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1、噬血细胞综合症作者杨宝噬血细胞综合症作者杨宝忠忠n n病例病例1 1:n n女性,女性,2222岁。间断发热伴关节痛、皮疹岁。间断发热伴关节痛、皮疹2828天入院。查体:天入院。查体:T T:38.138.1,P,P:8888次次/ /分,分,R R:1818次次/ /分,分,BPBP:100/60mmHg100/60mmHg。神清语利,查体合作。全身皮肤黏膜未见。神清语利,查体合作。全身皮肤黏膜未见黄染、蜘蛛痣及瘀点瘀斑,颈部两侧可触及皮下结节,活黄染、蜘蛛痣及瘀点瘀斑,颈部两侧可触及皮下结节,活动度可,无压痛。眼结膜无充血、苍白,巩膜无黄染。颈动度可,无压痛。眼结膜无充血、苍白,巩膜无黄染
2、。颈静脉无怒张,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。心音有静脉无怒张,双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。心音有力,心率力,心率8888次次/ /分,律齐,各瓣膜未闻及病理性杂音。腹分,律齐,各瓣膜未闻及病理性杂音。腹平,未见腹壁静脉曲张,未见胃肠型蠕动波;腹软,无压平,未见腹壁静脉曲张,未见胃肠型蠕动波;腹软,无压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张痛、反跳痛及肌紧张 ,肝脾未触及明显肿大,肝脾未触及明显肿大,MurphyMurphy征征阴性;肝区叩击痛阴性,移动性浊音阴性;肠鸣音正常存阴性;肝区叩击痛阴性,移动性浊音阴性;肠鸣音正常存在。双下肢无水肿。生理反射存在,病理征未引出。左侧在。双下肢无水肿。生理反射存在,
3、病理征未引出。左侧足背部可见一约足背部可见一约3cm*3cm3cm*3cm红斑。红斑。n n病例病例2 2介绍:介绍:n n男,男,2121岁,既往健康岁,既往健康1212天前原因不明出现发热伴天前原因不明出现发热伴剑突下疼痛剑突下疼痛1010天,曾在外就医给克拉霉素、甲硝天,曾在外就医给克拉霉素、甲硝唑,症状不缓解,唑,症状不缓解,5 5天前小便发黄,全身酸困,气天前小便发黄,全身酸困,气短乏力,双下肢水肿短乏力,双下肢水肿. .查体:查体:T T:38.238.2,P,P:9696次次/ /分,分,R R:1818次次/ /分,分,BPBP:100/60mmHg100/60mmHg。神志清
4、楚,。神志清楚,查体合作。巩膜黄染,咽红,扁桃体无肿大,气查体合作。巩膜黄染,咽红,扁桃体无肿大,气管居中。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及明显干湿性啰音。管居中。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及明显干湿性啰音。心率心率9696次次/ /分,律齐,心音可,各瓣膜听诊区未闻分,律齐,心音可,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹部平坦,无腹壁静脉曲张,腹及病理性杂音。腹部平坦,无腹壁静脉曲张,腹软,剑突下压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张,肝脏胁下软,剑突下压痛,无反跳痛及肌紧张,肝脏胁下2cm2cm、剑突下、剑突下1cm1cm可触及,质软,无结节,轻度可触及,质软,无结节,轻度压痛,脾脏胁下压痛,脾脏胁下4cm4cm可触及,质软,无结
5、节,轻可触及,质软,无结节,轻度压痛,移动性浊音阴性,肝区叩击痛阳性,双度压痛,移动性浊音阴性,肝区叩击痛阳性,双肾区无叩击痛,肠鸣音正常存在。双下肢轻度指肾区无叩击痛,肠鸣音正常存在。双下肢轻度指凹性水肿。凹性水肿。 n n“ “血常规血常规WBC1.0109/L,RBC3.381012/LWBC1.0109/L,RBC3.381012/L,HBG99g/L,PLT38109/LHBG99g/L,PLT38109/L,肝功能:,肝功能:ALBALB:33.28g/L33.28g/L,ALT213.10U/LALT213.10U/L,AST484AST484U/L,DBIL60.02umol/
6、LU/L,DBIL60.02umol/L,IBIL28.1umol/LIBIL28.1umol/L,心电图:,心电图:窦性心律窦性心律 大致正常心电图,腹部彩超:肝大、脾大致正常心电图,腹部彩超:肝大、脾大、脾门静脉增宽、胆囊壁水肿、胰腺、双肾未大、脾门静脉增宽、胆囊壁水肿、胰腺、双肾未见明显,胸片:两下肺支气管炎见明显,胸片:两下肺支气管炎” ”门诊遂以门诊遂以“1“1、上、上呼吸道感染呼吸道感染2 2、慢性胃炎、慢性胃炎3 3、血液病?、血液病?4 4、结缔组织、结缔组织病?病?” ”收入我科。收入我科。 n n辅助检查:电解质:K4.75mmol/L,Na118.3mmol/L,Cl91
7、.1mmol/L;心肌酶:AST543.80U/L,CK762.70U/L,CKMB163.9U/L,LDH3227.10U/L;血凝全项:PT29.7s,PTR2.38,INR2.69,APTT100s,TT33.4s,FIB0.45g/L,补充诊断为电解质紊乱低钠低氯血症。n n鉴别诊断:恶性组织细胞病:临床表现以发热、肝脾淋巴结肿大、全血细胞减少和进行性衰竭为特征,但血象中贫血出现更早,白细胞早期可正常或增高,晚期显著减少,患者急性起病,白细胞减少明显,进一步观察病情变化n n初步诊断:n n1、嗜血综合症?n n2、骨髓异常增生综合征?n n3、浅表性胃炎n n临床诊断嗜血,告知病人,
8、家属要求转权威医院。n n转诊省内大三甲,依然没有确诊。n n骨髓象:提示轻度增生活跃n n病理:最后北京诊断:嗜血综合症文献复习:n n主要参考:主要参考:n nHow I treat lymphohistiocytosis n nBloodn n2011-03-278127n nhemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH)isaofpathologicimmuneactivation,occurringaseitherafamilialdisorderorasporadiccondition,inassociationwithavarietyoftrigg
9、ers.命名:n n嗜红细胞综合症嗜红细胞综合症(hemophagocyticsyndrome(hemophagocyticsyndrome,HPS)HPS)亦称噬血细胞性淋巴亦称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生组织细胞增生症症(hemophagocyticlymphohistocytosishemophagocyticlymphohistocytosis,HLHHLH)。)。 又称噬血细胞性网状细胞增生症又称噬血细胞性网状细胞增生症(hemophagocytic(hemophagocyticreticulosis)reticulosis),也可以称为:巨噬细胞活化综合征,也可以称为:巨噬细胞活化综
