《Part Three Sentence》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Part Three Sentence（78页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 Part Three The SentenceI. Complete Sentence and Sentence Fragments A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement: He came. She
2、wrote a letter. Dr. Smith is a professor. Attributes and adverbials, though they are not essential elements of a sentence, help to make the meaning clear or complete: He came to the classroom very early. She wrote a long letter to her parents. Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics.Attention
3、: A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and end with a period. This simple rule is important to remember for in Chinese writing commas may be used to separate complete sentences.It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields.
4、It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. II. Types of Sentences (1) According to their use, sentences are classified as: 1. Declarative Sentence (陈述句陈述句): makes an
5、assertion or statement.2. Interrogative Sentence (疑问句疑问句): asks a question.3. Imperative Sentence (祈使句祈使句): expresses a command or a request.4. Exclamatory Sentence (感叹句感叹句): expresses a strong feeling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy. II. Types of Sentences (2)According to their structure
6、, sentences are classified as: 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 4. Compound-Complex SentenceExamples of simple sentence: The mother is dressing her baby. Her speech and performance moved the audience. He is reading and writing at the same time. Manny, Luwella, and Mary lub
7、ricated my car, replaced the oil filter, and cleaned the spark plugs.Examples of compound sentence: Frank wanted to go swimming, but Mary decided to go shopping.Jane works at the Family Planning Clinic and her husband Smith does research work for the same unit.Examples of complex sentence (1): Becau
8、se I forgot the time, I missed the play. While Susan was eating the fish, she began to feel sick. I checked my paper again before I handed it to my professor.Examples of complex sentence (2): The heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped planting our trees.Mary had to give up sewing, for her arthri
9、tis had become very painful.Examples of compound-complex sentence: When the power line snapped (突然中断突然中断), Jack was listening to the stereo, and Linda was reading in bed. After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drip
10、her course.III. Types of Sentences (3) From a rhetorical (修辞) point of view, sentences are classified as：A. The Periodic Sentence (圆周句）圆周句）Definition: A periodic sentence is one in which the main thought is not completed until the very end of the sentence. Feature: more effective creates a sense of
11、anticipation more emphatic B. Loose Sentence （松散句）（松散句）Definition: A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information.Features: put first things first let the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few wordsThe difference between the loose and periodic c
12、onstructions:Loose Construction 1.The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways.2. She was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports.3. There have been many great discoveries made by scientis
13、ts in the twentieth century.Periodic Construction1. In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 2. According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, she was offered a professional contract.3. Scientists in the twentieth centur
14、y have made many great discoveries.PracticeRewrite the following sentences so that the final emphasis falls on the idea in the clause presented at the beginning of each sentence.1. The course was not very difficult, although I didnt receive a high grade.2. He felt that the world had come to an end w
15、hen he wasnt chosen for the football team.3. It requires steady nerves to do the job safely.4. The plane began to shake noticeably as soon as it lifted off the runway.5. She filled a bucket with water to put out the fire.Practice6. Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the roo
16、m.7. Emily Dickinson is one of my favorite poets.8. There are many exercises to do if you want to build a muscular body.9. Summer is the most enjoyable season for many people.10. He played the violin well because he had been trained in it from an early age.C. Balanced Sentence （对偶句）（对偶句）Definition:
17、A balanced sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning.Features: impressive pleasing to hear used in formal writing Examples: see P50 ExercisesI. Read the following and say what kind of sentence each is (loose, periodic, or balanced): 1. It is a pleasure to
18、read good books. 2. She missed the step and sprained (扭伤) her ankle. 3. Badly frightened by the explosion, the boy rushed out of the laboratory. 4. The Jacksons must have gone away for the summer holidays, for we have not seen them for two or three weeks. 5. There were the translators in their booth
19、s, and the girl secretaries at the doors, and the reporters grumbling (咕哝) and scribbling (匆忙地写) in their seats. (to be continued) (Continued )1.6. Our friends, who had started before us, promised that 2. they would meet us, but when we arrived at the bus stop, 3. they were nowhere to be seen.7. The
20、 new thing that happened to me in the town was that I was thrown into experiences that finally seemed to cut my ties to the walled-world of my childhood. 8. In the speeches of politicians towards the close of 1919 and the spring of 1920, there was manifest an increasing recognition of the fact that
21、what is called the capitalist system the private ownership system that is, in which private profit is the working incentive-was on trial. 9. It will not be done by the Government; it cannot be done by Parliament.II. Types of Sentences (2) According to their length, there are 1. Short Sentences 2. Lo
22、ng Sentences1. Using short sentences Short sentences can often be very powerful, brief. They are easy to read. They are clear and effective. eg.: Love conquers all. War is hell.But too many short sentences exhaust the reader. They sound childish: Peter and Carl walk to school. Bonnie follows them. B
23、onnie is Peters dog. She is a nice dog. She walks at Peters heels. She turns back at the butchers shop. Now bonnie will try to find her friends. She may go home. (8 sentences)But too many short sentences exhaust the reader. They sound childish: Peter and Carl walk to school, and Bonnie follows them.
