Cross-cultural CommunicationChapter 12 Taking Cultural Values to Work ØLarge and small Power DistanceØIndividualism VS CollectivismØMasculinity VS FemininityØStrong and weak Uncertainty Avoidance Key Words Studycollectivistic culture集体主义文化集体主义文化 individualistic culture个人主义文化个人主义文化 relation关系关系independence独立独立 equality平等平等personal interest个人利益个人利益 Individualist CulturePK Collectivist Culture PK 1Individualist Culture (liberalism): individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and Assertiveness(自信自信), disclosure（披露）（披露） of personal thoughts and feelings. Collectivist culture (Confucianism): places little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. Going one's own way is not valued; uniformity and conformity are stressed. PK 2IndividualismIndividualismCollectivismCollectivismI cultureWE cultureopen discussion of disagreement are valued forms of talkopenly speaking one’s mind appears distastefulseek the notice of others; affirm their uniquenessopen expression risks faceguarding privacy; valuing freedom to do and think whatever they choosethe right to privacy in the sense of freedom is not recognizedlive life guided only by principles such as equality and noninterferenceone’s business is also the business of the group; friends should be concerned with each other’s personal matters Five Basic Themes in Individualist Culture1. There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2. There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3. There is a lack of inhibition (压抑压抑) on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4. There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5. There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy. PK 3 Relative Case Wang Lin wore a newly bought coat to work. On the way, she met with a former customer from the U.K, Lindon Jackson. Lindon complimented her for her beautiful clothes: Lindon: Oh, you looks gorgeous on this coat, Wang! Case Wang: Not so beautiful. It costs only 100 Yuan. (In fact, it was worth 250 Yuan) Lindon: Oh, really. Where did you get it. I want to buy one for my wife. Wang: uh. What led Wang Lin into such a dilemma?Case Case Analysis(案例分析案例分析) Case Analysis This is a typical cross-cultural case based on verbal communication. Wang Lin comes from a collectivistic culture which stresses self-denigration（诋毁）（诋毁）. Lindon Jackson comes from an individualistic culture which features assertiveness. Case AnalysisWang Lin, who wore a newly bought coat, met Lindon Jackson on her way to work. When Lindon Jackson complimented Wang Lin on her coat, Wang Lin reacted by saying that her coat was not so beautiful since she, as a collectivist, is accustomed to belittle（轻视） everything related to her. Case AnalysisHer responses towards compliments are unquestionably appropriated between collectivists. Unlike Wang Lin, Lindon Jackson places great value on assertiveness and is encouraged to express personal thoughts and feelings freely. Case AnalysisHe, therefore, would inquiry about where to buy the coat and finally led Wang Lin into the dilemma. Suggestion /Solution(解决方案解决方案) Suggestion & Solution To avoid miscommunication, Wang Lin and Lindon Jackson should learn more about each other’s culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. Lindon Jackson could repeat his compliment by saying “it really looks marvelous” and then turn to another topic. He should also understand that self-denigration is one of the key values in collectivism. Thank you!&Love you all! 。