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1、GrammarGrammarNon-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句概念：非限制性定语从句用来对先行词补充说明，没有它，主句也能独立存在，非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不密切，它与先行词之间常用逗号隔开；翻译时常翻译成两个句子。Compare the two sentences in the same group and find the difference.Discuss & Summarize Discuss & Summarize (group work)(group work)第一组A.The old ma
2、n has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第二组A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第三组A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask ques
3、tions, which makes his teacher angry.第一组A.The old man has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第一组：A中的从句是非限制性定语从句，是对先行词的补充说明。整个句子的意思是：这位老人有一个儿子，在部队工作。（隐含的意义：只有一个儿子）B中的从句是限制性定语从句，作用是对先行词son进行限定、修饰。整个句子的意思是：这位老人有个在部队工作的儿子。（隐含的意思：也许还有其他的儿子，在干别的工作）第二组A.My younger brother
4、who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第二组：虽然两句的表达顺序完全相同，但是由于停顿和语调的变化，造成的定语从句与主句关系的紧密程度发生变化。A句可以翻译成：我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。从句是限制性定语从句，是限定性定语从句限定了先行词的意义，明确是18岁的那个弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）。B可以翻译成：我弟弟是大学生，今年18岁。第三组A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions w
5、hich make his teacher angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions, which makes his teacher angry.第三组：A句中的定语从句修饰先行词questions，B句中的定语从句修饰的是整个前面的主句部分，所以表达的意义也就有明显的差别。A吉姆不喜欢问使老师生气的问题。（which 指代questions)B吉姆不喜欢问问题，这让老师很生气。（which指代Jim doesnt like to ask questions 这个情况）温馨提示：某些句子用了逗号成为非限制性定语从句,同没有用逗号的相比，意义有很大区别
6、1.I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。（只有一位姐姐）3. He has a brother, who lives in Beijing4. He has a brother who lives in Beijing.他有一个哥哥,住在北京.他有一个住在北京的哥哥（可能有几个哥哥,其中一个是住在北京的.）More examples:非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句:对先行词进行补充对先行词
7、进行补充说明说明,关系不是十分紧密关系不是十分紧密,省去对主句没有多省去对主句没有多大影响大影响.而限制性定语从句而限制性定语从句:是先行词在意义上是先行词在意义上不可缺少不可缺少的定语的定语,如果去掉如果去掉,主句的意思就不主句的意思就不完整完整.Non-restrictive attributive clause:A clause that adds extra information to the main clause of a sentence.Fillintheblankswithproperrelativewords.1.Thefamousbasketballstar,_isan
8、American,cametoChinayesterday.2.Inthosedays,sheusedtogotoMrblack,with_shehadawonderfultime.3.Iboughtacaryesterday,_costmealot.4.Xian,_Ivisitedlastmonth,isaniceoldcity.5.HewillcometoseemenextJuly,_hewontbesobusy.6.The school,_I once studied,was built thirtyyearsago.7.John said hed been working in the
9、 office for anhour,_wastrue.whowhomwhichwhichwhenwherewhich限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：一：在句中作用不同限对先行词有限定制约作用，不可省去，否则句意不完整。非限起补充作用，可省去，句意仍然完整。二：外在表现形式不同非限用逗号隔开1. Do you remember the girl who taught us Chinese? 你还记得教我们语文的那个女孩吗?2.Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一
10、位朋友。三：先行词内容有所不同大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词可以为一个句子，此时要用which来引导例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。 析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。四：关系词的使用情况有所不同（1）that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句他没通过这次考试,令我很失望
11、。 误: He didnt pass the exam, that disappointed me. 正: He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me.使用非限制性定语从句时如果先行词指人，则用who, whose，which等；如果先行词指物要用which；先行词表时间或者地点，并在句中作时间状语或者地点状语时要用when或者where引导。 例 1. Well graduate in July, when we will be free. 我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。 例 2. Last Sunday they reached N
12、anjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。（2）关系代词替代情况不同关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中不行。例 1. This is the girl whom (who)I met in the street. 这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。 析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom . 例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
13、一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。 析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .（3）关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可用省略，但在非限制性定语从句中所有的关系词都不能省略。例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。 例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday,
14、 has been found. 他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。 析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。用定语从句挑战高考原题（浙江（浙江2005）Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it（浙江（浙江2005）_ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B.
15、After C. As D. Since（浙江（浙江2006）I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed. A. of that B. of which C. that D. whichACB（浙江（浙江2007）Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where（浙江（浙江2008）Yesterday she sold
16、 her car, _ she bought a month ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which（浙江（浙江2009）The young man weve just talked to is a traveler _ parents visited us last year. A. that B. whose C. whom D. whichBBD有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。
17、我们称这一语法现象为意不受影响。我们称这一语法现象为定语从句的缩略。定语从句的缩略。定语从句的省略定语从句的省略1.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限定性定语从句的关系代词不省略，而非限定性定语从句的关系代词不可省；可省；e.g. This is the old man (who/whom) we referred to.(who 或whom 可省) The book,which he lost yuesterday,has been found.2.当先行词是当先行词是way，关系词在定语从句中作，关系词在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系词可用方
18、式状语时，关系词可用that，in which或或省略。省略。e.g. That was the way (in which/that/) she worked the problem out. Ss are more or less different in the way(that/in which) they study.3.有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。e.g.1.The woman(who is)
19、standing there e.g.1.The woman(who is)standing there is my sister.is my sister. 2.Ive listened to the 2.Ive listened to the lecture(which was)given by that lecture(which was)given by that famous professor.famous professor. 3.You should have a talk with Ms 3.You should have a talk with Ms Smith,(who
20、was)the adviser to Ss.Smith,(who was)the adviser to Ss. 4.He spoke to the girl4.He spoke to the girl(who was)from New York.(who was)from New York. 5.You need someone who can look 5.You need someone who can look after youafter you you need someone to look after you need someone to look after you.you.
21、有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词（系代词（who,which,that）和部分谓）和部分谓语（语（am,is,are,were)等，从而使之缩等，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。例如：后置定语。例如：1)Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.4)Thebook
22、(thathasbeen)giventohimisanEnglishnovel.有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：5)Themanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.Themanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.6)Bill,whohadtakenchemi
23、stryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.Bill,havingtakenchemistryinhighschool,offeredtohelphim.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.（2011安徽）安徽）A.whenB.whichC.whereD.whileJuliawasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allof_shespokefluently.(2011湖南湖南)A.whoB.whomC.whichD.thatCC
