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1、阅读中的长难句阅读中的长难句TOEFL1This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built. 2This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built. 3This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that
2、 Jack built. 这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。 4长难句类型：1 1、主语或宾语拉长、主语或宾语拉长 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 3 3、多个谓语动词连用、多个谓语动词连用 4 4、插入语、插入语 5 5、并列结构使得句子变长、并列结构使得句子变长 6 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加总原则：总原则：浓缩主干，找出核心句型浓缩主干，找出核心句型51
3、1、 主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。各个击破。The deserts, which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice 2) Note: occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；alarming 令人担忧的令人担忧的； 61 1、 主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主
4、谓成分，断开之后解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。各个击破。The deserts, which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice 2) Note: occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；alarming 令人担忧的令人担忧的； 71 1、 主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各
5、个击破。各个击破。The deserts, which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice 2) Note: occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；decade 十年；十年；alarming 令人担忧的令人担忧的； pace 步伐，速度步伐，速度8 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解
6、决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental
7、protection. Note：Conservancy 大自然保护协会9 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys Bud Smith is
8、working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. Note：Conservancy 大自然保护协会10 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 Working in a centur
9、y-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection. Note：Conservancy 大自然保护协会11 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与解决方
10、法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. （TPO）Note：it refers to soci
11、ety12 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, a
12、nd it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.Note：it refers to society13 介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possib
13、le answers.14 介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.15 介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。In a time of low academi
14、c achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.turn to sb for sth有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不
15、仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。163 3、多个谓语动词连用、多个谓语动词连用 解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。17Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu
16、may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.Notes: scratchy 痒的；痒的；stuffy 不通气的；不通气的；Spell：引起；：引起；make a difference 有影响，有关系有影响，有关系18Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery l
17、asts.Notes: scratchy 痒的；痒的；stuffy 不通气的；不通气的；Spell：引起；：引起；make a difference 有影响，有关系有影响，有关系19Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入Vibration 震动20Late
18、r, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入Vibration 震动21Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the
19、building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入Vibration 震动后来，人们试图解除了它的基础建设，并插入橡胶之间的建筑物和地基钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。224 4、插入语、插入语 提示词提示词such as; for example; including, 破折号破折号前后逗号隔开前后逗号隔开. 快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。 但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定
20、位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：23It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO)24It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for s
21、praying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO)Pigment: 颜色25It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby. (TPO)Pigment: 颜色26 Finally, other people may give us ins
22、trumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.Q：Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of A. instrumental support B. informational support C. social companionship D. the strengthening o
23、f self-respect27在主语后面加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一个句子的主干主语）注意：发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！28A recent study, published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Get a lift 搭便车29 5 5、并列结构连用使得句子变长（单词，短语，句、并列结构连用使得句子
24、变长（单词，短语，句子都可以并列）子都可以并列） 并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：单独的句子即可。例如：305. 并列结构One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth cent
25、ury B.C., sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. (TPO) Note：set forth 提出；提出；imitative 模仿的；模仿的；seeas把把看作；看作； 315. 并列结构One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitativeas tak
26、ing pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. (TPO) Note：set forth 提出；提出；imitative 模仿的；模仿的；seeas把把看作；看作； pleasure 乐趣；乐趣；326 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。 解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至
27、关重要。例如：关重要。例如：（1） Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. (TPO)336 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。 解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：关重要。例如：（1） Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. (TPO)34
