawsaprideinaccomplishment,realizeshispotential,andestablisheshisuniquepersonality.Moreover,beingamemberofasucc

238、essfulgroupalsogivesahumanbeingprideandself-confidence.362Q2vYoucanagree,partlyagreeordisagreetothestatement.Considerthefollowingquestions:vWhatstherelationbetweenworkandplay?IsplaycontributivetoWork?Inwhatway?Whatstheharmofonlyworkwithoutplay?Inwhatconditionisallworkandnoplayacceptable?Why?vIneithe

239、rcase,however,youhavetojustifyyouranswerswithsupportivereasons.Youmaydefendyourselfbycitingyourownorotherpeoplesexperience,usingsomerecentfindingsinpsychologyandphysiology.Anyway,makeyouranswerconvincingandlogical.)363StructureTrytowritedownthemainideaofthefirstpart?A.Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostof

240、usrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.B.Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings;itisthefocusoftheirlives,thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.C.Ratherthanapunishmentoraburden,workistheopportunitytorealizeonespotential.D.Forlargenumbersofpeople,theabsenceofworkisharmfultotheirhealth.E.Whyshou

241、ldworkbesuchasignificantsourceofhumansatisfaction?3642)findthemainideaofthesecondpart.3)findthemainideaofthethirdpart.365PartIIpeopletakeprideinaccomplishment.PartIIIpeopletakeprideinbelongingtoanaccomplishedworkgroup366vIVTextAnalysis367sentencesv1.Itsnotdifficulttounderstandthetarnishedreputation.

242、Historically,workhasbeenassociatedwithslaveryandsin,compulsionandpunishment.vTarnish:makeorbecomelessvaluableorrespected.e.g.Hisreputationwastarnished.v因此工作受到贬低这一点就不难理解。历史上,工作一直同奴役、罪孽、强制和惩罚联系在一起。368v2.Eachofuswantstofeelheorshehastheabilitytodosomethingthatismeaningfulandthatstandsoutsideofusasatrib

243、utetoourinherentabilities.v我们每个人都希望自己有能力做些有意义的事,它是我们内在能力的外在标志。369v3.Thisextensionofourselvesinwhatourhandsandmindscandofillsoutourpersonalityandexpandsourego.v我们的双手和智慧所做的一切成为我们自身的延展它能充实我们的个性,丰富我们的自我。370v4.Wevewatchedprogrammersandengineersworkfifteenandeighteenhoursatastretch,sevendaysaweek,whenajob

244、reallygottoughandtheyknewthatacrucialdeadlinehadtobemet,orwhenamajorprojectwouldfallunlesssometoughproblemsweresolved.vAt a stretch:inonecontinuousperiod.e.g.Ioftenhadtoworkforovertwentyhoursatonestretch.v我们还观察到,有时程序设计师和工程师会在工作中遇到很大困难,而工作必须如期完成,而有时一项大的工程面临着流产,除非他们能解决某个棘手的问题,这时他们就会连续工作15到18个小时,每周工作7天

245、。371v5.Theyenjoyedmakingit,-winningdespitedifficultodds;provingtheircapacitiesagainsttheoutsiders:nature,acompetitor,acomplexproblem;masteringsomethingneweveryday.vMake it:succeedinsomething,becomesuccessful.e.g.Hewaitedconfidentlyforhisbandtomakeit.v他们喜欢“成功”的感觉克服巨大的困难而胜利;证明自己应付外界(自然、竞争对手、或一个复杂的问题)的

246、能力;每天都掌握新的东西372v6.Andthissenseofbelongingtoanaccomplishedworkgroupthatbothoutsidersandinsidersrecognizecanhandleitselfwithextremevirtuosityisoneofthedistinctivesatisfactionsoftheworldofwork.vVirtuosity:highskill.ve.g.virtuosityinperformanceonpiano.v一个成功的团体技术精湛,成绩卓著,得到了团体内外的认可。而归属于这样一个成功团体的感觉就构成了现实工作

247、中的一种特殊的满足感。373v7.Andtheworkgroupalsogentlypressuresitsmemberstolearnhowtoadjusttooneanothersothattheroughedgesareworkedoffbecausepeopleknowtheymustdocertainthingswithandthroughoneanothereachday.vWork something off:reduceorgetridofsomethingworkoractivity.ve.g.oneofthosegimmicksforworkingoffaggression

248、.v而且团队也对每个成员有一些压力,使得他们学会相互适应,磨掉各自的“棱角”,因为他们知道自己每天都必须与他人协作并通过相互的努力来完成工作。374v3.Paragraph translation1)Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.Wereallusedtothinkingthatworkprovidesthematerialthingsoflife-thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourmoderncivilization.Butwearem

249、uchlessconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthemoreintangible,butmorecrucial,psychologicalwell-beingthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.375职业和工作在使人得到幸福与满足方面所起的作用比我们大多数人意识到的要多得多。我们都习惯于认为工作为人生提供物质的东西提供使我们的现代文明成为可能的商品与服务。但是我们对工作在促进精神生活方面所起的作用则知之甚少。对比起来,这方面的作用虽然是无形的,却更加至关重要,它是人生过得充实还是空虚

250、的决定性因素。3762)Butworkismorethanaccomplishmentandprideinbeingabletocommandthejob,becauseexceptforafewcraftsmenandartistsmostworktakesplace“outintheworld”,withandthroughotherpeople.377但是工作不光是成就和能够胜任工作的自豪,因为除了少数工匠和艺术家的工作以外,大部分工作是在“外面”进行的,是与别人合作或通过别人来完成的。3783)Thesameprideinbeingpartofawell-coordinated,suc

251、cessfulunitisderivedfrombeingpartofalargercollectivity.Workingforacompanythatisthoughtofasbeingoneofthebestinthecommunitycanprovideemployeeswithbothstatusandself-confidence.379在一个更大的集体中工作,如同在一个配合默契的成功的单位工作一样,其成员也能获得同样的自豪。在一个被公认为是社会上最好的公司之一工作,可以给雇员带来社会地位和自信心。3801)退休的人如果找不到什么事情可做,常会意志消沉。Retiredpeoplea

252、reoftendepressediftheycannotfindsomethingtodo.learn some expressions from the text and try to use them in your daily communication3812)为了帮我们准备好参加辩论,教练要我们经常注意与我们自己的论点相悖的论点。Toprepareusforthedebate,thecoachwantedustobealwaysawareoftheargumentsthatarequitethereverseofours.3823)在工作日全家都忙着干活,但一到周末他们喜欢坐进汽车开

253、到附近乡下兜风。Onweekdaysthewholefamilywerebusyworking,butwhentheweekendcametheylovedtogetinthecaranddrivearoundthenearbycountryside.3834)医生往往为自己能够医治好病人罕见的疾病而自豪。Adoctoroftenprideshimselfontheabilitytocurehispatientofararedisease.3845)如果不按时将书归还图书馆或到期前不续借,就得按规定罚款。Ifbooksarenotreturnedtothelibraryontimeornotr

254、enewedbeforetheyaredue,afinemustbepaidinaccordancewiththereulations.3856)总的说,很少有人不抱怨自己的工作的,然而一旦他们不能工作了他们又会不高兴。Onthewhole,fewpeopledonotcomplainabouttheirjobs.Ontheotherhand,theywouldbeveryunhappyiftheywereunabletowork.386Keywordsvmigrate, immigrate, hereditary, waifs andstrays,illegitimate,convert,baptism,exuberant,stigma,fad,saint,shove,admonition,Caleb,BrotherJonathan387

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