《美国文学课件Ralph-Waldo-Emerson》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《美国文学课件Ralph-Waldo-Emerson（24页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、AnAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoet,wholedtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.New England TranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmerson(May25,1803April27,1882)2021/5/231Introduction to Transcendentalism and EmersonIntroduction to Transcendentalism and EmersonWhatisTranscendentalism?ThewholelifeMaj
2、orworksWritingstyleOthers2021/5/232Aphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourished in New England, particularly atConcord(1836-1860),asareactionagainst18thcenturyrationalism.Thisromantic,idealistic,mystical,andindividualisticbeliefwasmoreacastofthoughtthanasystematicphilosophyThesoulofeachindividualis
3、identicalwiththesouloftheworld,andlatently（潜潜伏伏地地）containsallthattheworldcontains.Throughbeliefinthedivineauthorityofthesoulsintuitions（直直觉觉）andimpulses,basedonthisidentificationoftheindividualsoulwithGod, there developed the doctrine of self-reliance and individualism, the disregard ofexternalautho
4、rity,tradition,andlogicaldemonstration, and the absolute optimism ofthemovement.Among transcendentalists core beliefs wasthe belief in an ideal spiritual state thattranscendsthephysicalandempiricalandisrealizedonlythroughtheindividualsintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligionsTran
5、scendentalismTranscendentalism2021/5/233Intuition, rather than reason, was regarded as thehighesthumanfaculty.Fulfillmentofhumanpotentialcouldbeaccomplishedthroughmysticismorthroughanacute（ 敏敏 锐锐 的的 ）awareness of the beauty and truth of thesurroundingnaturalworld.Transcendentalists believed that God
6、 is inherent innatureandinhumanbeingsandthateachindividualhastorelyonhisorherownconscienceandintuitionforspiritualtruths.MajorConceptsofTranscendentalism1.Itstressedthepowerofintuition.2.Itplacedspiritfirstandmattersecond.3.IttooknatureassymbolofspiritorGod.4.ItadvocatedthepermeationofOver-soul.5.It
7、stressedunityofhumanityandnature.6.Itstressedindividuality.2021/5/234uHefoundedaTranscendentalistsClubandonSeptember19,1836,heheldthefirstofficialmeeting.AfterthathebecamethemosteloquentspokesmanofTranscendentalismuIn1841hepublishedhisfirstseriesofEssays,whichincluded“Self-Reliance,”“Prudence,”and“F
8、riendship”uIn1842-1844heeditedThe Dial（日晷日晷）,atranscendentalistjournalu1846PublishedPoemsuOnApril21,1882,Emersonwasfoundtobesufferingfrompneumonia.HediedonApril27,1882uIn 1834 he moved to Concord,Massachusetts（ 马马 萨萨 诸诸 塞塞 州州 ） ,anddevelopedacircleofliteraryfriends,includingNathanielHawthorne,HenryD
9、avidThoreauuIn 1836 he anonymously publishedthefirstbook,Nature,alongphilosophicalessaythatestablishedhistranscendentalistviewsuIn1837 he delivered his American ScholarlectureuIn1838hedeliveredthe“Address at Divinity College”HiswholelifeuHewasborninBostonin1803,thesonofaUnitarian(唯唯一一神神论论者者)minister
10、whowasamemberofanoldPuritanfamily.uIn October 1817, at 14, Emerson went toHarvard Collegewherein1820hebegantokeepthevoluminous（大大量量的的）journalsthathecontinuedthroughouthislife,andthatformedthebasisofmostofhisessaysandpoems.uIn1823，he graduated from seminary school and became apriesttofollowinthefoots
11、tepsofhisfather.uEmerson toured Europe in1833andlaterwroteofhistravelsinEnglish Traits (1856), during whichtime he met Carlyle（ 卡卡 莱莱 尔尔 ） ,Wordsworth, and Coleridge（柯柯勒勒律律治治）,throughwhomhebecameintimatelyassociated with the transcendental thought and brought back with himtheinfluenceofEuropeanRoman