24、 Bonnie is Peters dog, and She is a nice dog. She walks at Peters heels, but she turns back at the butchers shop. Now Bonnie may try to find her friends, or she may go home. (4 Sentences) But too many short sentences exhaust the reader. They sound childish: As Peter and Carl walk to school, Peters n
25、ice dog, Bonnie, follows them, walking at Peters heels until she turns back when they reach the butchers shop. Now, if she doesnt find her friends, she will go home. (2 sentences) 2. Using long sentences Long Sentences are common in legal, political and theoretical writing, which depends on modifica
26、tion for accuracy.Examples: see P52 In fiction long sentences are sometimes used to describe a person, a thing or a scene.Examples: see P53 Some of the most useful subordinating conjunctions are the following:after as long as if in so far assince because in case in order that as before once in as mu
27、ch as as if every time till provided (that)so (that) now that until whilethough although unless when The following are some examples of in so far as, in as much as, provided (that): in so far as (只要，在只要，在范围内范围内) 1) Ill help you with your English in so far as I can. 2) We will succeed only in so far
28、as we are prepared to sacrifice secondary objectives. 3) In so far as you are a student, you are allowed to travel cheaply on our railways.The following are some examples of in so far as, in as much as, provided (that): in as much as (只要只要) 1) In as much as the road is slippery, I shall not drive to
29、 work. 2) Her duty is to assist the weak in as much as she is able.The following are some examples of in so far as, in as much as, provided (that): provided (that) (只要只要) 1) We shall go outing provided the weather is fine. 2) Provided no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting in the boat. Mo
30、st sentences with subordinating conjunctions can be turned around. Dont forget to put a comma when a two-part sentence starts with a subordinating conjunction. A comma usually separates the two sections of the sentence:nNo Comma: He is well contented although he is poor.nComma: Although he is poor,
31、he is well contented. Most sentences with subordinating conjunctions can be turned around. Dont forget to put a comma when a two-part sentence starts with a subordinating conjunction. A comma usually separates the two sections of the sentence:nNo Comma: You can use these tools till the farmers come
32、back.nComma: Till the farmers come back, you can use these tools. Now look at the following two ways of combining sentences:Two sentences: Tom heard a knock at the door. Tom went to open it. One sentence: Hearing a knock at the door, tom went to open it.Now look at the following two ways of combinin
33、g sentences:Two sentences: Bert is a certified accountant. Even Bert was stumped (难住难住) by the fourth math problemOne sentence: Even Bert, a certified accountant, was stumped by the fourth math problem. Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle is that the structure should
34、 fit the idea being expressed. In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way around. Now do the following exercises. III. Effective Sentences1. Unity (一致性，统一性一致性，统一性)2. Coherence (连贯性连贯性)3. Conciseness (简洁性简洁性)4. Emphasis (强调性强调性)5. Variety (多样性多样性)III. Effective
35、 Sentences 1. Unity (一致性，统一性一致性，统一性): A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself. Example 1:F: Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a fa
36、mous musician.R: He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatoire (音乐学院音乐学院). In the 70s he became a famous musician. Example 2:F: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets.R: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the T
37、ang period. 2. Coherence (连贯性连贯性): A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear. It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in per
38、son and number, or in voice, tense, and mood. Example 1:F: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.R: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds. Example 2:F: We thought she was charming, intel
39、ligent, and a very capable young woman.R: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable. We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.Example 3:F: We have great faith and high hopes for her.R: We have great faith in and high hopes for her.Look at the followin
40、g examples:F: She told my sister that she was wrong.R: “Im wrong,” she said to my sister. She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister. “Youre wrong,” she said to my sister. My sister was told that she was wrong.Look at the following examples:F: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it w
41、as not serious.R: He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt. In each of the faulty sentences there is a pronoun with ambiguous reference.Look at the following sentences:F: Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.R: Looking out of the window, he (
