第六章--怎样写好英文摘要-2

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1、第六章第六章 怎样写好英文摘要怎样写好英文摘要 6.1摘要的类型与基本内容摘要的类型与基本内容6.2摘要撰写技巧摘要撰写技巧6.3不同类型摘要举例不同类型摘要举例6.4SCI高被引论文摘要案例分析高被引论文摘要案例分析摘要的类型与基本内容摘要撰写技巧不同类型摘要举例SCI高被引论文摘要案例分析怎样写好英文摘要怎样写好英文摘要怎样写好英文摘要怎样写好英文摘要摘要如何能吸引摘要如何能吸引摘要如何能吸引摘要如何能吸引SCISCI期刊的兴趣期刊的兴趣期刊的兴趣期刊的兴趣 怎样写好英文摘要怎样写好英文摘要目前由于电子期刊数据库只有摘要是免费提供，有许多读者只能阅读摘要而不能阅读全文，或根据摘要来判断是否

2、需要阅读全文，因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。摘要的类型与基本内容摘要的类型与基本内容根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要示性摘要(1)报道性摘要报道性摘要(informativeabstract)：也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常,这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。(2)指示性摘要指示性摘要(indicativeabstract)：也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic ab

3、stract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。(3)报道报道-指示性摘要指示性摘要(informative-indicativeabstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料与方法(Materials and Methods)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD(Introduction，Methods，Results a

4、nd Discussion)结构的写作模式。结构式摘要(StructuredAbstract)20世纪80年代中期出现了另一种摘要文体，即“结构式摘要(structured abstract),该摘要实质上是报道性摘要的结构化表达。(1)目的(Objective):研究的问题、目的或设想等;(2)设计(Design):研究的基本设计,样本的选择;(3)单位(Setting):开展研究的单位;(4)对象(Patients,Participants):研究对象的信息;(5)处置(Interventions):处置方法;(6)主要结果测定(MainOutcomeMeasures):实验过程;(7)结

5、果(Results):研究的主要发现;(8)结论(Conclusions):主要结论及其潜在应用Emerald中国管理研究中国管理研究（ChineseManagementStudies）结构式摘要结构式摘要(StructuredAbstract)目的设计设计/方法方法结果结果独创性独创性/价值价值Emerald摘要摘要写作要求写作要求作者需提供一个拥有作者需提供一个拥有4至至6个标题的结构式摘要：目的（个标题的结构式摘要：目的（Purpose）；）；方法论（方法论（Design/methodology/approach）；结果（）；结果（Findings）；研）；研究局限（究局限（Resear

6、chlimitations/implications）；实践影响）；实践影响（Practicalimplications）；创新性（）；创新性（originality/value）。其中研）。其中研究局限和实践影响根据文章实际情况可以省略，但其余四个是必究局限和实践影响根据文章实际情况可以省略，但其余四个是必需的。需的。摘要最多不超过摘要最多不超过250单词。此外，还要提交最多单词。此外，还要提交最多6个关键词，需要个关键词，需要囊括文章的主题。最后，还要对文章进行分类，从以下七类文章囊括文章的主题。最后，还要对文章进行分类，从以下七类文章中选择最适合自己的文章：研究性文章（中选择最适合自己的

7、文章：研究性文章（Researchpaper）；观）；观点性文章（点性文章（Viewpoint）；技术性文章（）；技术性文章（Technicalpaper）；概念）；概念性文章（性文章（Conceptualpaper）；案例研究性文章（）；案例研究性文章（Casestudy）；）；文献评论文章（文献评论文章（Literaturereview）；综论性文章（）；综论性文章（Generalreview）。）。摘要摘要 摘要主要讲述本论文的要点。结论写完以后再写摘要.摘要给人第一口苹果的品尝效果.审稿人一般用15分钟看摘要和引言.如果第一印象不好,他/她会去寻找理由建议主编退稿.摘要的读者面比论文全

8、文的读者面大得多。不要用第一人称。 写摘要的顺序 第一句话：讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需第一句话：讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需要这句话）要这句话）第二句话：第二句话：以以Toeluicdatiethemechanism.,Toinvestigate.,或者或者forthepurposeof.开头来讲述你这样研究的目的。开头来讲述你这样研究的目的。第三句话：第三句话：.wascarriedout.with.treatment.讲述你研讲述你研究的内容，研究的方法，究的内容，研究的方法，第四句话：第四句话：Theresultedshowedthat.,讲述你这样研究

9、得出讲述你这样研究得出的主要研究结果。的主要研究结果。第五句话：第五句话：Theresultofthepresentworkimpliedthat.讲述讲述由你的研究结果得出的结论。由你的研究结果得出的结论。另外，在摘要中不要用到参考文献，如果一定要用的话，那么另外，在摘要中不要用到参考文献，如果一定要用的话，那么一定要将全部的细节写出来。要始终记住一点，一定要将全部的细节写出来。要始终记住一点，Abstract是一是一个独立的部分，换句话说，别人不看你的文章，只看你的个独立的部分，换句话说，别人不看你的文章，只看你的Abstract就能了解你的研究工作就能了解你的研究工作高被引作者摘要案例进

10、入进入ESI高被引论文，全球高被引论文，全球1%高被引作者高被引作者第一句话：第一句话：canbepreparedwith文章的研究意义文章的研究意义第二句话：第二句话：Toexplore开头来讲述研究的目的。开头来讲述研究的目的。第三句话：第三句话：werefoundto讲述你研究的内容讲述你研究的内容第四句话：第四句话：Theresultedshowesthat讲述研究得出的主要研究结果。讲述研究得出的主要研究结果。第五句话：第五句话：研究结果得出的结论。研究结果得出的结论。Silicon nanowires can be prepared with single-crystal stru

11、ctures, diameters as small as several nanometers and controllable hole and electron doping, and thus represent powerful building blocks for nanoelectronics devices such as field effect transistors. To explore the potential limits of silicon nanowire transistors, we have examined the influence of sou

12、rce-drain contact thermal annealing and surface passivation on key transistor properties. Thermal annealing and passivation of oxide defects using chemical modification were found to increase the average transconductance from 45 to 800 nS and average mobility from 30 to 560 cm(2)/V(.)s with peak val

13、ues of 2000 nS and 1350 cm(2)/V(.)s, respectively. The comparison of these results and other key parameters with state-of-the-art planar silicon devices shows substantial advantages for silicon nanowires. The uses of nanowires as building blocks for future nanoelectronics are discussed. Highperforma

14、ncesiliconnanowirefieldeffecttransistors Author(s):Cui,Y;Zhong,ZH;Wang,DL;Wang,WU;Lieber,CM Source:NANOLETTERSVolume:3Issue:2Pages:149-152Published:FEB2003TimesCited:450References:21高被引作者摘要案例高被引作者高被引作者该文进入该文进入ESI高被引论文，全球高被引论文，全球1%Ultralong beltlike (or ribbonlike) nanostructures (so-called nanobelts

15、) were successfully synthesized for semiconducting oxides of zinc, tin, indium, cadmium, and gallium by simply evaporating the desired commercial metal oxide powders at high temperatures. The as-synthesized oxide nanobelts are pure, structurally uniform, and single crystalline, and most of them are

16、free from defects and dislocations. They have a rectanglelike cross section with typical widths of 30 to 300 nanometers, width-to-thickness ratios of 5 to 10, and Lengths of up to a few millimeters. The beltlike morphology appears to be a distinctive and common structural characteristic for the fami

17、ly of semiconducting oxides with cations of different valence states and materials of distinct crystallographic structures. The nanobelts could be an ideal system for fully understanding dimensionally confined transport phenomena in functional oxides and building functional devices along individual

18、nanobelts. 第一句话：第一句话：were successfully synthesized 文章的研究意义文章的研究意义第二句话：第二句话：讲述研究情况讲述研究情况第三句话：第三句话：讲述讲述研究情况研究情况第四句话：第四句话：appears to 讲述研究研究内容讲述研究研究内容第五句话：第五句话：研究结果得出的结论。研究结果得出的结论。Author(s): Pan, ZW; Dai, ZR; Wang, ZLTitle: Nanobelts of semiconducting oxidesSource: SCIENCE, 291 (5510): 1947-1949 MAR 9 2

19、001SCI报道性摘要案例该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景（第一句话）该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景（第一句话）该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景（第一句话）该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景（第一句话），继而以不定式形式（，继而以不定式形式（，继而以不定式形式（，继而以不定式形式（toidentiftoidentif）提出研）提出研）提出研）提出研究目的，并引带出研究方法（究目的，并引带出研究方法（究目的，并引带出研究方法（究目的，并引带出研究方法（wehavewehaveemployedemployed），第三句话指出本研究的主），第三句话指出本研究的主），第三句话指出本研究的主），第三句话指出本研