12、ticism.2021/5/235Major worksMajor worksFirst SeriesSecond Series2021/5/236First Series（1841）Self-Reliance论自助论自助Compensation论补偿论补偿The Over-Soul论超灵论超灵LoveFriendshipPrudenceCircles圆圆IntellectEssaysEssays2021/5/237Self-RelianceEmersonurgeshisreaderstoretaintheoutspokenness（坦白）ofasmallchildwhofreelyspeak
13、shismind.Achildhehasnotyetbeencorruptedbyadultswhotellhimtodootherwise.Healsourgesreaderstoavoidenvyingorimitatingothersviewedasmodelsofperfection;instead,hesays,readersshouldtakeprideintheirownindividualityandneverbeafraidtoexpresstheirownoriginalideas.Inaddition,hesays,theyshouldrefusetoconform（遵照
14、）tothewaysofthepopularcultureanditsshallowideals;rathertheyshouldliveuptotheirownideals,evenifdoingsoreapsthemcriticismanddenunciationThroughouttheessayhegivesadefenseforhisfamouscatch-phrase“trustthyself.”Thisargumentfollowsthreemajorpoints:theself-containedgenius,thedisapprovaloftheworld,andtheval
15、ueofself-worth.Throughoutthisessay,Emersonarguesagainstconformitywiththeworld.Hegivesanarchetype（原型）forhisowntranscendental beliefs, but also argues for his slogan “trust thyself.” Forsomeone to transcend their current state, one must lean only on their ownunderstanding,holdacertainlevelofdisregardf
16、ortheopinionsandcurrentsofsociety, and most importantly hold a respect for self regardless ofcircumstancesandsocietysopinions.2021/5/238ThankYou!lEmersoncallsonindividualstovaluetheirown thoughts , opinions , and experiences abovethosepresentedtobethembyotherindividuals,society,andreligion.lThis rad
17、ical individualism springs fromEmersons belief that each individual is not justuniquebutdivinelyunique;i.e.,eachindividualisauniqueexpressionofgodcreativityandwill.lFurther,sinceEmersonsgodispurposeful,he molded each individual to serve a particularpurpose,todoacertainworkthatonlyheorsheisequippedto
18、carryout.Theme:individualism2021/5/239 . “What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. This rule, equally arduous（努力的） in actual and in intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness. It is the harder, because you will always find those wh
19、o think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the world to live after the worlds opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude（孤独）.” .2021/5/2310The O
20、ver-SoulThebroadsubjectofthisessay,consideredoneofEmersonsbest,isthehumansoul.Severalgeneralthemesaretreated:theexistenceandnatureofthehumansoul;therelationshipbetweenthesoulandthepersonalego;therelationshipofonehumansoultoanother;andtherelationshipofthehumansoultoGod.Theessayattemptsnosystematicdoc
21、trine,butratherservesasaworkofart,somethinglikepoetry.Itsvirtueisinpersonalinsightsoftheauthorandtheloftymanneroftheirpresentation.Emersonwishestoexhortanddirectthereadertoanawakeningofsimilarthoughtsorsentiments.Withrespecttothefourthemeslistedabove,theessaypresentsthefollowingviews:thehumansoulisi
22、mmortal（永恒的）,andimmenselyvastandbeautiful;ourconsciousegoisslightandlimitedincomparisontothesoul,despitethefactthatwehabituallymistakeouregoforourtrueself;atsomelevel,thesoulsofallpeopleareconnected,thoughtheprecisemanneranddegreeofthisconnectionisnotspelledout;andtheessaydoesnotseemtoexplicitlycont
23、radictthetraditionalWesternideathatthesouliscreatedbyandhasanexistencethatissimilartoGod,orratherGodexistswithinus.2021/5/2311 “By virtue of this inevitable nature, private will is overpowered, and, maugre our efforts or our imperfections, your genius will speak from you, and mine from me. That whic
24、h we are, we shall teach, not voluntarily, but involuntarily. Thoughts come into our minds by avenues which we never left open, and thoughts go out of our minds through avenues which we never voluntarily opened. Character teaches over our head. The infallible index of true progress is found in the t