10、合征(macrophageactivationsyndromemacrophageactivationsyndrome,MASMAS)19791979年首先由年首先由RisdallRisdall等报告。是一种多器等报告。是一种多器官、多系统受累,并进行性加重伴免疫功能紊乱官、多系统受累,并进行性加重伴免疫功能紊乱的巨噬细胞增生性疾病,代表一组病原不同的疾的巨噬细胞增生性疾病,代表一组病原不同的疾病。病。n n特征是:特征是:发热发热,肝脾肿大肝脾肿大,全血细胞减少全血细胞减少。n n(macrophageactivationsyndrome,MAS)是由T细胞和巨噬细胞的过度活化及增殖引起的,
11、所以表现发热,肝脾、淋巴结肿大,全血细胞减少,轻至重度肝功能损害,DIC及神经系统受累、我们病例还表现心肌等酶系统严重异常为特征的综合征。又被认为继发性或反应性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(hemophagocyticlymphohistocytosis,HLH)。n n 组织学表现为组织学表现为T T淋巴细胞及良性增生的活化的巨淋巴细胞及良性增生的活化的巨噬细胞浸润,在骨髓和淋巴结中出现巨噬细胞的噬细胞浸润,在骨髓和淋巴结中出现巨噬细胞的噬血现象可确诊,但可以因为骨髓穿刺等问题出噬血现象可确诊,但可以因为骨髓穿刺等问题出现假阴性、需要多次穿刺。现假阴性、需要多次穿刺。n n巨噬细胞浸润可出现
12、在多个器官,并引起相关的巨噬细胞浸润可出现在多个器官,并引起相关的临床表现。对临床表现。对MASMAS尸检后发现巨噬细胞浸润可出尸检后发现巨噬细胞浸润可出现在心脏、肾上腺、肝脏、胰腺、脑膜,在肝脏现在心脏、肾上腺、肝脏、胰腺、脑膜,在肝脏门脉系统及肝窦浸润常导致弥漫性肝脂肪变。门脉系统及肝窦浸润常导致弥漫性肝脂肪变。 n nHPSHPS包括原发性包括原发性( (遗传性遗传性) )和继发性和继发性( (反应性反应性) )两两种类型。种类型。n n原发性又称家族性噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症原发性又称家族性噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症(familialhemophagocyticlymphohisti
13、ocytosis(familialhemophagocyticlymphohistiocytosis,FHL),FHL),是常染色体隐性遗传性疾病是常染色体隐性遗传性疾病; ;部分遗传性部分遗传性HPSHPS患者有穿孔素基因突变患者有穿孔素基因突变, ,可能还有其他遗传学可能还有其他遗传学异常。异常。n n本文主要复习继发性本文主要复习继发性HPSHPS:病因多样:病因多样, ,可由感染、可由感染、恶性病变或未知的潜在疾病激发。近期的研究结恶性病变或未知的潜在疾病激发。近期的研究结果提示果提示,HPS,HPS的发病与细胞毒活性缺陷、免疫活性的发病与细胞毒活性缺陷、免疫活性细胞凋亡减少密切相关。
14、细胞凋亡减少密切相关。n继发性HPS与感染或恶性肿瘤相关(表1),但也n n有相当多的病例病因不明。有相当多的病例病因不明。n n目前认为HPS血细胞减少有多因素参与:见Table1n n噬血细胞增多,加速血细胞的破坏;n n血清中存在造血祖细胞增殖的抑制性物质,骨髓内粒系和红系前体细胞和巨核细胞进行性减少,归因于抑制性单核因子和淋巴因子的产生,诸如-干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和白介素-1以及造血生长抑制因子的产生。n n噬血细胞综合征作为一个不同于恶性组织细胞增生症(MH)的独立临床实体,与MH十分容易混淆,是肝脾肿大伴全血细胞减少的发热性疾病中常需鉴别的一种疾患。近20年来,对该病的起
15、源、发病机制及治疗的研究深化了认识,刷新了本病的概念n nTable1Table1EtiologicalclassificationofhemophagocyticsyndromeEtiologicalclassificationofhemophagocyticsyndromen n原发性原发性( (遗传性遗传性) )噬血细胞综合征噬血细胞综合征n n家族性噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症家族性噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症(FHL)(FHL)n n继发性继发性( (反应性反应性) )噬血细胞综合征噬血细胞综合征n n感染相关的感染相关的(IAHS)(IAHS)n n病毒病毒(VAHS)(VAHS)n
16、n细菌细菌(BAHS)(BAHS)n n真菌真菌n n其他其他n n疾病相关的疾病相关的n n恶性病恶性病(MAHS)(MAHS)n n淋巴瘤淋巴瘤(LAHS)(LAHS)n n其他其他( (急性白血病、乳腺癌等急性白血病、乳腺癌等) )n n非恶性疾病非恶性疾病n n自身免疫病自身免疫病(SLE(SLE等等) )n n其他疾病其他疾病( (如如CHSCHS、GSGS、XLP)3XLP)3n n药物相关的药物相关的( (如如Phenytoin)Phenytoin)n n3CHS:3CHS:先天性白细胞颗粒异常综合征先天性白细胞颗粒异常综合征; ;GS:GriscelliGS:Griscelli
17、综合综合n n征征; ;XLP:XXLP:X伴淋巴组织增生综合征伴淋巴组织增生综合征n n家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征 n n发病年龄一般早期发病,发病年龄一般早期发病,7070发生于发生于1 1岁以内,甚至岁以内,甚至可在生前发病,出生时即有临床表现。多数在婴幼儿期发可在生前发病,出生时即有临床表现。多数在婴幼儿期发病,但也有迟至病,但也有迟至88岁发病者。成年发病亦不能排除家族性岁发病者。成年发病亦不能排除家族性 n nHPSHPS。在同一家族中,其发病年龄相似。症状体征,症状。在同一家族中,其发病年龄相似。症状体征,症状多样,早期多为发
18、热、肝、脾肿大,有的有皮疹、淋巴结多样,早期多为发热、肝、脾肿大,有的有皮疹、淋巴结肿大和神经症状。发热持续,亦可自行退热;肝脾肿大明肿大和神经症状。发热持续,亦可自行退热;肝脾肿大明显,且呈进行性;皮疹无特征性,常为一过性,往往出皮显,且呈进行性;皮疹无特征性,常为一过性,往往出皮疹时伴高热;约有一半病人有淋巴结肿大,有的有巨大淋疹时伴高热;约有一半病人有淋巴结肿大,有的有巨大淋巴结。中枢神经系统的症状一般在病程晚期出现,但也可巴结。中枢神经系统的症状一般在病程晚期出现,但也可发生在早期,表现为兴奋性增高、前囟饱胀、颈强直、肌发生在早期,表现为兴奋性增高、前囟饱胀、颈强直、肌张力增强或降低、