20、究的主要发现，最后一句话给结论（要发现，最后一句话给结论（要发现，最后一句话给结论（要发现，最后一句话给结论（cotransfectioncotransfectionexperimentsindicatethatexperimentsindicatethat）。全部摘要）。全部摘要）。全部摘要）。全部摘要用词为用词为用词为用词为113113个（个（个（个（CellCell要求其摘要的用词不超过要求其摘要的用词不超过要求其摘要的用词不超过要求其摘要的用词不超过150150个），简明、清楚地表述了论文的全部主个），简明、清楚地表述了论文的全部主个），简明、清楚地表述了论文的全部主个），简明、清楚地

21、表述了论文的全部主要内容。要内容。要内容。要内容。（p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂）SCI指示性摘要案例指示性摘要案例简评简评简评简评: :这是一份专题评述这是一份专题评述这是一份专题评述这是一份专题评述( (综述性论文综述性论文综述性论文综述性论文) )的摘要。的摘要。的摘要。的摘要。第一句为相关背景知识的介绍第一句为相关背景知识的介绍第一句为相关背景知识的介绍第一句为相关背景知识的介绍, ,第二句是综述内第二句是综述内第二句是综述内第二句是综述内容的说明（容的说明（容的说明（容的说明（In this revieware In this revie

22、ware summarizedsummarized），并指出所评述对象的潜在），并指出所评述对象的潜在），并指出所评述对象的潜在），并指出所评述对象的潜在应用应用应用应用(possible therapeutic (possible therapeutic applicationsapplications）SCI论文报道论文报道-指示性摘要案例指示性摘要案例该摘要介绍了相关研究背景（进展）并提出了作者该摘要介绍了相关研究背景（进展）并提出了作者该摘要介绍了相关研究背景（进展）并提出了作者该摘要介绍了相关研究背景（进展）并提出了作者的设想（的设想（的设想（的设想（Despitetheremark

23、ableDespitetheremarkable，wewebelievethatbelievethat），摘要的第二句提出了支持作），摘要的第二句提出了支持作），摘要的第二句提出了支持作），摘要的第二句提出了支持作者设想的论证（者设想的论证（者设想的论证（者设想的论证（ArgumentstosupportthisviewArgumentstosupportthisviewareare），最后一句（），最后一句（），最后一句（），最后一句（ThisfunctionalThisfunctionalperformsperforms）评价并说明论文所提出模型的贡献）评价并说明论文所提出模型的贡献）评价

24、并说明论文所提出模型的贡献）评价并说明论文所提出模型的贡献（functionalfunctional相当于相当于相当于相当于modelmodel）。本摘要在方括号（）。本摘要在方括号（）。本摘要在方括号（）。本摘要在方括号（ ）中给出了前期相关工作的文献，注意该文献在）中给出了前期相关工作的文献，注意该文献在）中给出了前期相关工作的文献，注意该文献在）中给出了前期相关工作的文献，注意该文献在文末参考文献中的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序，文末参考文献中的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序，文末参考文献中的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序，文末参考文献中的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序，与在摘要中是否出现无关

25、。与在摘要中是否出现无关。与在摘要中是否出现无关。与在摘要中是否出现无关。SCI论文结构式摘要案例论文结构式摘要案例目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主要结果目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主要结果目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主要结果目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主要结果测定、结果、结论等测定、结果、结论等测定、结果、结论等测定、结果、结论等8 8个方面个方面个方面个方面目的：研究的问题、目的或设想目的：研究的问题、目的或设想目的：研究的问题、目的或设想目的：研究的问题、目的或设想设计：研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况设计：研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况设计：

26、研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况设计：研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况单位：说明开展研究的单位（研究机构、大学、医疗机构）单位：说明开展研究的单位（研究机构、大学、医疗机构）单位：说明开展研究的单位（研究机构、大学、医疗机构）单位：说明开展研究的单位（研究机构、大学、医疗机构）对象：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等对象：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等对象：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等对象：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等处置：处置方法的基本特征，使用何种方法以及持续的时间等处置：处置方法的基本特征，使用何种方法以

27、及持续的时间等处置：处置方法的基本特征，使用何种方法以及持续的时间等处置：处置方法的基本特征，使用何种方法以及持续的时间等主要结果测定：主要结果是如何测定、完成的主要结果测定：主要结果是如何测定、完成的主要结果测定：主要结果是如何测定、完成的主要结果测定：主要结果是如何测定、完成的结果：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值结果：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值结果：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值结果：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值结论：主要结论及潜在的临床应用结论：主要结论及潜在的临床应用结论：主要结论及潜在的临床

28、应用结论：主要结论及潜在的临床应用SCI论文结构式摘要案例论文结构式摘要案例Abstract:ContextPatientsexperiencethehighestrateofdeathandrecurrentischemiceventsduringtheearlyperiodafteranacutecoronarysyndrome,butitisnotknownwhetherearlyinitiationoftreatmentwithastatincanreducetheoccurrenceoftheseearlyevents.Objective Todeterminewhethertrea

29、tmentwithatorvastatin,80mg/d,initiated24to96hoursafteranacutecoronarysyndrome,reducesdeathandnonfatalischemicevents.Design and SettingArandomized,double-blindtrialconductedfromMay1997toSeptember1999,withfollow-upthrough16weeksat122clinicalcentersinEurope,NorthAmerica,SouthAfrica,andAustralasia.Patie

30、nts Atotalof3086adultsaged18yearsorolderwithunstableanginaornon-Q-waveacutemyocardialinfarction.Interventions Patientswerestratifiedbycenterandrandomlyassignedtoreceivetreatmentwithatorvastatin(80mg/d)ormatchingplacebobetween24and96hoursafterhospitaladmission.Main OutcomeMeasures Primaryendpointeven

31、tdefinedasdeath,nonfatalacutemyocardialinfarction,cardiacarrestwithresuscitation,orrecurrentsymptomaticmyocardialischemiawithobjectiveevidenceandrequiringemergencyrehospitalization.ResultsAprimaryendpointeventoccurredin228patients(14.8%)intheatorvastatingroupand269patients(17.4%)intheplacebogroup(re

32、lativeriskRR,0.84;95%confidenceintervalCI,0.70-1.00;P=.048).Therewerenosignificantdifferencesinriskofdeath,nonfatalmyocardialinfarction,orcardiacarrestbetweentheatorvastatingroupandtheplacebogroup,althoughtheatorvastatingrouphadalowerriskofsymptomaticischemiawithobjectiveevidenceandrequiringemergenc

33、yrehospitalization(6.2%vs8.4%;RR,0.74;95%CI,0.57-0.95;P=.02).Likewise,therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweentheatorvastatingroupandtheplacebogroupintheincidenceofsecondaryoutcomesofcoronaryrevascularizationprocedures,worseningheartfailure,orworseningangina,althoughtherewerefewerstrokesintheatorvas

34、tatingroupthanintheplacebogroup(12vs24events;P=.045).Intheatorvastatingroup,meanlow-densitylipoproteincholesterolleveldeclinedfrom124mg/dL(3.2mmol/L)to72mg/dL(1.9mmol/L).Abnormallivertransaminases(3timesupperlimitofnormal)weremorecommonintheatorvastatingroupthanintheplacebogroup(2.5%vs0.6%;P.001).Co

35、nclusion Forpatientswithacutecoronarysyndrome,lipid-loweringtherapywithatorvastatin,80mg/d,reducesrecurrentischemiceventsinthefirst16weeks,mostlyrecurrentsymptomaticischemiarequiringrehospitalization.SSCI论文结构式摘要案例论文结构式摘要案例ChinaAgriculturalEconomicReview结构式摘要的类型NewEnglandJournalofMedicine新英格兰医学杂志Back

36、ground背景,Methods方法,Results结果,Conclusions结论TheLancet柳叶刀Background背景,Methods方法,Findings发现,Interpretation解释JAMA Journal of the American MedicalAssociation美国医学会志Context, Objective目的, Design设计, Setting单位, Patients对象,Interventions解释,MainOutcomeMeasures主要结果测定,Results结果,Conclusion结论摘要：撰写技巧（1）包包括括论论文文IMRD结结构

37、构；可可适适当当强强调调研研究究中中的的创创新新、重重要要之之处处（但但不不要要使使用用评评价价性性语语言言）;尽尽量量包包括括论论文文的的主主要论点和重要细节要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据重要的论证或数据)（2）使使用用简简短短的的句句子子,用用词词应应为为潜潜在在的的读读者者所所熟熟悉悉；注注意意表表述述的的逻逻辑辑性性,尽尽量量使使用用指指示示性性的的词词语语来来表表达达论论文文的的不不同同部分部分(层次层次)如如使使用用“研研究究表表明明”(Wefoundthat)表表示示 结结 果果 ; 使使 用用 “通通 过过 对对 .的的 分分 析析 ， 认认 为为 ”(Basedon,we