42、she, I) can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can reach. Outside the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.Look at the following sentences:F: On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”R: When the teacher entered the classroom, the st
43、udents stood up and said, “Good morning!” On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said, “Good morning!”Look at the following sentences:F: To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.R: To get ready for the trip, she put a
44、ll the things she needed into a suitcase.Here are more incoherent sentences:F1: I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen.R1: I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen.F2: The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.R2: The idea he first mentioned sounded good. The id
45、ea he mentioned sounded good at first.Here are more incoherent sentences:F: He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.R: He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting.Here are more incoherent sentences:F: An important thing for the student to reme
46、mber is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.R: An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.3. Conciseness (简洁性简洁性): A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the
47、 better. Wordiness only obscures, instead of clarifying,the idea. Compare the following:W: It was blue in color. It was small in size. Mary is a quiet and careful woman. He returned in the early part of the month of August.C: It was blue. It was small. Mary is quiet and careful. He returned in early
48、 August. Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided.Examples:W: In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.C: I think your plan is feasible.More Examples:W: He gave many reasons
49、 for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.C: He gave many reasons for the failure, but none of them was convincing.More Examples:W: This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues.C: This machine was jointly designed by t
50、he old engineer and some of his younger colleagues. This machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues. Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure. Compare:W: There was a pine tree that stood like a giant on the top of the
51、 mountain. It towered over the trees around it.Compare:C: The pine tree on the top of the mountain stood like a giant and towered over the trees around it. The giant pine tree on the top of the mountain towered over the trees around it. On the top of the mountain was a giant pine tree which towered
52、over the trees around it.Compare:W: Mr. Smith usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.C: Mr. Smith prefers wines produced in France. Mr. Smith prefers French wines.4. Emphasis（强调性）（强调性）: When there is an important idea, it should beexpressed with emphasis. Ways of empha
53、sis in speech: A. speaking loudly or slowly B. saying very short sentences C. using a gesture. Ways of emphasis in writing: A. Emphatic Sentences: B. Emphasis within the Sentence:Ways of emphasis in writing: A. Emphatic Sentences: a. Short sentences. b. Sentence fragments (one-member sentences). Eg.
54、: The sky was overcast. A north wind was blowing. It threatened to rain at any moment. A gloomy day. c. Inverted sentences. Eg.: In rushed the noisy children. The poet was born poor, and poor he remained all his life. d. Parallel constructions and balanced sentences. e. Periodic sentences. f. Impera
55、tive and exclamatory sentences. Eg.: Dont move! How nice! g. Rhetorical questions: Eg.: Didnt I tell you that you mustnt touch this machine? Can anyone believe his explanation? h. Negative-positive statement: The contrast makes them emphatic. Eg.: 1) The delegates shouted and quarreled. It was not a
56、 meeting; it was a farce (闹剧闹剧). 2) There were so many errors in the performance that the result was not a tragedy, but a comedy.i. Sentences with repeated words or phrases. Eg.: Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.Ways of emphasis in writing: B. E
57、mphasis within the Sentence: a. Placing The beginning and the end, especially the end, of a sentence are the two places that attract the readers attention.C: There is a big tree, which is said to be 300 years old, in the temple. In the temple there is a big tree, which is said to be 300 years old. C
58、: 1) There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the 20th century. 2) Many great discoveries have been made by scientists in the 20th century. 3) In the 20th century scientists have made many great discoveries. b. RepetitionIn a proper context repeating a word or an idea in differen
59、t words may be a means of emphasis. Eg.: Bright, very bright, were the stars over the wild, dark Yenan hills.Sometimes repeating an idea is made in different words. The second mention of an idea should in some way intensify the first. b. Repetition Sometimes repeating an idea is made in different wo