19、抽搐等。亦可有第张力增强或降低、抽搐等。亦可有第VIVI或第或第VIIVII对颅神经对颅神经麻痹、共济失调偏瘫或全瘫、失明、意识障碍、颅内压增麻痹、共济失调偏瘫或全瘫、失明、意识障碍、颅内压增高等。肺部的症状多为肺部淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞浸润所致,高等。肺部的症状多为肺部淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞浸润所致,但难与感染鉴别。但难与感染鉴别。 n n继发性噬血细胞综合征继发性噬血细胞综合征继发性噬血细胞综合征继发性噬血细胞综合征 n n感染相关性噬血细胞综合征感染相关性噬血细胞综合征感染相关性噬血细胞综合征感染相关性噬血细胞综合征(IAHSIAHS) n n严重感染引起的强烈免疫反应,淋巴组织细严重感染引起的
20、强烈免疫反应,淋巴组织细胞增生伴吞噬血细胞现象,本病常发生于免疫缺胞增生伴吞噬血细胞现象,本病常发生于免疫缺陷者,由病毒感染所致者称病毒相关性陷者,由病毒感染所致者称病毒相关性HPSHPS(VAHVAH),但其它微生物感染,如细菌、真菌、),但其它微生物感染,如细菌、真菌、立克次体、原虫等感染也可引起立克次体、原虫等感染也可引起HPSHPS。其临床表。其临床表现除有现除有HPSHPS的共同表现(如前所述)外,还有感的共同表现(如前所述)外,还有感染的证据。骨髓检查有淋巴组织细胞增生,并有染的证据。骨髓检查有淋巴组织细胞增生,并有吞噬红细胞、血小板和有核细胞现象。吞噬红细胞、血小板和有核细胞现象
21、。 n n肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征 n n本病分为两大类:一类是本病分为两大类:一类是急性淋巴细胞白血急性淋巴细胞白血病病(急淋)相关的(急淋)相关的HPSHPS,急淋在治疗前或治疗中,急淋在治疗前或治疗中可能合并有感染或没有感染伴发的可能合并有感染或没有感染伴发的HPSHPS。除急淋。除急淋外,纵隔的精原细胞瘤(外,纵隔的精原细胞瘤(mediactinalgermcellmediactinalgermcelltumortumor)也常发生继发性)也常发生继发性HPSHPS。第二类是淋巴瘤相。第二类是淋巴瘤相关的关的HPS
22、HPS(lymphoma-associatedlymphoma-associatedhemophagocytichemophagocytic,syndrome,LAllSsyndrome,LAllS),淋巴瘤常),淋巴瘤常为亚临床型,没有淋巴瘤的表现,故往往误诊为为亚临床型,没有淋巴瘤的表现,故往往误诊为感染相关性感染相关性HPSHPS,特别容易误诊为,特别容易误诊为EBEB病毒相关性病毒相关性淋巴瘤。淋巴瘤。 n nThisimmunedysregulatorydisorderisprominentlyassociatedwithcytopeniasandauniquecombination
23、ofclinicalsignsandsymptomsofextremeinflammation.Promptinitiationofimmunochemotherapyisessentialforsurvival,buttimelydiagnosismaybechallengingbecauseoftherarityofHLH,itsvariablepresentation,andthetimerequiredtoperformdiagnostictesting.n nTherapyiscomplicatedbydynamicclinicalcourse,highriskoftreatment
24、-relatedmorbidity,anddiseaserecurrence.n nHere,wereviewtheclinicalmanifestationsandpatternsofHLHanddescribeourapproachtothediagnosisandtherapyforthiselusiveandpotentiallylethalcondition.n nTable 1Table 1DiagnosticcriteriaforHLHusedintheHLH-DiagnosticcriteriaforHLHusedintheHLH-2004trial2004trial* *n
25、nThe diagnosis of HLHThe diagnosis of HLH may be established: may be established: n nA. Molecular diagnosis consistent with HLH: A. Molecular diagnosis consistent with HLH: pathologic mutations of pathologic mutations of PRF1PRF1, , UNC13DUNC13D, , Munc18-Munc18-2 2, , Rab27aRab27a, , STX11STX11, ,
26、SH2D1ASH2D1A, or , or BIRC4 BIRC4 ororB. B. n nFive of the 8 criteria listed below are fulfilled:Five of the 8 criteria listed below are fulfilled:1.Fever38.5C2.Splenomegaly3.1.Fever38.5C2.Splenomegaly3.Cytopenias(affectingatleast2of3lineagesintheCytopenias(affectingatleast2of3lineagesintheperiphera
27、lblood)Hemoglobin9g/dLperipheralblood)Hemoglobin9g/dL(ininfants4weeks:hemoglobin10g/dL)(ininfants4weeks:hemoglobin10g/dL)Platelets100103/mLNeutrophilsPlatelets100103/mLNeutrophils1103/mL4.Hypertriglyceridemia(fasting,265mg/dL)and/orhypofibrinogenemia(265mg/dL)and/orhypofibrinogenemia(500ng/mLNK-cell
28、activity7.Ferritin500ng/mL 8.ElevatedsCD25(-chainofsIL-2receptor)8.ElevatedsCD25(-chainofsIL-2receptor) n n诊断标准:诊断标准:n n发热超过发热超过1 1周,高峰周,高峰38.538.5; ;n n肝肝脾肿大脾肿大伴全血细胞减少伴全血细胞减少( (累及累及22个细胞个细胞系,骨髓无增生减低或增生异常系,骨髓无增生减低或增生异常); );n n肝功能异常肝功能异常( (血血LDHLDH正常均值正常均值+3SD+3SD,一般,一般1000U/L)1000U/L)及及凝血功能障碍凝血功能障碍(