38、suggestthat)表表示示讨讨论论结结果果的含义等的含义等摘要：撰写技巧（3）确确保保摘摘要要的的“独独立立性性”（standonitsown)或或“自自明明性性”(self-contained):尽尽量量避避免免引引用用文文献献、图图表表和和缩缩写写；如如果果无无法法回回避避使使用用引引文文，应应在在引引文文出出现现位位置置将将引引文文的的书书目目信息标注在方括号内信息标注在方括号内（4）为为了了方方便便检检索索系系统统检检索索，尽尽量量避避免免使使用用化化学学结结构构式式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号（5）查查询询拟拟投投稿稿期期刊刊的的作作者

39、者指指南南，了了解解其其对对摘摘要要的的字字数数和和形形式式的的要要求求。如如果果是是结结构构式式摘摘要要应应分分几几段段。使使用用什什么么标标识识、时态、是否使用缩写或简写。时态、是否使用缩写或简写。SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法论文摘要中常用的表达方法案例案例要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review,summarize,present,outline,describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose,attempt,aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语来表达（3）介绍论文的重点

40、内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study,present,include,focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有teststudy,investigate,examine,experiment,discuss,consider,analyze,analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure,estimate,calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use,apply,application等SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法论文摘要中常用的表达方法案例案例结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有

41、show,result,present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary,introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest,repot,present,expect,describe等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support,provide,indicate,identify,find,demonstrate,confirm,clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion,recommend,recommendation,propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。摘要

42、摘要引言部分案例案例review引言部分引言部分 回顾研究背景回顾研究背景常用词汇常用词汇reviewreview回顾研究背景摘要摘要引言部分案例案例词汇reviewAuthor(s):ROBINSON,TE;BERRIDGE,KCTitle:THENEURALBASISOFDRUGCRAVING-ANINCENTIVE-SENSITIZATIONTHEORYOFADDICTIONSource:BRAINRESEARCHREVIEWS,18(3):247-291SEP-DEC1993脑研究评论荷兰SCI被引用2556Wereviewevidenceforthisviewofaddictiona

43、nddiscussitsimplicationsforunderstandingthepsychologyandneurobiologyofaddiction.回顾研究背景摘要摘要引言部分案例案例 summarize 引言部分引言部分 回顾研究背景回顾研究背景常用词汇常用词汇summarizesummarizeSCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例词汇summarizeAuthor(s):Barnett,RM;Carone,CD;被引用被引用1648Title:Particlesandfield.1.ReviewofparticlephysicsSource:PHYSICALREV

44、IEWD,54(1):1-+Part1JUL11996:物理学评论，D辑美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇summarize Abstract:ThisbiennialreviewsummarizesmuchofParticlePhysics.Usingdatafrompreviouseditions,plus1900newmeasurementsfrom700papers,welist,evaluate,andaveragemeasuredpropertiesofgaugebosons,leptons,quarks,mesons,andbaryons.Wealsosummarizesear

45、chesforhypotheticalparticlessuchasHiggsbosons,heavyneutrinos,andsupersymmetricparticles.AlltheparticlepropertiesandsearchlimitsarelistedinSummaryTables.Wealsogivenumeroustables,figures,formulae,andreviewsoftopicssuchastheStandardModel,particledetectors,probability,andstatistics.Abookletisavailableco

46、ntainingtheSummaryTablesandabbreviatedversionsofsomeoftheothersectionsofthisfullReview.SCI摘要摘要引言部分案例案例attention介绍论文的重点内介绍论文的重点内介绍论文的重点内介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常容或研究范围，常容或研究范围，常容或研究范围，常用词汇有用词汇有用词汇有用词汇有attentionattention SCI摘要摘要方法部分案例案例consider介绍研究或试验过程，介绍研究或试验过程，介绍研究或试验过程，介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有常用词汇有常用词汇有常用词汇有conside

47、rconsiderSCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例词汇outlineAuthor(s):TIERNEY,LSCI引用引用953次次Title:MARKOV-CHAINSFOREXPLORINGPOSTERIORDISTRIBUTIONS引言部分引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇回顾研究背景，常用词汇outlineSource:ANNALSOFSTATISTICS,22(4):1701-1728DEC1994统计学纪事美国Abstract:SeveralMarkovchainmethodsareavailableforsamplingfromaposteriordistributi

48、on.TwoimportantexamplesaretheGibbssamplerandtheMetropolisalgorithm.Inaddition,severalstrategiesareavailableforconstructinghybridalgorithms.Thispaperoutlinessomeofthebasicmethodsandstrategiesanddiscussessomerelatedtheoreticalandpracticalissues.Onthetheoreticalside,resultsfromthetheoryofgeneralstatesp

49、aceMarkovchainscanbeusedtoobtainconvergencerates,lawsoflargenumbersandcentrallimittheoremsforestimatesobtainedfromMarkovchainmethods.Thesetheoreticalresultscanbeusedtoguidetheconstructionofmoreefficientalgorithms.ForthepracticaluseofMarkovchainmethods,standardsimulationmethodologyprovidesseveralVari

50、ancereductiontechniquesandalsogivesguidanceonthechoiceofsamplesizeandallocation.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例回顾研究背景回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s):LYNCH,M;MILLIGAN,BGSC I被被引用引用897Title:ANALYSISOFPOPULATIONGENETIC-STRUCTUREWITHRAPDMARKERSSource:MOLECULARECOLOGY,3(2):91-99APR1994分子生态学英国Abstract:Recentadvancesinthe

51、applicationofthepolymerasechainreactionmakeitpossibletoscoreindividualsatalargenumberofloci.TheRAPD(randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA)methodisonesuchtechniquethathasattractedwidespreadinterest.TheanalysisofpopulationstructurewithRAPDdataishamperedbythelackofcompletegenotypicinformationresultingfromdomin

52、ance,sincethisenhancesthesamplingvarianceassociatedwithsinglelociaswellasinducesbiasinparameterestimation.Wepresentestimatorsforseveralpopulation-geneticparameters(geneandgenotypefrequencies,within-andbetween-populationheterozygosities,degreeofinbreedingandpopulationsubdivision,anddegreeofindividual

53、relatedness)alongwithexpressionsfortheirsamplingvariances.AlthoughcompletelyunbiasedestimatorsdonotappeartobepossiblewithRAPDs,severalstepsaresuggestedthatwillinsurethatthebiasinparameterestimatesisnegligible.Toachievethesamedegreeofstatisticalpower,ontheorderof2to10timesmoreindividualsneedtobesampl

54、edperlocuswhendominantmarkersarereliedupon,ascomparedtocodominant(RFLP,isozyme)markers.Moreover,toavoidbiasinparameterestimation,themarkerallelesformostoftheselocishouldbeinrelativelylowfrequency.Duetotheneedforpruninglociwithlow-frequencynullalleles,morelocialsoneedtobesampledwithRAPDsthanwithmorec

55、onventionalmarkers,andsoleproblemsofbiascannotbecompletelyeliminated.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例词汇describeAuthor(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TRTitle: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTERSource: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993普普通精神病学纪要美国通精神病学纪要美国

56、引言部分引言部分回顾研究背景，常用词汇回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用1253Abstract:Inthisstudy,wedescribeapsychobiologicalmodelofthestructureanddevelopmentofpersonalitythataccountsfordimensionsofbothtemperamentandcharacter.Previousresearchhasconfirmedfourdimensionsoftemperament:noveltyseeking,harmavoidance,rewarddependence,and

57、persistence,whichareindependentlyheritable,manifestearlyinlife,andinvolvepreconceptualbiasesinperceptualmemoryandhabitformation.Forthefirsttime,wedescribethreedimensionsofcharacterthatmatureinadulthoodandinfluencepersonalandsocialeffectivenessbyinsightlearningaboutself-concepts.Self-conceptsvaryacco

58、rdingtotheextenttowhichapersonidentifiestheselfas(1)anautonomousindividual,(2)anintegralpartofhumanity,and(3)anintegralpartoftheuniverseasawhole.Eachaspectofself-conceptcorrespondstooneofthreecharacterdimensionscalledself-directedness,cooperativeness,andself-transcendence,respectively.Wealsodescribe

59、theconceptualbackgroundanddevelopmentofaself-reportmeasureofthesedimensions,theTemperamentandCharacterInventory.Dataon300individualsfromthegeneralpopulationsupportthereliabilityandstructureofthesesevenpersonalitydimensions.Wediscusstheimplicationsforstudiesofinformationprocessing,inheritance,develop

60、ment,diagnosis,andtreatment.摘要摘要引言部分案例案例（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例attempt说明写作目的Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IMTitle: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkageSource: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 美国统计学会志美国

61、统计学会志 被引用被引用928次次Abstract:Weattempttorecoverafunctionofunknownsmoothnessfromnoisysampleddata.Weintroduceaprocedure,SureShrink,thatsuppressesnoisebythresholdingtheempiricalwaveletcoefficients.Thethresholdingisadaptive:AthresholdlevelisassignedtoeachdyadicresolutionlevelbytheprincipleofminimizingtheSt