25、one the man takes. Neither his age, nor his breeding, nor company, nor books, nor actions, nor talents, nor all together, can hinder him from being deferential to a higher spirit than his own. If he have not found his home in God, his manners, his forms of speech, the turn of his sentences, the buil
26、d, shall I say, of all his opinions, will involuntarily confess it, let him brave it out how he will. If he have found his centre, the Deity will shine through him, through all the disguises（伪装）of ignorance, of ungenial temperament, of unfavorable circumstance. The tone of seeking is one, and the to
27、ne of having is another” 2021/5/2312ThankYou!Second Series (1844)The PoetExperienceNatureCharacterMannersGiftsPoliticsNew England and Reforms2021/5/2313ThankYou! Natureis an essay written byRalphWaldo Emerson , published anonymously in1836. It is in this essay that the foundationoftranscendentalism
28、is put forth, a beliefsystemthatespouses（ 赞 成 ） anon-traditionalappreciationofnature.Itwasalsoregard as the bible of new Englandtranscendentalism.Transcendentalismsuggeststhatdivinitysuffuses（充满）allnature,andspeakstothenotion that we can only understand realitythroughstudyingnature.Within this essay
29、, Emerson dividesnatureintofourusages;Commodity,Beauty,Language and Discipline. These distinctionsdefinethewaysbywhichhumansusenaturefortheirbasicneeds,theirdesirefordelight,their communication with one another andtheirunderstandingoftheworld.Nature （1836）2021/5/2314ThankYou!Emersonusesspiritualitya
30、samajorthemeinhisessay,“Nature”.Emersonbelievedinreimaginingthedivineassomethinglargeandvisible,which he referred to as nature; such an idea is known astranscendentalism,inwhichoneperceivesanewGodandtheirbody,andbecomes one with their surroundings. Emerson confidently exemplifiestranscendentalism,st
31、ating,“Fromtheearth,asashore,Ilookoutintothatsilentsea.Iseemtopartake（分担）itsrapidtransformations:theactiveenchantmentreachesmydust,andIdilateandconspirewiththemorningwind”,provingthathumansandwindareone.Emersonreferredtonatureasthe“UniversalBeing”;hebelievedthattherewasaspiritualsenseofthenatural wo
32、rld around him.Depicting this sense of “Universal Being”,Emersonstates,“Theaspectofnatureisdevout（虔诚的）.LikethefigureofJesus,shestandswithbendedhead,andhandsfoldeduponthebreast.Thehappiestmanishewholearnsfromnaturethelessonofworship”.Theme：spirituality2021/5/2315OtherworksThe American Scholar美国学者(183
33、7)Divinity School Address神学院演讲(1838)SpeechesPoetry“ConcordHymn”(1836)“Uriel”(1846)“TheRhodora”(1847)“Brahma”(1856)EssaycollectionsRepresentative Men代表人物(1850)The Conduct of Life生活行为(1860)English Traits英国人的性格(1856)Nature;AddressesandLectures（1849）2021/5/2316 The American ScholarwasaspeechgivenbyRalph
34、WaldoEmersononAugust31,1837,tothePhiBetaKappaSocietyatCambridge, Massachusetts. It was declared to be Americas“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence.”Inotherswords，itsamonument in the American literature that declares its spiritualindependence which was intended to build Americas ownliteraturetradit
35、ion.The American Scholar2021/5/2317We are all fragments, as the hand is divided into fingers, of a greatercreature,whichismankinditself,adoctrineevernewandsublime.Anindividualmayliveineitheroftwostates.Inone,thebusy,dividedordegenerate state, he does not possess himself but identifies with hisoccupa
36、tionoramonotonousaction;intheother,rightstate,heiselevatedtoMan,atonewithallmankind.Toachievethishigherstateofmind,themodernAmericanscholarmustrejectoldideasandthinkforhimorherself,tobecome“Man Thinking”ratherthan“amerethinker,orstillworse,theparrotofothermensthinking”,“thevictimofsociety”,“theslugg
