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1、I-introduction-to-I-introduction-to-civil-engineeringcivil-engineeringOutlineDefinition of Civil EngineeringDifferent Fields of Civil EngineeringDiscussionDefinitionAmerican Society of Civil Engineering defines Civil Engineering as the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and physical
2、 sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces of nature for the progressive well-being of man.Scope of Different Fields of Civil Engineering(i) Surveying(ii) Building Materials(iii) Construction Technolog
3、y(iv) Structural Engineering(v) Geotechnical Engineering(vi) Hydraulics(vii) Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering(viii) Transportation Engineering(ix) Environmental Engineering and(x) Town planning(i) SurveyingSurveying is the science of map making. To start any development activity in an area
4、 the relative positions of various objects in the horizontal and vertical directions are required. (i) SurveyingEarlier, the conventional instruments like chain, tape and levelling instruments were used. In this electronic era, modern equipments like distance meters and total stations are used to ge
5、t more accurate results easily. The modern technologies like photogrammetry and remote sensing have made surveying easier.Level (for elevation)EDM (for distance)Total station for angle and distance(ii) Building MaterialsTraditional building materials: stones, bricks, timber, lime, cement, sand and t
6、iles(瓦片)Improved quality of buildings by steel, aluminium, glass, glazed tiles(瓷砖 ), plaster of paris(石膏板), paints（涂料） and varnishes（油漆）. (ii) Building MaterialsThe mixture of cement, sand and crushed stones with water is known as concrete. The use of concrete with steel bars placed in appropriate p
7、osition has helped in building strong and durable tall structures.The composite material of concrete and steel is called reinforced cement concrete which is popularly known as R. C C. (iii) Construction TechnologyConstruction is the major activity of civil engineering which is continuously improving
8、. As land cost is going up there is demand for tall structures in urban areas while in rural areas need is for low cost constructions. (iv) Structural EngineeringLoad acting on a structure is ultimately transferred to ground. In doing so, various components of the structure are subjected to internal
9、 stresses. (iv) Structural EngineeringFor example, in a building, load acting on a slab is transferred by slab to ground through beams, columns and footings. Assessing the internal stresses in the components of a structure is known as Structural Analysis and finding the suitable size of the structur
10、al component is known as design of structure. (v) Geotechnical EngineeringSoil property changes from place to place. Even in the same place it may not be uniform at various depths. The soil property may vary from season to season due to variation in moisture content. (v) Geotechnical Engineering The
11、 load from the structure is to be safely transferred to soil. For this, safe bearing capacity of the soil is to be properly assessed. This branch of study in Civil Engineering is called as Geotechnical Engineering.(v) Geotechnical EngineeringApart from finding safe bearing capacity for foundation of
12、 buildings, geotechnical engineering involves various studies required for the design of pavements, tunnels, earth dams, canals and earth retaining structures. It involves study of ground improvement techniques also.(vi) Hydraulics Water is an important need for all living beings. Study of mechanics
13、 of water and its flow characteristics is another important field in Civil Engineering and it is known as hydraulics.vii) Water Resources and Irrigation EngineeringWater is to be supplied to agriculture field and for drinking purposes. Hence suitable water resources are to be identified and water is
14、 to be stored.Identifying, planning and building water retaining structures like tanks(贮水池) and dams and carrying stored water to fields is known as water resources and irrigation engineering.(viii) Transportation EngineeringProviding good and economical roads is an important duty of civil engineers
15、.It involves design of base courses, suitable surface finishes, cross drainage works, road intersections, culverts, bridges, tunnels etc. (viii) Transportation EngineeringCarrying out traffic survey, design, construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, railway, harbour and airports is known as tr
16、ansportation engineering.(ix) Environmental EngineeringProper distribution of water to rural areas, towns and cities and disposal of waste water and solid waste are another field of civil engineering. Industrialization and increase in vehicular traffic are creating air pollution problems. Environmen
17、tal engineering while tackling all these problems provides healthy environment to public.(x) Architecture and Town PlanningAesthetically good structures are required. Towns and cities are to be planned properly. This field of engineering has grown considerably and has become a course separate from Civil Engineering.DiscussionAs a student majoring in civil engineering English, what should you learn? What will be your role in the civil engineering world?结束结束