62、einunbiasedestimateofrisk(Sure)forthresholdestimates.ThecomputationaleffortoftheoverallprocedureisorderN.log(N)asafunctionofthesamplesizeN.SureShrinkissmoothnessadaptive:Iftheunknownfunctioncontainsjumps,thenthereconstruction(essentially)doesalso;iftheunknownfunctionhasasmoothpiece,thenthereconstruc

63、tionis(essentially)assmoothasthemotherwaveletwillallow.Theprocedureisinasenseoptimallysmoothnessadaptive:ItisnearminimaxsimultaneouslyoverawholeintervaloftheBesovscale;thesizeofthisintervaldependsonthechoiceofmotherwavelet.Weknowfromapreviouspaperbytheauthorsthattraditionalsmoothingmethods-kernels,s

64、plines,andorthogonalseriesestimates-evenwithoptimalchoicesofthesmoothingparameter,wouldbeunabletoperforminanear-minimaxwayovermanyspacesintheBesovscale.ExamplesofSureShrinkaregiven.Theadvantagesofthemethodareparticularlyevidentwhentheunderlyingfunctionhasjumpdiscontinuitiesonasmoothbackground.SCI高被引

65、高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例Toinvestigate说明写作目的Author(s): OLTVAI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJTitle: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATHSource: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用3486次Abstract:Bcl-2proteinisabletorepressanumberofapoptoticdeathp

66、rograms.ToinvestigatethemechanismofBcl-2seffect,weexaminedwhetherBcl-2interactedwithotherproteins.Weidentifiedanassociated21kdproteinpartner,Bax,thathasextensiveaminoacidhomologywithBcl-2,focusedwithinhighlyconserveddomainsIandII.BaxisencodedbysixexonsanddemonstratesacomplexpatternofalternativeRNAsp

67、licingthatpredictsa21kdmembrane(alpha)andtwoformsofcytosolicprotein(betaandgamma).BaxhomodimerizesandformsheterodimerswithBcl-2invivo.OverexpressedBaxacceleratesapoptoticdeathinducedbycytokinedeprivationinanIL-3-dependentcellline.OverexpressedBaxalsocountersthedeathrepressoractivityofBcl-2.Thesedata

68、suggestamodelinwhichtheratioofBcl-2toBaxdeterminessurvivalordeathfollowinganapoptoticstimulus.SCI高被引高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例purposes说明写作目的Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CATitle: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLESSource: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 天体物理学杂志增刊

69、美国天体物理学杂志增刊美国 SCI被引用被引用584次次 Abstract:FormorethantwodecadestheastrophysicscommunityhasdependedonopacitytablesproducedatLosAlamos.InthepresentworkweoffernewradiativeRosselandmeanopacitytablescalculatedwiththeOPALcodedevelopedindependentlyatLLNL.WegiveextensiveresultsfortherecentAnders-Grevessemixture

70、whichallowaccurateinterpolationintemperature,density,hydrogenmassfraction,aswellasmetalmassfraction.Thetablesareorganizeddifferentlyfrompreviouswork.Insteadofrowsandcolumnsofconstanttemperatureanddensity,weusetemperatureandfollowtracksofconstantR,whereR=density/(temperature)3.TherangeofRandtemperatu

71、rearesuchastocovertypicalstellarconditionsfromtheinteriorthroughtheenvelopeandthehotteratmospheres.Coolatmospheresarenotconsideredsincephotoabsorptionbymoleculesisneglected.Onlyradiativeprocessesaretakenintoaccountsothatelectronconductionisnotincluded.Forcomparisonpurposeswepresentsomeopacitytablesf

72、ortheRoss-AllerandCox-Tabormetalabundances.AlthoughinmanyregionstheOPALopacitiesaresimilartopreviouswork,largedifferencesarereported.Forexample,factorsof2-3opacityenhancementsarefoundinstellarenvelopconditions.SCI高被引高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例aim说明写作目的Author(s):EDVARDSSON,B;ANDERSEN,J;GUSTAFSSON,B;LAMBERT,DL;NI

73、SSEN,PE;TOMKIN,JTitle:THECHEMICALEVOLUTIONOFTHEGALACTICDISK.1.ANALYSISANDRESULTSSource:ASTRONOMYANDASTROPHYSICS,275(1):101-152AUG1993天文学与天体物理学被引用被引用1194次次Abstract:Withtheaimtoprovideobservationalconstraintsontheevolutionofthegalacticdisk,wehavederivedabundancesof0,Na,Mg,Al,Si,Ca,Ti,Fe,Ni,Y,Zr,BaandN

74、d,aswellasindividualphotometricages,for189nearbyfieldFandGdiskdwarfs.Thegalacticorbitalpropertiesofallstarshavebeenderivedfromaccuratekinematicdata,enablingestimatestobemadeofthedistancesfromthegalacticcenterofthestarsbirthplaces.结构式摘要Ourextensivehighresolution,highS/N,spectroscopicobservationsofcar

75、efullyselectednorthernandsouthernstarsprovideaccurateequivalentwidthsofupto86unblendedabsorptionlinesperstarbetween5000and9000angstrom.TheabundanceanalysiswasmadewithgreatlyimprovedtheoreticalLTEmodelatmospheres.Throughtheinclusionofagreatnumberofiron-peakelementabsorptionlinesthemodelfluxesreproduc

76、etheobservedUVandvisualfluxeswithgoodaccuracy.AnewtheoreticalcalibrationofT(eff)asafunctionofStromgrenb-yforsolar-typedwarfshasbeenestablished.ThenewmodelsandT(eff)scaleareshowntoyieldgoodagreementbetweenphotometricandspectroscopicmeasurementsofeffectivetemperaturesandsurfacegravities,butthephotomet

77、ricallyderivedveryhighoverallmetallicitiesforthemostmetalrichstarsarenotsupportedbythespectroscopicanalysisofweakspectrallines.SCI高被引高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例aim说明写作目的Author(s):PAYNE,MC;TETER,MP;ALLAN,DC;ARIAS,TA;JOANNOPOULOS,JDTitle:ITERATIVEMINIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESFORABINITIOTOTAL-ENERGYCALCULATIONS-MOLECULAR

78、-DYNAMICSANDCONJUGATEGRADIENTSSource:REVIEWSOFMODERNPHYSICS,64(4):1045-1097OCT1992现代物理学评论美国AmericanPhysicalSocietySCI被引用被引用3486次次Abstract:Thisarticledescribesrecenttechnicaldevelopmentsthathavemadethetotal-energypseudopotentialthemostpowerfulabinitioquantum-mechanicalmodelingmethodpresentlyavailable

79、.Inadditiontopresentingtechnicaldetailsofthepseudopotentialmethod,thearticleaimstoheightenawarenessofthecapabilitiesofthemethodinordertostimulateitsapplicationtoaswidearangeofproblemsinasmanyscientificdisciplinesaspossible.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例includes介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围Author(s):MARCHESINI,G;WEBBER,

80、BR;ABBIENDI,G;KNOWLES,IG;SEYMOUR,MH;STANCO,LTitle:HERWIG5.1-AMONTE-CARLOEVENTGENERATORFORSIMULATINGHADRONEMISSIONREACTIONSWITHINTERFERINGGLUONSSCI被引用被引用1131次次Source:COMPUTERPHYSICSCOMMUNICATIONS,67(3):465-508JAN1992:计算机物理学通讯荷兰ElsevierAbstract:HERWIGisageneral-purposeparticle-physicseventgenerator,wh

81、ichincludesthesimulationofhardlepton-lepton,lepton-hadronandhadron-hadronscatteringandsofthadron-hadroncollisionsinonepackage.Itusestheparton-showerapproachforinitial-stateandfinal-stateQCDradiation,includingcolourcoherenceeffectsandazimuthalcorrelationsbothwithinandbetweenjets.Thisarticleincludesab

82、riefreviewofthephysicsunderlyingHERWIG,followedbyadescriptionoftheprogramitself.Thisincludesdetailsoftheinputandcontrolparametersusedbytheprogram,andtheoutputdataprovidedbyit.Sampleoutputfromatypicalsimulationisgivenandannotated.SCI高被引高被引摘要摘要引言部分案例案例presents介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, S

83、BTitle: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCHSource: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 农业和林业气象学荷兰农业和林业气象学荷兰 Elsevier SCI被引用260次Abstract:Thispaperpresentsadetailedanalysisofseveralh

84、undredplantcarbonexchangerate(CER)anddryweight(DW)responsestoatmosphericCO2enrichmentdeterminedoverthepast10years.ItdemonstratesthatthepercentageincreaseinplantgrowthproducedbyraisingtheairsCO2contentisgenerallynotreducedbylessthanoptimallevelsoflight,waterorsoilnutrients,norbyhightemperatures,salin

85、ityorgaseousairpollution.Moreoftenthannot,infact,thedatashowtherelativegrowth-enhancingeffectsofatmosphericCO2enrichmenttobegreatestwhenresourcelimitationsandenvironmentalstressesaremostsevere.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasizingAuthor(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, KTit

