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1、高级英语写作Advanced English WritingLecture 2Part one DictionDiction is the choice and use of words.Learning diction can help use words in appropriate, exact, idiomatic and interering way.I. Levels of WordsThree types: formal, common, colloquialFormal words: learned words, or literary /big words; In forma
2、l writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses; Of Greek or Latin origin; Three or more syllables.Common words: people use everyday; in all kinds of writing.Colloquial words: used in informal or familiar conversation. (guy-man, gut
3、s-courage, hassle-bother) There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usuage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not quest
4、ioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in American to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utterances in a given langu
5、age. -C. F. Voegelin When I was a kid, and reading every science fiction book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I dont mean what the future would be like-science fiction books seemed to agree, for example, that in the future there would be no money-a
6、ll transactions would be made via identity cards and centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in the first place? -Michael Rogers You have your tension. Sometimes you come close to having an accident, that upsets you. You
7、just escape maybe by a hair or so. Sometimes maybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there, and starts a big argument. Traffic. You have someone who cuts you off or stops in front of the bus. Theres a lot of tension behind that. You got to watch all the time. Youre watchin the drivers, youre watchi
8、n other cars. Most of the time you have to drive for the other drivers, to avoid hitting them. So you take the tension home with you. -Studus Terkel Slang words are highly informal, vivid and interesting, but may sound offensive or funny if used inappropriatly.i.e.: On hearing that his father had ki
9、cked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathies.The big banquet held in honour of the distinguished guests was really neat.II. The Meaning of WordsTwo aspects: denotative and connotativeA words denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is t
10、he feeling or idea suggested by it.country, nation, state, landSame denotation but different connotationsCountry refers to an area of land and its population and government.Nation emphasizes the people of a country;State refers to the government or polititcal organization of a country.Land is less p
11、recise but more literary and emotive than country.Examples:an island country; neighbouring countriesa peace-loving nation; the awakening nations of Africastate organs; state-owned enterprisesChina is my native landPart Two: Elementary Rules of Usage4. Place a comma before a conjunction introducing a
12、n independent clause.The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as (in the sense of because), for, or
13、, nor, or while (in the sense of and at the same time) likewise require a comma before the conjunction.If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction.The situation is perilous, but
14、if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.When the subject is the same for both clauses and is expressed only once, a comma is useful if the connective is but. When the connective is and, the comma should be omitted if the relation between the two statements is close or
15、 immediate.I have heard the arguments, but am still unconvinced.He has had several years experience and is thoroughly competent.5. Do not join independent clauses with a comma.If two or more clauses grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction are to form a single compound sentence, the pr
16、oper mark of punctuation is a semicolon.Mary Shelleys works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.It is, of course, equally correct to write each of these as two sentences, replacing the semicolons with periods.Mary Shelleys w
17、orks are entertaining. They are full of engaging ideas.It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma. (Rule 4.)Mary Shelleys works are entertaining, for they are full of engaging ideas.It is nearly half past five, and we cannot
18、 reach town before dark.A comparison of the three forms given above will show clearly the advantage of the first. It is, at least in the examples given, better than the second form because it suggests the close relationship between the two statements in a way that the second does not attempt, and be
19、tter than the third because it is briefer and therefore more forcible. Indeed, this simple method of indicating relationship between statements is one of the most useful devices of composition. The relationship, as above, is commonly one of cause and consequence.Note that if the second clause is pre
20、ceded by an adverb, such as accordingly, besides, then, therefore, or thus, and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required.I had never been in the place before; besides, it was dark as a tomb.6. Do not break sentences in two.In other words, do not use periods for commas.I met them on a Cu
21、nard liner many years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York. ()She was an interesting talker. A woman who had traveled all over the world and lived in half a dozen countries.()In both these examples, the first period should be replaced by a comma and the following word begun with a small lette
22、r.I met them on a Cunard liner many years ago, coming home from Liverpool to New York.She was an interesting talker, a woman who had traveled all over the world and lived in half a dozen countries.It is permissible to make an emphatic word or expression serve the purpose of a sentence and to punctua
23、te it accordingly:Again and again he called out. No reply.7. Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative quotation.A colon tells the reader that what follows is closely related to the preceding clause. The colon has
24、more effect than the comma, less power to separate than the semicolon, and more formality(拘谨) than the dash（破折号）. It usually follows an independent clause and should not separate a verb from its complement or a preposition from its object. Your dedicated whittler requires: a knife, a piece of wood,
25、and a back porch.()Understanding is that penetrating quality of knowledge that grows from: theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.()Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, a piece of wood, and a back porch.()Understanding is that penetrating quality of knowled
26、ge that grows from theory, practice, conviction, assertion, error, and humiliation.()Join two independent clauses with a colon if the second interprets or amplifies the first.But even so, there was a directness and dispatch（新闻报道） about animal burial: there was no stopover in the undertakers foul par
27、lor, no wreath or spray.A colon may introduce a quotation that supports or contributes to the preceding clause.The squalor（污秽） of the streets reminded her of a line from Oscar Wilde: We are all in the gutter（排水沟，贫民窟）, but some of us are looking at the stars.Part Three: Notice WritingNotices are most
28、ly written to make kanown sth. about to happen or, sometimes, sth. that has happened. It may be an announcement of a meeting, a party, a film or video show, a contest, a match, etc. Including1. Date-day of the week-time2. Place 3. ActivityFor lectures or talks, the notices should also include:4. Bac
29、kground information about the speakers, and for tours:5. Other detailsClass MeetingWednesday Sept. 127 p. m.Rm 8301Movie-Hamletin the AuditoriumSat.Oct. 124:00-6:00 p.m.Admission FreeBasketball Matchon Playing Court # 1English Dept. vs Japanese Dept.Mon. June 65: 00 PMWomens Lib Movement on U.S. Cam
30、pusSpeaker: Prof. Betty SmiowellProfessor of Sociology, Smith CollegeAuthor of The Other Half of the SkyDate: Friday, 8 MayTime: 10 a.m.Place: Rm. 101All Welcome!FOUND A brown leather wallet, in the dining hall on the morning of Sept. 1st. Owner please claim at the Lost and Found Office, Rm. 310 on
31、the 3rd floor of the Office Building. Lost and Found OfficeSUNFLOWER TOUR GROUPSchedule for Tuesday, August 108: 00 a.m. Meet in hotel lobby to board bud for the Summer Palace Lunch at the Summer Palace Quick stop at the Friendship Store for last-minute purchases4: 30 p.m. Return to hotel Liu Xin, Tour Guide Monday, August 9