29、 (血血纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白原1.5g/L)1.5g/L),伴高铁蛋白血症,伴高铁蛋白血症(正常均值正常均值+3SD+3SD,一,一般般1000ng/ml);1000ng/ml);n n噬血组织细胞占骨髓涂片有核细胞噬血组织细胞占骨髓涂片有核细胞3%3%,或和累及骨髓、淋巴结、肝、脾及中枢神经系统或和累及骨髓、淋巴结、肝、脾及中枢神经系统的组织学表现。的组织学表现。鉴别n n最容易混淆的是家族性最容易混淆的是家族性HPSHPS与继发性与继发性HPSHPS,特别是,特别是与病毒相关性与病毒相关性HPSHPS的鉴别,因为病毒感染不但与的鉴别,因为病毒感染不但与病毒相关性病毒相关性HPSHPS有关,在
30、家族性有关,在家族性HPSHPS患者,也常有患者,也常有病毒感染,而且家族性病毒感染,而且家族性HPSHPS也常由病毒感染而诱也常由病毒感染而诱发。家族性发。家族性HPSHPS为常为常染色体染色体隐性遗传病,常问不隐性遗传病,常问不到家族史,更增加了诊断的难度。到家族史,更增加了诊断的难度。n n一般认为,在一般认为,在2 2岁前发病者多提示为家族性岁前发病者多提示为家族性HPSHPS,而而8 8岁后发病者,则多考虑为继发性岁后发病者,则多考虑为继发性HPSHPS。在。在2828岁之间发病者,则要根据临床表现来判断,如果岁之间发病者,则要根据临床表现来判断,如果还难肯定,则应按家族性还难肯定,
31、则应按家族性HPSHPS处理。其次要与处理。其次要与恶恶性组织细胞病性组织细胞病( (恶组恶组) )相鉴别,二者在骨髓片上很相鉴别,二者在骨髓片上很难鉴别,但难鉴别,但HPSHPS要比恶组常见得多。要比恶组常见得多。 n n如临床上呈暴发经过、严重肝功能损害、我们第一例就是中期病程出现严重肝功能损伤。骨髓中组织细胞恶性程度高,特别是肝、脾或其他器官发现异常组织细胞浸润,则先考虑为恶组为宜;否则应诊断为HPS。n nProlonged feverProlonged fevern nFUOisacommondiagnosisongeneralpediatricwards,FUOisacommond
32、iagnosisongeneralpediatricwards,anddifferentiatingHLHfromothercausesofFUOmayanddifferentiatingHLHfromothercausesofFUOmaybechallenging.bechallenging.n nInoneseries,patientsultimatelydiagnosedwithHLHInoneseries,patientsultimatelydiagnosedwithHLHpresentedwithfeversabove102F(38.9C)forapresentedwithfever
33、sabove102F(38.9C)foramedianof19days(range,4-41days).medianof19days(range,4-41days).n nInpatientswithFUO,cytopenias,highlyelevatedferritinInpatientswithFUO,cytopenias,highlyelevatedferritin(3000g/dL),orsCD25significantlyaboveage-(3000g/dL),orsCD25significantlyaboveage-adjustednormalranges,generallypr
34、omptustopursueaadjustednormalranges,generallypromptustopursueacompleteHLHdiagnosticevaluationcompleteHLHdiagnosticevaluationn nLiver disease and coagulopathyLiver disease and coagulopathyn nMostpatientshavevariableevidenceofhepatitisatMostpatientshavevariableevidenceofhepatitisatpresentation.HLHshou
35、ldbeconsideredinthepresentation.HLHshouldbeconsideredinthedifferentialdiagnosisofacuteliverfailure,especiallyifdifferentialdiagnosisofacuteliverfailure,especiallyiflymphocyticinfiltratesarenotedonbiopsy.Autopsylymphocyticinfiltratesarenotedonbiopsy.Autopsyevaluationoftheliverhasshownchronicpersisten
36、tevaluationoftheliverhasshownchronicpersistenthepatitiswithperiportallymphocyticinfiltrationin22ofhepatitiswithperiportallymphocyticinfiltrationin22of27patientswithHLH.27patientswithHLH.5252NeonateswithHLHmayNeonateswithHLHmaypresentwithhydropsfetalisandliverfailure.presentwithhydropsfetalisandliver
37、failure.5353Veno-Veno-occlusivediseasemayarisespontaneouslyinpatientsocclusivediseasemayarisespontaneouslyinpatientswithHLH,andratesofveno-occlusivediseaseashighaswithHLH,andratesofveno-occlusivediseaseashighas25%arereportedafterbonemarrowtransplantation.25%arereportedafterbonemarrowtransplantation.
38、5454 Nearly95%ofpatientshavefeaturesofdisseminatedNearly95%ofpatientshavefeaturesofdisseminatedintravascularcoagulationandareathighriskforacuteintravascularcoagulationandareathighriskforacutebleeding.bleeding.4949Furthermore,patientswithHLHresultingFurthermore,patientswithHLHresultingfromdegranulati