86、le: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMSSource: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995统计科学美国统计科学美国SCI被引用296次Abstract:MarkovchainMonteCarlo(MCMC)methodshavebeenusedextensivelyinstatisticalphysicsoverthelast40years,inspatialstatisticsforthepast20andinBayesianimageanalysisoverthelastdecade.I

87、nthelastfiveyears,MCMChasbeenintroducedintosignificancetesting,generalBayesianinferenceandmaximumlikelihoodestimation.ThispaperpresentsbasicmethodologyofMCMC,emphasizingtheBayesianparadigm,conditionalprobabilityandtheintimaterelationshipwithMarkovrandomfieldsinspatialstatistics.Hastingsalgorithmsare

88、discussed,includingGibbs,Metropolisandsomeothervariations.PairwisedifferencepriorsaredescribedandareusedsubsequentlyinthreeBayesianapplications,ineachofwhichthereisapronouncedspatialortemporalaspecttothemodeling.Theexamplesinvolvelogisticregressioninthepresenceofunobservedcovariatesandordinalfactors

89、;theanalysisofagriculturalfieldexperiments,withadjustmentforfertilitygradients;andprocessingoflow-resolutionmedicalimagesobtainedbyagammacamera.AdditionalmethodologicalissuesariseineachoftheseapplicationsandintheAppendices.Thepaperlaysparticularemphasisonthecalculationofposteriorprobabilitiesandconc

90、urswithothersinitsviewthatMCMCfacilitatesafundamentalbreakthroughinappliedBayesianmodeling.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focusesAuthor(s):HUNT,KJ;SBARBARO,D;ZBIKOWSKI,R;GAWTHROP,PJTitle:NEURALNETWORKSFORCONTROL-SYSTEMS-ASURVEYSource:AUTOMATICA,28(6):1083-1112NOV1992自动学荷兰ElsevierSCI被引用740次Ab

91、stract:Thispaperfocusesonthepromiseofartificialneuralnetworksintherealmofmodelling,identificationandcontrolofnonlinearsystems.Thebasicideasandtechniquesofartificialneuralnetworksarepresentedinlanguageandnotationfamiliartocontrolengineers.Applicationsofavarietyofneuralnetworkarchitecturesincontrolare

92、surveyed.Weexplorethelinksbetweenthefieldsofcontrolscienceandneuralnetworksinaunifiedpresentationandidentifykeyareasforfutureresearch.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围focusAuthor(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW; Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BPSource:

93、RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998放射性碳美国放射性碳美国 SCI被引用被引用2797次次Abstract:Thefocusofthispaperistheconversionofradiocarbonagestocalibrated(cal)agesfortheinterval24,000-0calBP(BeforePresent,0calBP=AD1950),baseduponasamplesetofdendrochronologicallydatedtreerings,uranium-thoriumdatedcorals,andvarve-counte

94、dmarinesediment.TheC-14age-calageinformation,producedbymanylaboratories,isconvertedtoDelta(14)Cprofilesandcalibrationcurves,fortheatmosphereaswellastheoceans.WediscussoffsetsinmeasuredC-14agesandtheerrorstherein,regionalC-14agedifferences,tree-coralC-14agecomparisonsandthetimedependenceofmarinereser

95、voirages,andevaluatedecadalvs.single-yearC-14results.Changesinoceanicdeepwatercirculation,especiallyforthe16,000-11,000calspinterval,arereflectedintheDelta(14)CvaluesofINTCAL98.SCI高被引高被引摘要引言部分案例摘要引言部分案例介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围emphasisAuthor(s):LEBRETON,JD;BURNHAM,KP;CLOBERT,J;ANDERSON,DRTitle:MODELINGSURVIVAL

96、ANDTESTINGBIOLOGICALHYPOTHESESUSINGMARKEDANIMALS-AUNIFIEDAPPROACHWITHCASE-STUDIESSource:ECOLOGICALMONOGRAPHS,62(1):67-118MAR1992生态学论丛美国Abstract:Theunderstandingofthedynamicsofanimalpopulationsandofrelatedecologicalandevolutionaryissuesfrequentlydependsonadirectanalysisoflifehistoryparameters.Forinst

97、ance,examinationoftrade-offsbetweenreproductionandsurvivalusuallyrelyonindividuallymarkedanimals,forwhichtheexacttimeofdeathismostoftenunknown,becausemarkedindividualscannotbefollowedcloselythroughtime.Thus,thequantitativeanalysisofsurvivalstudiesandexperimentsmustbebasedoncapture-recapture(orresigh

98、ting)modelswhichconsider,besidestheparametersofprimaryinterest,recaptureorresightingratesthatarenuisanceparameters.结构式摘要Thispapersynthesizes,usingacommonframework,theserecentdevelopmentstogetherwithnewones,withanemphasisonflexibilityinmodeling,modelselection,andtheanalysisofmultipledatasets.Theeffec

99、tsonsurvivalandcaptureratesoftime,age,andcategoricalvariablescharacterizingtheindividuals(e.g.,sex)canbeconsidered,aswellasinteractionsbetweensucheffects.Thisanalysisofvariancephilosophyemphasizesthestructureofthesurvivalandcaptureprocessratherthanthetechnicalcharacteristicsofanyparticularmodel.Thef

100、lexiblearrayofmodelsencompassedinthissynthesisusesacommonnotation.Asaresultofthegreatlevelofflexibilityandrelevanceachieved,thefocusischangedfromfittingaparticularmodeltomodelbuildingandmodelselection.SCI摘要摘要方法部分案例案例方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test， study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, conside

101、r, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等SCI高被引高被引摘要摘要方法部分案例案例discusses介绍研究或试验过程Author(s):LIANG,KY;ZEGER,SL;QAQISH,BTitle:MULTIVARIATEREGRESSION-ANALYSESFORCATEGORICAL-DATASource:JOURNALOFTHEROYALSTATISTICALSOCIETYSERIESB-METHODOLOGI

102、CAL,54(1):3-401992皇家统计学会志，B辑：统计方法论SCI被引用364Abstract:Itiscommontoobserveavectorofdiscreteand/orcontinuousresponsesinscientificproblemswheretheobjectiveistocharacterizethedependenceofeachresponseonexplanatoryvariablesandtoaccountfortheassociationbetweentheoutcomes.Theresponsevectorcancompriserepeatedo

103、bservationsononevariable,asinlongitudinalstudiesorgeneticstudiesoffamilies,orcanincludeobservationsfordifferentvariables.Thispaperdiscussesaclassofmodelsforthemarginalexpectationsofeachresponseandforpairwiseassociations.Themarginalmodelsarecontrastedwithlog-linearmodels.Twogeneralizedestimatingequat

104、ionapproachesarecomparedforparameterestimation.Thefirstfocusesontheregressionparameters;thesecondsimultaneouslyestimatestheregressionandassociationparameters.Therobustnessandefficiencyofeachisdiscussed.ThemethodsareillustratedwithanalysesoftwodatasetsfrompublichealthresearchSCI高被引高被引摘要方法部分案例摘要方法部分案例

105、介绍研究或试验过程examinesAuthor(s):Huo,QS;Margolese,DI;Stucky,GDTitle:Surfactantcontrolofphasesinthesynthesisofmesoporoussilica-basedmaterialsSource:CHEMISTRYOFMATERIALS,8(5):1147-1160MAY1996SCI被引用945次 材料的化学性质美国Abstract:Thelow-temperatureformationofliquid-crystal-likearraysmadeupofmolecularcomplexesformedbe

106、tweenmolecularinorganicspeciesandamphiphilicorganicmoleculesisaconvenientapproachforthesynthesisofmesostructurematerials.Thispaperexamineshowthemolecularshapesofcovalentorganosilanes,quaternaryammoniumsurfactants,andmixedsurfactantsinvariousreactionconditionscanbeusedtosynthesizesilica-basedmesophas

107、econfigurations,MCM-41(2dhexagonal,p6m),MCM-48(cubicIa3d),MCM-50(lamellar),SBA-1(cubicPm3n),SBA-2(3dhexagonalP6(3)/mmc),andSBA-3(hexagonalp6mfromacidicsynthesismedia).Thestructuralfunctionofsurfactantsinmesophaseformationcantoafirstapproximationberelatedtothatofclassicalsurfactantsinwaterorothersolv

108、entswithparallelrolesfororganicadditives.Theeffectivesurfactantionpairpackingparameter,g=V/alpha(0)l,remainsausefulmolecularstructure-directingindextocharacterizethegeometryofthemesophaseproducts,andphasetransitionsmaybeviewedasavariationofgintheliquid-crystal-Likesolidphase.Solventandcosolventstruc

109、turedirectioncanbeeffectivelyusedbyvaryingpolarity,hydrophobic/hydrophilicpropertiesandfunctionalizingthesurfactantmolecule,forexamplewithhydroxygrouporvariablecharge.Surfactantsandsynthesisconditionscanbechosenandcontrolledtoobtainpredictedsilica-basedmesophaseproducts.Aroom-temperaturesynthesisoft