37、ard（游手好闲的）intellectofthiscontinent.TheAmericanScholarhasanobligation,asManThinking,withinthisOne Man concept, to see the world clearly, not severely influenced bytraditional/historicalviews,andtobroadenhisunderstandingoftheworldfromfresheyes,todefernevertothepopularcry.Thescholarseducationconsistsof
38、threeinfluences:I.NatureasthemostimportantinfluenceonthemindII.ThePastmanifest（明显的）inbooksIII.ActionanditsrelationtoexperienceThelast,unnumberedpartofthetextisdevotedtoEmersonsviewontheDutiesoftheAmericanScholarwhohasbecometheManThinking.Somekeypointsofthespeech2021/5/2318WritingStyleEmerson wrote o
39、n a number of subjects, neverespousing（支持）fixedphilosophicaltenets（原理）,butdevelopingcertainideassuchasindividuality,freedom,theabilityformantorealizealmostanything,andtherelationshipbetween the soul and the surrounding world. Emersonsnaturewasmorephilosophicalthannaturalistic;Philosophically conside
40、red, the universe is composed ofNatureandtheSoul.While his writing style can be seen as somewhatimpenetrable, and was thought so even in his own time,EmersonsessaysremainoneofthelinchpinsofAmericanthinking, and Emersons work has influenced nearly everygenerationofthinker,writerandpoetsincehistime.Wh
41、enaskedtosumuphiswork,hesaidhiscentraldoctrinewas“theinfinitudeoftheprivateman（个人发展潜力无限）.2021/5/2319Emersons aesthetics（美学）l Poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass.l True poetry and true art should ennoble and serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic uni
42、ty and higher reality.l Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols and imaginative words.l As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America and the life today.l Emersons aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.
43、 It marked the birth of true American poetry and true America poets such as Whitman and Dickinson2021/5/2320Some of his sayingsThe first wealth is health.The first wealth is health. 健康是人生的第一笔财富。健康是人生的第一笔财富。A great man is always willing to be little.A great man is always willing to be little. 伟大的人物总是
44、愿意当小人物的。伟大的人物总是愿意当小人物的。Envy is ignorance and imitation is suicide .Envy is ignorance and imitation is suicide . 嫉妒乃无知，模仿即自杀嫉妒乃无知，模仿即自杀Self-trust is the first secret of success.Self-trust is the first secret of success. 自信乃成功之第一秘诀。自信乃成功之第一秘诀。Progress is the activity of today and the Progress is the a
45、ctivity of today and the assurance of tomorrow.assurance of tomorrow. 进步是今天的活动，明天的保证。进步是今天的活动，明天的保证。No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.yourselves. 除了你自己之外，没有人能哄骗你离开最后的成功。除了你自己之外，没有人能哄骗你离开最后的成功。2021/5/2321Influencesorevaluation
46、sHeopenedanewliteraryplain,transcendentalism.Emersonsideology was regarded as the core of transcendentalism .He isknownasthereputationof“AmericanRenaissanceleader”.EmersonwasarepresentativewhoestablishedAmericanculturespirit. Former U.S. President Lincoln called him the AmericanConfucius,thefatherof
47、theAmericancivilization.HewasthefirstAmericantocallforanindependentcultureinbothNatureandThe American Scholar,HecalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainawaypeculiarlyAmerican.Emersonsaestheticsplacesemphasisonideas,symbol,andimaginativewords,whichbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingene
48、ralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular.Heembodied（体现）anewnationsdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod（形成期）.In modern times he is sometimes dismissed as having nosense of evil, and his optimistic philosophy as so muchTranscendentalistfolly（愚蠢）.2021/5/23222021/5/2323部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！