39、ondefectsmaymanifestplateletfromdegranulationdefectsmaymanifestplateletdysfunction.dysfunction.5555n nBone marrow failureBone marrow failuren nAnemiaandthrombocytopeniaoccurin80%ofpatientsAnemiaandthrombocytopeniaoccurin80%ofpatientsatthetimeofpresentationwithHLH.atthetimeofpresentationwithHLH.4949,
40、 ,5151ThecellularityThecellularityofbonemarrowaspiratesvariesfromnormocelluartoofbonemarrowaspiratesvariesfromnormocelluartohypocellularorhypercellular.Prevalenceofhypocellularorhypercellular.Prevalenceofhemophagocytosis(examplesinhemophagocytosis(examplesinFigure 4Figure 4)inassociation)inassociati
41、onwithHLHdiagnosisrangesfrom25%-100%,withwithHLHdiagnosisrangesfrom25%-100%,with 1-101-10hemophagocytesper500cellsincasesreportedashemophagocytesper500cellsincasesreportedaspositive.positive.9 9AlthoughhemophagocytosisinbonemarrowisAlthoughhemophagocytosisinbonemarrowisassociatedwithHLH,themorpholog
42、icphenomenonmayassociatedwithHLH,themorphologicphenomenonmayalsobeinducedbymorecommonevents,includingbloodalsobeinducedbymorecommonevents,includingbloodtransfusions,infection,autoimmunedisease,andothertransfusions,infection,autoimmunedisease,andotherformsofbonemarrowfailureorcausesofredbloodcellform
43、sofbonemarrowfailureorcausesofredbloodcelldestruction.destruction.5656 5858DespitethenomenclatureofHLH,DespitethenomenclatureofHLH,diagnosisshouldneverbemadeorexcludedsolelyonthediagnosisshouldneverbemadeorexcludedsolelyonthepresenceorabsenceofhemophagocytosis.Infiltrationofpresenceorabsenceofhemoph
44、agocytosis.Infiltrationofbonemarroworliverbyactivatedmacrophages,alongbonemarroworliverbyactivatedmacrophages,alongwithglobalclinicalevaluation,maydistinguishHLHfromwithglobalclinicalevaluation,maydistinguishHLHfromothercausesofhemophagocytosis.othercausesofhemophagocytosis.n nHemophagocytosis on bo
45、ne marrow aspirate and biopsy.n n(A)Twoexamplesofmacrophagesidentifiedonbonemarrowaspiration(Wright-Giemsastain).(B)CD163stainingofbonemarrowbiopsysectionhighlightshemophagocytosis(counterstainedwithhematoxylin).ImagesweretakenonaNikonElipsemicroscope(panelA:100/10;panelB:20/10)withoutoil,withaSpotd
46、igitalcamera.Imagesareunmanipulated.CourtesyofDrJunMo.n nSkin manifestationsSkin manifestationsn nPatientsmayhaveavarietyofskinmanifestations,Patientsmayhaveavarietyofskinmanifestations,includinggeneralizedmaculopapularerythematousincludinggeneralizedmaculopapularerythematousrashes,generalizederythr
47、oderma,edema,panniculitis,rashes,generalizederythroderma,edema,panniculitis,morbilliformerythema,petechiae,andpurpura.morbilliformerythema,petechiae,andpurpura.1 1, ,5959TheTheincidenceofskinmanifestationsrangesfrom6%-65%inincidenceofskinmanifestationsrangesfrom6%-65%inpublishedserieswithhighlypleom
48、orphicpublishedserieswithhighlypleomorphicpresentations.presentations.5050, ,6060, ,6161SomepatientsmaypresentSomepatientsmaypresentwithfeaturessuggestiveofKawasakidisease,includingwithfeaturessuggestiveofKawasakidisease,includingerythematousrashes,conjunctivitis,redlips,anderythematousrashes,conjun
49、ctivitis,redlips,andenlargedcervicallymphnodes.enlargedcervicallymphnodes.6262RashesmaycorrelateRashesmaycorrelatewithlymphocyteinfiltrationonskinbiopsy,andwithlymphocyteinfiltrationonskinbiopsy,andhemophagocytosismayalsobefound.hemophagocytosismayalsobefound.n nPulmonary dysfunctionPulmonary dysfun