110、hebicontinuouscubicphase,MCM-48,ispresented.Alow-temperature(100degreesC)andlow-pH(7-10)treatmentapproachthatcanbeusedtogiveMCM-41withhigh-quality,largepores(upto60Angstrom),andporevolumesaslargeas1.6cm(3)/gisdescribed.SCI高被引高被引摘要方法部分案例摘要方法部分案例介绍研究或试验过程estimatesAuthor(s):KESSLER,RC;MCGONAGLE,KA;ZHAO

111、,SY;NELSON,CB;HUGHES,M;ESHLEMAN,S;WITTCHEN,HU;KENDLER,KSTitle:LIFETIMEAND12-MONTHPREVALENCEOFDSM-III-RPSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERSINTHEUNITED-STATES-RESULTSFROMTHENATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEYSource:ARCHIVESOFGENERALPSYCHIATRY,51(1):8-19JAN1994普通精神病学纪要美国SCI被引用4350次Abstract:Background:Thisstudypresentsestimat

112、esoflifetimeand12-monthprevalenceof14DSM-III-RpsychiatricdisordersfromtheNationalComorbiditySurvey,thefirstsurveytoadministerastructuredpsychiatricinterviewtoanationalprobabilitysampleintheUnitedStates.Methods:TheDSM-III-Rpsychiatricdisordersamongpersonsaged15to54yearsinthenoninstitutionalizedcivili

113、anpopulationoftheUnitedStateswereassessedwithdatacollectedbylayinterviewersusingarevisedversionoftheCompositeInternationalDiagnosticInterview.Results:Nearly50%ofrespondentsreportedatleastonelifetimedisorder,andcloseto30%reportedatleastone12-monthdisorder.Themostcommondisordersweremajordepressiveepis

114、ode,alcoholdependence,socialphobia,andsimplephobia.Morethanhalfofalllifetimedisordersoccurredinthe14%ofthepopulationwhohadahistoryofthreeormorecomorbiddisorders.Thesehighlycomorbidpeoplealsoincludedthevastmajorityofpeoplewithseveredisorders.Lessthan40%ofthosewithalifetimedisorderhadeverreceivedprofe

115、ssionaltreatment,andlessthan20%ofthosewitharecentdisorderhadbeenintreatmentduringthepast12months.Consistentwithpreviousriskfactorresearch,itwasfoundthatwomenhadelevatedratesofaffectivedisordersandanxietydisorders,thatmenhadelevatedratesofsubstanceusedisordersandantisocialpersonalitydisorder,andthatm

116、ostdisordersdeclinedwithageandwithhighersocioeconomicstatus.Conclusions:Theprevalenceofpsychiatricdisordersisgreaterthanpreviouslythoughttobethecase.Furthermore,thismorbidityismorehighlyconcentratedthanpreviouslyrecognizedinroughlyonesixthofthepopulationwhohaveahistoryofthreeormorecomorbiddisorders.

117、Thissuggeststhatthecausesandconsequencesofhighcomorbidityshouldbethefocusofresearchattention.Themajorityofpeoplewithpsychiatricdisordersfailtoobtainprofessionaltreatment.Evenamongpeoplewithalifetimehistoryofthreeormorecomorbiddisorders,theproportionwhoeverobtainspecialtysectormentalhealthtreatmentis

118、lessthan50%.Theseresultsarguefortheimportanceofmoreoutreachandmoreresearchonbarrierstoprofessionalhelp-seekingSCI高被引高被引摘要方法部分案例摘要方法部分案例说明研究或试验方法measureAuthor(s):Schlegel,DJ;Finkbeiner,DP;Davis,MTitle:Mapsofdustinfraredemissionforuseinestimationofreddeningandcosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationforegrou

119、ndsSource:ASTROPHYSICALJOURNAL,500(2):525-553Part1JUN201998SCI被引用2972 次 天体物理学杂志美国美国TheprimaryuseofthesemapsislikelytobeasanewestimatorofGalacticextinction.Tocalibrateourmaps,weassumeastandardreddeninglawandusethecolorsofellipticalgalaxiestomeasure thereddeningperunitfluxdensityof100mumemission.Wefin

120、dconsistentcalibrationusingtheB-Rcolordistributionofasampleofthe106brightestclusterellipticals,aswellasasampleof384ellipticalswithB-VandMglinestrengthmeasurements.Forthelattersample,weusethecorrelationofintrinsicB-VversusMg,indextotightenthepowerofthetestgreatly.Wedemonstratethatthenewmapsaretwiceas

121、accurateastheolderBurstein-Heilesreddeningestimatesinregionsoflowandmoderatereddening.Themapsareexpectedtobesignificantlymoreaccurateinregionsofhighreddening.ThesedustmapswillalsobeusefulforestimatingmillimeteremissionthatcontaminatescosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationexperimentsandforestimatingsoftX

122、-rayabsorption.Wedescribehowtoaccessourmapsreadilyforgeneraluse.SCI高被引高被引摘要结果部分案例摘要结果部分案例介绍应用、用途applicationAuthor(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, STitle: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGESSource: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992SCI被引用508次

123、IEEE模式分析与机器智能汇刊美国Abstract:AmultiscaleCannyedgedetectionisequivalenttofindingthelocalmaximaofawavelettransform.Westudythepropertiesofmultiscaleedgesthroughthewavelettheory.Forpatternrecognition,oneoftenneedstodiscriminatedifferenttypesofedges.Weshowthattheevolutionofwaveletlocalmaximaacrossscaleschar

124、acterizethelocalshapeofirregularstructures.Numericaldescriptorsofedgetypesarederived.Thecompletenessofamultiscaleedgerepresentationisalsostudied.Wedescribeanalgorithmthatreconstructsacloseapproximationof1-Dand2-Dsignalsfromtheirmultiscaleedges.Forimages,thereconstructionerrorsarebelowourvisualsensit

125、ivity.Asanapplication,weimplementacompactimagecodingalgorithmthatselectsimportantedgesandcompressestheimagedatabyfactorsover30.SCI高被引高被引摘要结果部分案例摘要结果部分案例介绍应用、用途 applyAuthor(s): BELL, AJ; SEJNOWSKI, TJTitle: AN INFORMATION MAXIMIZATION APPROACH TO BLIND SEPARATION AND BLIND DECONVOLUTIONSource: NEURAL

126、 COMPUTATION, 7 (6): 1129-1159 NOV 1995SCI被引用2429 神经计算美国神经计算美国Abstract:Wederiveanewself-organizinglearningalgorithmthatmaximizestheinformationtransferredinanetworkofnonlinearunits.Thealgorithmdoesnotassumeanyknowledgeoftheinputdistributions,andisdefinedhereforthezero-noiselimit.Undertheseconditions,

127、informationmaximizationhasextrapropertiesnotfoundinthelinearcase(Linsker1989).Thenonlinearitiesinthetransferfunctionareabletopickuphigher-ordermomentsoftheinputdistributionsandperformsomethingakintotrueredundancyreductionbetweenunitsintheoutputrepresentation.Thisenablesthenetworktoseparatestatistica

128、llyindependentcomponentsintheinputs:ahigher-ordergeneralizationofprincipalcomponentsanalysis.Weapplythenetworktothesourceseparation(orcocktailparty)problem,successfullyseparatingunknownmixturesofupto10speakers.Wealsoshowthatavariantonthenetworkarchitectureisabletoperformblinddeconvolution(cancellati

129、onofunknownechoesandreverberationinaspeechsignal).Finally,wederivedependenciesofinformationtransferontimedelays.Wesuggestthatinformationmaximizationprovidesaunifyingframeworkforproblemsinblindsignalprocessing.SCI高被引高被引摘要结果部分案例摘要结果部分案例介绍结论介绍结论summaryAuthor(s):SJOSTRAND,TTitle:HIGH-ENERGY-PHYSICSEVENT

130、GENERATIONWITHPYTHIA-5.7ANDJETSET-7.4Source:COMPUTERPHYSICSCOMMUNICATIONS,82(1):74-89AUG1994SCI被引用1735 计算机物理学通讯荷兰Abstract:PYTHIAandJETSETarethetwomaincomponentsoftheLundMonteCarloprogramsuite.Theycanbeusedtogeneratehigh-energy-physicsevents,i.e.setsofoutgoingparticlesproducedintheinteractionsbetween

131、twoincomingparticles.Ideallytheseeventsshouldhavethesameaveragebehaviourandthesamefluctuationsasrealdata.Theunderlyingphysicsisnotunderstoodwellenoughtogiveanexactdescription,theprogramsthereforecontainacombinationofanalyticalresultsandvariousmodels.Severaleventclassesareconsidered,withinandbeyondth

132、estandardmodel.Wegiveasummaryofthemainphysicscomponentofthecurrentversions,PYTHIA5.7andJETSET7.4:hard-scatteringmatrixelements,partondistributions,initial-andfinal-stateradiation,multipleinteractions,beamremnants.fragmentationanddecays.Abriefoutlineisalsogivenofsomeprogrammingaspects.Adetailedphysic