60、rds. The second mention of an idea should in some way intensify the first. Eg.: The good old days were gone forever, could never be got back again. She looked at the stranger with timid suspicion and uneasy doubt. c. The verb and the active voiceVerbs are generally more vivid and emphatic than nouns
61、. C: At the sight of the disorderly crowd, he was aware that something bad would be possible. The moment he saw the disorderly crowd, he knew that something bad would happen.Active verbs carry greater force than the passive. C: We planted many trees yesterday. Many trees were planted yesterday. The
62、passive may be useful when the result is more important than the action itself.C: Lu Xuns works have been translated into many languages. More highrises will be built on the outskirts of the city. d. SubordinationC: The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him. 1) T
63、he professor walked into the classroom, carrying a bag of books with him. 2) The professor walked into the classroom with a bag of books under his arm. 3) The professor walked into the classroom, a bag of books under his arm. e. Emphatic words and phrasesEg.: 1) This is the very dictionary I have be
64、en looking for. 2) The director himself told me this news. 3) Do tell us about your recent Antarctic expedition. 4) I dont like the novel at all. 5) This theater is far better than the one we went to last time. f. AlliterationEg.: 1) busy as a bee 2) During the national liberation movement of this A
65、frican Country, the colonial government was faced with the choice between the ballot and the bullet.5. Variety (多样性多样性) Variety is achieved when short sentences are used in between long ones, simple sentences in between compound and complex ones, periodic sentences in between loose ones. An occasion
66、al question, command, or exclamation among statements may also be helpful. ExercisesII. Read the following, point out the mistakes and make necessary corrections:1. Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, he had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic.
67、2. When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I had not heard him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.3. Peter always did his work a little better than his fellow workers, that was why he got higher pay than others. (To be continued) ( Continued)4. No student could answer that questi
68、on, even John, who was usually quick in answering questions, was silent.5. Bill looks like Jack, however, they are not related.6. The old man hunched (驼背) forward. His head tilted (歪斜) at an angle.7. Their work was well planned, everybody worked with great enthusiasm, thus, they overfulfilled their
69、quota.8. Mark Twain, a well-known American writer, whose experience as a pilot on a steamboat was no doubt an important factor that helped him to become a famous writer.III. Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into compound or complex sentences, or sentences with participial, prepos
70、itional, or other phrases: 1. Wilson comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall. 2. The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends. 3. Last night was a wild night. The thunder roared. The wind blew a gale (大风). The rain fell in torrents (倾盆大雨).
71、 4. There are icicles (冰柱) on the trees.The temperature must have fallen considerably during the night. 5. He returned to his hometown. He had been away for twelve years. He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks. 6. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go. 7. The sky was cloud
72、less. The sun was shining brightly. (To be continued) (Continued)8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners.9. The girl began to learn to play the piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist.10. Napoleon was born in 1769. At
73、that time Corsica had just been acquired by France.11. She appeared on the stage. A stormy applause broke forth.12. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India. They migrated into Europe. Once they were thought to be Egyp- tians. 13. The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager
74、 to learn from the veteran workers.14. It was a poor quarter. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud walls and straw roofs. They dotted a hillside. (To be continued) Practice Use appropriate dependent words to combine the following pairs of simple sentences into complex sentences. Place a comm
75、a after a dependent sentence when it starts the sentence. Examples: Jack obtained a credit card. He began spending money carelessly. When Jack obtained a credit card, he began spending money carelessly. 1. English is offered only in the morning. Chemistry can be taken at night. 2. The movie disguste
76、d the coach. He walked out after fifteen minutes. (To be continued) (Continued)3. The house had been burglarized. Smith couldnt sleep soundly for several months.4. His vision begins to fade. He knows hed better get some rest.5. The storm hit the coast city. We crisscrossed (纵横交叉)our windows with strong tape.Thanks!