50、ctionn nPatientsmaydeveloppulmonarydysfunctionPatientsmaydeveloppulmonarydysfunctionthatleadstourgentadmissiontotheintensivethatleadstourgentadmissiontotheintensivecareunit.Inareviewoftheradiographiccareunit.Inareviewoftheradiographicabnormalitiesin25patients,17hadacuteabnormalitiesin25patients,17ha
51、dacuterespiratoryfailurewithalveolarorinterstitialrespiratoryfailurewithalveolarorinterstitialopacities,withfataloutcomesin88%ofthoseopacities,withfataloutcomesin88%ofthosecases.Worseningpulmonaryfunctionisancases.Worseningpulmonaryfunctionisanominoussignandshouldsuggestinadequateominoussignandshoul
52、dsuggestinadequatecontrolofHLHand/orinfection.controlofHLHand/orinfection.6363n nBrain, ophthalmic, and neuromuscular symptomsBrain, ophthalmic, and neuromuscular symptomsn nMorethanone-thirdofpatientswillpresentwithMorethanone-thirdofpatientswillpresentwithneurologicsymptoms,includingseizures,menin
53、gismus,neurologicsymptoms,includingseizures,meningismus,decreasedlevelofconsciousness,cranialnervepalsy,decreasedlevelofconsciousness,cranialnervepalsy,psychomotorretardation,ataxia,irritability,orpsychomotorretardation,ataxia,irritability,orhypotonia.hypotonia.6464Thecerebrospinalfluid(CSF)isabnorm
54、alThecerebrospinalfluid(CSF)isabnormalin50%ofHLHpatientswithfindingsofpleocytosis,in50%ofHLHpatientswithfindingsofpleocytosis,elevatedprotein,and/orhemophagocytosis.elevatedprotein,and/orhemophagocytosis.6464MRIMRIfindingsarevariable,includingdiscretelesions,findingsarevariable,includingdiscretelesi
55、ons,leptomeningealenhancement,orglobaledema,andleptomeningealenhancement,orglobaledema,andimagescorrelatewithneurologicsymptoms.imagescorrelatewithneurologicsymptoms.6565RetinalRetinalhemorrhages,swellingoftheopticnerve,andinfiltrationhemorrhages,swellingoftheopticnerve,andinfiltrationofthechoroidha
56、vebeenreportedininfantswithofthechoroidhavebeenreportedininfantswithHLH.HLH.6666 6868DiffuseperipheralneuropathywithpainandDiffuseperipheralneuropathywithpainandweaknesssecondarytomyelindestructionbyweaknesssecondarytomyelindestructionbymacrophagesmayalsooccur.macrophagesmayalsooccur.6969, ,7070嗜红细胞
57、综合征的治疗:n nTreating HLHTreating HLHn nWithouttherapy,survivalofpatientswithactivefamilialWithouttherapy,survivalofpatientswithactivefamilialHLHisHLHis 2months.2months.6060, ,6161ThefirstinternationalThefirstinternationaltreatmentprotocolforHLHwasorganizedbythetreatmentprotocolforHLHwasorganizedbytheH
58、istiocyteSocietyin1994andledtoreportedsurvivalofHistiocyteSocietyin1994andledtoreportedsurvivalof55%,withamedianfollow-upof3.1years.55%,withamedianfollow-upof3.1years.7171 n nTheHLH-94protocol,asillustratedinTheHLH-94protocol,asillustratedinFigure 5Figure 5,included,includedan8-weekinductiontherapyw
59、ithdexamethasone,an8-weekinductiontherapywithdexamethasone,etoposide,andintrathecalmethotrexate.Theprincipaletoposide,andintrathecalmethotrexate.Theprincipalgoalofinductiontherapyistosuppressthelife-goalofinductiontherapyistosuppressthelife-threateninginflammatoryprocessthatunderliesHLH.Atthreatenin