133、sdescriptionandmanualisavailableasaseparatepublicationSCI高被引高被引摘要结果部分案例摘要结果部分案例展示研究结果展示研究结果presentAuthor(s):Perdew,JP;Burke,K;Ernzerhof,MTitle:GeneralizedgradientapproximationmadesimpleSource:PHYSICALREVIEWLETTERS,77(18):3865-3868OCT281996物理评论快报美国SCI被引用4810Abstract:Generalizedgradientapproximations(

134、GGAs)fortheexchange-correlationenergyimproveuponthelocalspindensity(LSD)descriptionofatoms,molecules,andsolids.WepresentasimplederivationofasimpleGGA,inwhichallparameters(otherthanthoseinLSD)arefundamentalconstants.OnlygeneralfeaturesofthedetailedconstructionunderlyingthePerdew-Wang1991(PW91)GGAarei

135、nvoked.ImprovementsoverPW91includeanaccuratedescriptionofthelinearresponseoftheuniformelectrongas,correctbehaviorunderuniformscaling,andasmootherpotential.高被引高被引摘要讨论部分案例摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点present高被引高被引摘要讨论部分案例摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点presentAuthor(s):CORNELL,WD;CIEPLAK,P;BAYLY,CI;GOULD,IR;Title:A2NDGE

136、NERATIONFORCE-FIELDFORTHESIMULATIONOFPROTEINS,NUCLEIC-ACIDS,ANDORGANIC-MOLECULESSource:JOURNALOFTHEAMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY,117(19):5179-5197MAY171995被引用4946 美国化学会志Abstract:Wepresentthederivationofanewmolecularmechanicalforcefieldforsimulatingthestructures,conformationalenergies,andinteractionenergie

137、sofproteins,nucleicacids,andmanyrelatedorganicmoleculesincondensedphases.Thiseffectivetwo-bodyforcefieldisthesuccessortotheWeineretal,forcefieldandwasdevelopedwithsomeofthesamephilosophies,suchastheuseofasimplediagonalpotentialfunctionandelectrostaticpotentialfitatomcenteredcharges.Theneedfora10-12f

138、unctionforrepresentinghydrogenbondsisnolongernecessaryduetotheimprovedperformanceofthenewchargemodelandnewvanderWaalsparameters.Thesenewchargesaredeterminedusinga6-31Gbasissetandrestrainedelectrostaticpotential(RESP)fittingandhavebeenshowntoreproduceinteractionenergies,freeenergiesofsolvation,andcon

139、formationalenergiesofsimplesmallmoleculestoagooddegreeofaccuracy.Furthermore,thenewRESPchargesexhibitlessvariabilityasafunctionofthemolecularconformationusedinthechargedetermination.ThenewvanderWaalsparametershavebeenderivedfromliquidsimulationsandincludehydrogenparameterswhichtakeintoaccounttheeffe

140、ctsofanygeminalelectronegativeatoms.ThebondedparametersdevelopedbyWeineretal.weremodifiedasnecessarytoreproduceexperimentalvibrationalfrequenciesandstructures.MostofthesimpledihedralparametershavebeenretainedfromWeineret.al.,butacomplexsetofphiandpsiparameterswhichdoagoodjobofreproducingtheenergieso

141、fthelow-energyconformationsofglycylandalanyldipeptideshasbeendevelopedforthepeptidebackbone.SCI高被引摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点 suggestAuthor(s): KELCE, WR; STONE, CR; LAWS, SC; GRAY, LE; Title: PERSISTENT DDT METABOLITE P,P-DDE IS A POTENT ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTSource: NATURE, 375 (6532): 581-585 JUN

142、 15 1995自然英国自然英国SCI被引用650Abstract:THEincreaseinthenumberofreportsofabnormalitiesinmalesexdevelopmentinwildlifeandhumanscoincidedwiththeintroductionofoestrogenicchemicalssuchasDDT(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane)intotheenvironment,Althoughthesephenotypicalterationsarethoughttobemediated

143、bytheoestrogenreceptor,theyarealsoconsistentwithinhibitionofandrogenreceptor-mediatedevents,HerewereportthatthemajorandpersistentDDTmetabolite,p,p-DDE(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene),haslittleabilitytobindtheoestrogenreceptor,butinhibitsandrogenbindingtotheandrogenreceptor,androgen-ind

144、ucedtranscriptionalactivity,andandrogenactionindeveloping,pubertalandadultmalerats,Theresultssuggestthatabnormalitiesinmalesexdevelopmentinducedbyp,p-DDEandrelatedenvironmentalchemicalsmaybemediatedattheleveloftheandrogenreceptor高被引高被引摘要讨论部分案例摘要讨论部分案例陈述论文的论点和作者的观点expectAuthor(s):EDVARDSSON,B;ANDERSE

145、N,J;GUSTAFSSON,B;LAMBERT,DL;Title:THECHEMICALEVOLUTIONOFTHEGALACTICDISK.1.ANALYSISANDRESULTSSCI被引用934天文学与天体物理学法国Source:ASTRONOMYANDASTROPHYSICS,275(1):101-152AUG1993IndividualageswerederivedfromfitsintheT(eff)-loggplaneofthesesomewhatevolveddwarfstoisochronesbyVandenBerg(1985).Weexpecttheuncertainti

146、esintherelativeagestobeabout25%,althoughtheabsoluteerrorsmaybelarger.Distances,propermotionsandradialvelocitiesweretranslatedtogalacticU,VandWvelocitycomponentswhichinturnwereindependentlyusedbyM.GrenonandJ.Sommer-Larsentocalculatestellarorbitalparameters,whichagreewithin5%.FollowingGrenon,themeanga

147、lactocentricdistanceswereusedasestimatesofstellarbirthplacestoinvestigateabundancegradientsinthediskatdifferentepochsSCI高被引摘要讨论部分案例推荐和建议推荐和建议suggestAuthor(s):BELL,AJ;SEJNOWSKI,TJTitle:ANINFORMATIONMAXIMIZATIONAPPROACHTOBLINDSEPARATIONANDBLINDDECONVOLUTIONSCI被引用929Source:NEURALCOMPUTATION,7(6):1129-1

148、159NOV1995神经计算美国Abstract:Wederiveanewself-organizinglearningalgorithmthatmaximizestheinformationtransferredinanetworkofnonlinearunits.Thealgorithmdoesnotassumeanyknowledgeoftheinputdistributions,andisdefinedhereforthezero-noiselimit.Undertheseconditions,informationmaximizationhasextrapropertiesnotfo

149、undinthelinearcase(Linsker1989).Thenonlinearitiesinthetransferfunctionareabletopickuphigher-ordermomentsoftheinputdistributionsandperformsomethingakintotrueredundancyreductionbetweenunitsintheoutputrepresentation.Thisenablesthenetworktoseparatestatisticallyindependentcomponentsintheinputs:ahigher-or

150、dergeneralizationofprincipalcomponentsanalysis.Weapplythenetworktothesourceseparation(orcocktailparty)problem,successfullyseparatingunknownmixturesofupto10speakers.Wealsoshowthatavariantonthenetworkarchitectureisabletoperformblinddeconvolution(cancellationofunknownechoesandreverberationinaspeechsign

151、al).Finally,wederivedependenciesofinformationtransferontimedelays.Wesuggestthatinformationmaximizationprovidesaunifyingframeworkforproblemsinblindsignalprocessing.SCI高被引摘要讨论部分案例推荐和建议推荐和建议suggestAuthor(s):HAWKINS,JD;CATALANO,RF;MILLER,JYTitle:RISKANDPROTECTIVEFACTORSFORALCOHOLANDOTHERDRUGPROBLEMSINAD

152、OLESCENCEANDEARLYADULTHOOD-IMPLICATIONSFORSUBSTANCE-ABUSEPREVENTIONSource:PSYCHOLOGICALBULLETIN,112(1):64-105JUL1992心理学通报美国SCI被引用1131Abstract:Theauthorssuggestthatthemostpromisingroutetoeffectivestrategiesforthepreventionofadolescentalcoholandotherdrugproblemsisthrougharisk-focusedapproach.Thisappro

153、achrequirestheidentificationofriskfactorsfordrugabuse,identificationofmethodsbywhichriskfactorshavebeeneffectivelyaddressed,andapplicationofthesemethodstoappropriatehigh-riskandgeneralpopulationsamplesincontrolledstudies.Theauthorsreviewriskandprotectivefactorsfordrugabuse,assessanumberofapproachesf

154、ordrugabusepreventionpotentialwithhigh-riskgroups,andmakerecommendationsforresearchandpractice.SCI高被引摘要讨论部分案例推荐和建议推荐和建议suggestAuthor(s):MOFFITT,TETitle:ADOLESCENCE-LIMITEDANDLIFE-COURSE-PERSISTENTANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR-ADEVELOPMENTALTAXONOMYSource:PSYCHOLOGICALREVIEW,100(4):674-701OCT1993心理学评论美国SCI被引用1