60、ginflammatoryprocessthatunderliesHLH.Attheendof8weeks,patientsareeitherweanedoffoftheendof8weeks,patientsareeitherweanedoffoftherapyortransitionedtocontinuationtherapy,whichistherapyortransitionedtocontinuationtherapy,whichisintendedonlyasabridgetotransplantation.intendedonlyasabridgetotransplantati
61、on.n n家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征家族性噬血细胞综合征 n na.a.化学疗法:常用的化疗药物有细胞毒性药物,化学疗法:常用的化疗药物有细胞毒性药物,如长青花碱或长春新碱与肾上腺皮质激素联用,如长青花碱或长春新碱与肾上腺皮质激素联用,亦可应用反复的血浆置换,或亦可应用反复的血浆置换,或VP16VP16或或VM26VM26与肾与肾上腺皮质激素合用。有的应用上腺皮质激素合用。有的应用VP16VP16、肾上腺皮质、肾上腺皮质激素,鞘内注射氨甲煤呤激素,鞘内注射氨甲煤呤(MTX)(MTX)及头颅照射治疗及头颅照射治疗取得良好效果。有的主张在缓解时,应用上述药取得良
62、好效果。有的主张在缓解时,应用上述药物小剂量维持治疗。物小剂量维持治疗。n nb.免疫治疗:有人用环胞菌素A治疗家族性HPS取得满意效果,同样,用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)亦可诱导缓解。n nc.造血干细胞移植:尽管上述化疗可使病情缓解,有的可缓解9年,但仍不能根治家族性HPS。Fisher等(1986)首先报告用骨髓移植治愈家族性HSP患者,在2000年上海举行的国际小儿血液肿瘤学术研讨会上,日本学者Imashukn报告5例由EBV所致的HPS,应用造血干细胞移植,随后用环胞菌素A加VP16,大大改善了本病的预后。n nd.治疗方案:国际组织细胞协会1994年提出一个治疗家族性HPS的方案(
63、HLH94):地塞米松每日10mg/m2与VP16每周150mg/m2,连用3周,第4周起减量,第9周起VP16每2周用药1次,并加用环胞菌素A每日56mg/kg口服,共用1年。有神经症状者,前8周每2周鞘内注射MTX1次。如果是家族性HPS,争取做异基因造血干细胞移植。如果为非家族性HPS,则在8周治疗后根据病情停止治疗。n n原发性HPS或病因不明未检出明显潜在疾患者除加强支持治疗和并发症的治疗外,目前尚无特效治疗,根本性治疗是同种异体造血干细胞移植。继发性HPS应作病因探索,治疗应以基础病与HPS并重。继发性噬血细胞综合征继发性噬血细胞综合征n n继发性HPS针对病因进行相应治疗。对HP
64、S或高细胞因子血症的治疗对策为:n n类固醇疗法或大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击;n n静脉滴注大剂量丙种球蛋白(多用于VAHS);n n抑制T细胞活化的特异性抑制剂环孢菌素A或联用G-CSF治疗VAHS,或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白;n n直接拮抗细胞因子的抗直接拮抗细胞因子的抗TNFTNF抗体和抗体和IL-1IL-1受体拮抗受体拮抗剂;剂; n n为抑制或减少淋巴因子的供应源可采用化为抑制或减少淋巴因子的供应源可采用化疗。包括疗。包括CHOPCHOP、CHOPECHOPE方案或缓慢静滴长春新碱。方案或缓慢静滴长春新碱。屡已报道应用依托泊甙(屡已报道应用依托泊甙(VP16VP16)治疗原因不明的)治疗原因不明
65、的重症重症HPSHPS、EBV-AHSEBV-AHS或或LAHSLAHS奏效。预后分析表明,奏效。预后分析表明,对于不易与对于不易与MHMH鉴别的鉴别的HPSHPS患者启用化疗是必需的;患者启用化疗是必需的; n n骨髓扫荡性(根治性)治疗和骨髓扫荡性(根治性)治疗和异基因骨髓异基因骨髓移植移植(allo-BMTallo-BMT)或外周血干细胞移植治疗)或外周血干细胞移植治疗FHLFHL或或耐化疗的耐化疗的LAHSLAHS或或EBV-AHSEBV-AHS病例,优于常规化疗和病例,优于常规化疗和免疫抑制治疗。免疫抑制治疗。 n n肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征治疗方案决定于疾病的类型,如HPS发生于治
66、疗前的免疫缺陷患者,则治疗主要是抗感染及抗肿瘤;如果HPS发生于化疗后,而肿瘤已缓解则应停止抗肿瘤治疗,同时抗感染,加用肾上腺皮质激素及VP16;对进展迅速的MAHS则应针对细胞因子所致的损害进行治疗,可用前述HLH94方案。n nNew therapeutic approachesNew therapeutic approachesn nAsanalternativeapproachtoetoposide-basedAsanalternativeapproachtoetoposide-basedapproaches,ATG/prednisonehavebeenused.approaches,
67、ATG/prednisonehavebeenused.5454 AlthoughasignificantnumberofpatientsfailtorespondAlthoughasignificantnumberofpatientsfailtorespondadequatelyorcompletelytoetoposide-basedregimens,adequatelyorcompletelytoetoposide-basedregimens,ATG-basedregimensarecomplicatedbyrelativelyATG-basedregimensarecomplicated
68、byrelativelyfrequentandearlyrelapse;mediantimetorelapsefrequentandearlyrelapse;mediantimetorelapsereportedbyOuachee-Chardinetalwas5.5weeks.reportedbyOuachee-Chardinetalwas5.5weeks.5454 Thus,arationalcombinationoftheseapproachesmayThus,arationalcombinationoftheseapproachesmayimproveoutcomesbyincreasi