155、340Abstract:Adualtaxonomyispresentedtoreconcile2incongruousfactsaboutantisocialbehavior(a)Itshowsimpressivecontinuityoverage,but(b)itsprevalencechangesdramaticallyoverage,increasingalmost10-foldtemporarilyduringadolescence.Thisarticlesuggeststhatdelinquencyconceals2distinctcategoriesofindividuals,ea

156、chwithauniquenaturalhistoryandetiology:Asmallgroupengagesinantisocialbehaviorof1sortoranotherateverylifestage,whereasalargergroupisantisocialonlyduringadolescence.Accordingtothetheoryoflife-course-persistentantisocialbehavior,childrensneuropsychologicalproblemsinteractcumulativelywiththeircriminogen

157、icenvironmentsacrossdevelopment,culminatinginapathologicalpersonality.Accordingtothetheoryofadolescence-limitedantisocialbehavior,acontemporarymaturitygapencouragesteenstomimicantisocialbehaviorinwaysthatarenormativeandadjustive.高被引高被引摘要摘要讨论部分案例案例推荐和建议推荐和建议recommendAuthor(s):Nelson,DR;Koymans,L;Kama

158、taki,T;Title:P450superfamily:Updateonnewsequences,genemapping,accessionnumbersandnomenclatureSource:PHARMACOGENETICS,6(1):1-42FEB1996药物遗传学美国SCI被引用1535Thisrevisionsupersedesthefourpreviousupdatesinwhichanomenclaturesystem,basedondivergentevolutionofthesuperfamily,hasbeendescribed.Forthegene,werecomme

159、ndthattheitalicizedrootsymbolCYPforhuman(CypformouseandDrosophila),representingcytochromeP450,befollowedbyanArabicnumberdenotingthefamily,aletterdesignatingthesubfamily(whentwoormoreexist),andanArabicnumeralrepresentingtheindividualgenewithinthesubfamily.Ahyphenisnolongerrecommendedinmousegenenomenc

160、lature.P(psinmouseandDrosophila)afterthegenenumberdenotesapseudogene;Xafterthegenenumbermeansitsusehasbeendiscontinued.Ifageneisthesolememberofafamily,thesubfamilyletterandgenenumberwouldbehelpfulbutneednotbeincluded.ThehumannomenclaturesystemshouldbeusedforallspeciesotherthanmouseandDrosophila.Thec

161、DNAs,mRNAsandenzymesinallspecies(includingmouse)shouldincludeallcapitalletters,andwithoutitalicsorhyphens.Thisnomenclaturesystemissimilartothatproposedinourpreviousupdates.摘要案例：可以修改的摘要摘要案例：可以修改的摘要Continuousmesoporoussilicathinfilmswith3Daccessibleporestructures(Im3m spacegroups)havebeenpreparedbyadi

162、p-coatingtechniqueusingF-127surfactantsas the structure-directing agents in nonaqueous media under acidic conditions onIndium-tinoxideglass(ITO).Thefilmscanbecalcinedtoremovethesurfactantandproduceacubicmesoporoussilicatematerial.XRDstudyandcalculationshowthatthemesoporoussilicafilmisSBA-16withIm3ms

163、pacegroupsymmetry,andSBA-16powderwithunitcellparameters(a)of193and186forcalcinedSBA-16film.TheN2adsportion-desorptionexperimentindicatesthatSBA-16hasBETsurfaceareas of 534.45m2/g, a mean pore sizes of 160 and the total pore volume of0.376cm3/g.Fe nanowire paralleling in arrays have been prepared by

164、direct currentelectrodeposition in highly ordered SBA-16 films. Homogenerous filling of all theporesoftheSBA-16filmsisachieved.AndthediameterofFenanowirescanbevariedbetween100-300,whichcorrespondstothediametersoftheporesofthetemplateisadjustablebyvaryingaddingorganicswellingagents1,3,5-trimethylbenz

165、ene(TMB).摘要案例：可以修改的摘要摘要案例：可以修改的摘要首先在第一个句子中有一些语病：首先在第一个句子中有一些语病：mesoporoussilicathinfilms-thinfilmsofmesoporoussilica3D-threedimensionalIm3m spacegroups-spacegroupIm3m.by-byusing.Indium-indium.usingF-127surfactantsasthestructure-directingagentsinnonaqueousmediaunderacidicconditions是是合合成成这这种种介介孔孔分分子子筛

166、筛通通用用的的方方法法，不不是是本文的贡献，所以可以除去。本文的贡献，所以可以除去。第二句：Thefilmscanbecalcinedtoremovethesurfactantandproduceacubicmesoporoussilicatematerial.也是众所周知的，应该删除。第三句：XRDstudyandcalculationshowthatthemesoporoussilicafilmisSBA-16withIm3mspacegroupsymmetry,andSBA-16powderwithunitcellparameters(a)of193and186forcalcinedSB

167、A-16film.中只有SBA-16是需要交待的。这种材料的Unitcellparameter也是行内的人都知道的。可以将SBA-16加到第一句，其它全部删除。摘要案例：可以修改的摘要摘要案例：可以修改的摘要摘要一般是不分段的。第二段的一句也是描述SBA-16的基本性质，大家都知道。可以删去。第三句是讲用这种多孔的材料做模板，制备多孔铁的薄膜。但是有的用词是不严谨的。比如，Homogenerousfilling在论文中没有提供任何证据来说明达到均匀的填充。最后一句给人的印象是作者通过加一种有机物来调节介孔分子筛的孔道大小，从而调控铁纳米线的粗细。事实上，作者并没有做这件事，而是凭想象写下这段文

168、字的。实验结果表明，氧化铁的纳米线粗细和孔道大小没有直接的关系。摘要的写作时态摘要写作时所采用的时态应视情况而定，力表达自然（1）介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普偏事实，应该使）介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普偏事实，应该使用现在时，如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，应使用完成时。用现在时，如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，应使用完成时。例如Theauthorsreviewriskandprotectivefactorsfordrugabuse,assessanumberofapproachesfordrugabusepreventionpotentia

169、lwithhigh-riskgroups,andmakerecommendationsforresearchandpractice。PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN112(1):64-105JUL1992心理学通报AmericanPsychologicalAssociation例如Abstract:Inthisstudy,wedescribeapsychobiologicalmodelofthestructureanddevelopmentofpersonalitythataccountsfordimensionsofbothtemperamentandcharacter.Prev

170、iousresearchhasconfirmedfourdimensionsoftemperament:noveltyseeking,harmavoidance,rewarddependence,andpersistence,whichareindependentlyheritable,manifestearlyinlife,andinvolvepreconceptualbiasesinperceptualmemoryandhabitformation.ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY50(12):975-990DEC1993普通精神病学纪要ArchivesofGe

171、neralPsychiatry摘要的写作时态2、在叙述研究目的或者主要研究活动时，如果采用在叙述研究目的或者主要研究活动时，如果采用论文导向论文导向，多使用，多使用现在时现在时如如Thispaperpresent如果采用如果采用研究导向研究导向使用使用过去时过去时Thisstudyinvestigated例1 Theauthorsummarizesthebasicconceptsthatdefinethedisciplineofpsychosocialrehabilitationanddiscusseshowthoseconceptshaveattimesbeendistortedinactu

172、alpractice。AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY149(11):1455-1463NOV1992美国精神病学杂志例12 Weinvestigatedwhethercaptoprilcouldreducemorbidityandmortalityinpatientswithleftventriculardysfunctionafteramyocardialinfarction.NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE327(10):669-677SEP31992新英格兰医学杂志摘要的写作时态3、概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时，通常使用现在时

173、使用现在时例1 Abstract:Wedescribeanewmolecularapproachtoanalyzingthegeneticdiversityofcomplexmicrobialpopulations.Thistechniqueisbasedontheseparationofpolymerasechainreaction-amplifiedfragmentsofgenescodingfor16SrRNA,allthesamelength,bydenaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis(DGGE).APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL M

174、ICROBIOLOGY59(3):695-700MAR1993应用与环境微生物学例2Ourresultsindicatethatp21maybeauniversalinhibitorofcyclinkinases.NATURE366(6456):701-704DEC161993自然摘要的写作时态4、叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在时、臆测量动词或may ,should could 等助动词，例如WesuggestthatclimateinstabilityintheearlypartofthelastinterglacialmayhavedelayedthemeltingoftheSaaleanicesheetsinAmericaandEurasia,perhapsaccountingforthisdiscrepancyNATURE364(6434):218-220JUL151993摘要的写作的人称、语态一般使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。调查表示，被动语态的使用在1920-1970年比较流行。目前大多数期刊使用主动语态，Nature 、Cell 其中第一人称和主动语态使用普遍。一半以上的期刊告戒作者在论文中不要使用可识别作者身份的自引如In our earlier work 或其他有关识别作者所在单位的信息。