69、nginitialresponsesandimproveoutcomesbyincreasinginitialresponsesandmaintainingthemuntilHCTcanbeobtained.Currently,amaintainingthemuntilHCTcanbeobtained.Currently,amulticenterclinicaltrial,HybridImmunotherapyforHLHmulticenterclinicaltrial,HybridImmunotherapyforHLHisunderwayinNorthAmericaisunderwayinN
70、orthAmerica( (http:/clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01104025http:/clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01104025).Inthis).Inthisapproach,ATGandetoposideareincorporatedintooneapproach,ATGandetoposideareincorporatedintooneregimen,buttheetoposidedoseintensityisdecreasedregimen,buttheetoposidedoseintensityisdec
71、reasedtominimizepotentialmyelosuppression.tominimizepotentialmyelosuppression.n nAlthoughHLHappearstobeadiseaseofexcessiveimmuneAlthoughHLHappearstobeadiseaseofexcessiveimmuneactivation,theidealformofimmunesuppression/anti-inflammatoryactivation,theidealformofimmunesuppression/anti-inflammatorythera
72、pyremainsunknown.Althoughsomewhatresponsivetotherapyremainsunknown.Althoughsomewhatresponsivetocorticosteroidsandclearlyresponsivetoetoposideoranti-T-cellcorticosteroidsandclearlyresponsivetoetoposideoranti-T-cellserotherapy(ATGoralemtuzumab),HLHremainsdifficulttotreat.serotherapy(ATGoralemtuzumab),
73、HLHremainsdifficulttotreat.Inthefuture,avarietyofrationallydesignedimmunosuppressiveInthefuture,avarietyofrationallydesignedimmunosuppressiveagentsarelikelytocomeintoclinicalusefortransplantationoragentsarelikelytocomeintoclinicalusefortransplantationorautoimmunedisorders.Someoftheseagentsmayalsopro
74、vetobeautoimmunedisorders.SomeoftheseagentsmayalsoprovetobeusefulforthetreatmentofHLH.Notably,interferon-wasidentifiedusefulforthetreatmentofHLH.Notably,interferon-wasidentifiedasanattractivetherapeutictargetinanimalmodelsofHLH,andasanattractivetherapeutictargetinanimalmodelsofHLH,andantiIFN-monoclo
75、nalantibodieswillprobablybetestedinclinicalantiIFN-monoclonalantibodieswillprobablybetestedinclinicaltrialsinvolvingpatientswithHLH.trialsinvolvingpatientswithHLH.4 4, ,9494FuturestudieswillfocusonFuturestudieswillfocusondefiningwhichimmune-modulatingstrategiesofferthebestbalancedefiningwhichimmune-
76、modulatingstrategiesofferthebestbalanceofsafetyandefficacy.ofsafetyandefficacy.n nHPSHPS预后不良,取决于潜在疾患的严重性及细胞因子暴预后不良,取决于潜在疾患的严重性及细胞因子暴(cytokinestormcytokinestorm)的强度,约有半数病例死亡。呈暴发)的强度,约有半数病例死亡。呈暴发性经过者病情急剧恶化,性经过者病情急剧恶化,4 4周内死亡。生存者周内死亡。生存者1 12 2周血细周血细胞数恢复,肝功能恢复需较长时间(胞数恢复,肝功能恢复需较长时间(3 34 4周)。周)。KaitoKaito
77、等等报道报道HPSHPS患者患者3434例中例中1414例生存,例生存,2020例(例(58.5%58.5%)死亡,)死亡,2020例死亡者中例死亡者中1313例例(65%)(65%)为原因不明的为原因不明的HPSHPS患者。患者。WongWong等报等报道道4040例东方人群反应性例东方人群反应性(R)HS(R)HS,其中,其中1818例例(45%)(45%)死于死于RHSRHS或潜在疾病的并发症。或潜在疾病的并发症。ClineCline报道报道HPS23HPS23例中例中57%57%死亡。血死亡。血液恶性疾患患者中,合并液恶性疾患患者中,合并HPSHPS和不合并和不合并HPSHPS组平均生
78、存期组平均生存期分别为分别为7 7个月、个月、4848个月,呈显著性差异。个月,呈显著性差异。T TNK-LAHSNK-LAHS患者患者预后绝对不良。主要死亡原因为出血、感染、多脏器功能预后绝对不良。主要死亡原因为出血、感染、多脏器功能衰竭和衰竭和DICDIC。ElizabethElizabeth等报道等报道5252例伴例伴VAHSVAHS的致死性的致死性传染性传染性单核细胞增多症单核细胞增多症(IM)(IM),认为继发于,认为继发于EB-VAHSEB-VAHS的骨髓损害的骨髓损害(组织细胞吞噬血细胞和骨髓坏死)在导致(组织细胞吞噬血细胞和骨髓坏死)在导致IMIM死亡中起主死亡中起主要作用,死因为继发感染和出血。要作用,死因为继发感染和出血。 n n预后:不经治疗的家族性HPS患者存活期约2个月,而在应用化疗后则大大改善了预后。有的患者经化疗后存活9年以上,但只有异基因造血干细胞移植才能治愈。结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听!谢谢大家聆听!57