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1、The English Speech Sounds1 1The importance of phonetic study1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesound1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechso
2、unds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechelements,namely,speechsounds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-existence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-ex
3、istent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistoexistent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes.(Basicsounds)determinethephonemes.(Basicsounds)2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedin2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedinoralspeechandinr
4、eadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselforalspeechandinreadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingonesownorotherpeopleseasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingonesownorotherpeoplesthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopron
5、ouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationininthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetter
6、wereadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit.hearit.2 2Conceptions of phoneticAHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishAHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLa
7、nguageLanguageKK:APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican,1956KK:APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican,1956-JohnSamuelKenyon&JohnAlbertKnott-JohnSamuelKenyon&JohnAlbertKnottDJ:EnglishPronouncingDictionary,1963DJ:EnglishPronouncingDictionary,1963-DanielJones-DanielJonesRP:EnglishPronouncingDictionary-“ReceivedRP:
8、EnglishPronouncingDictionary-“ReceivedPronunciation”Pronunciation”IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,1888IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,1888-InternationalPhoneticAssociation-InternationalPhoneticAssociation3 3To have a good pronunciationTo have a good pronunciation means:1.Topronouncecorrectlyallt
9、hespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords,butalsoinsentences2.Topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespedrequiredbythesituation,withcorrectstresses,linkingofsounds,rhythm,pausesandintonation.4 4The organs of speechNasalcavity-鼻腔Mouthcavity-口腔Tongue-舌Lips-唇Tee
10、th-齿Theteethridge-齿龈Thehardpalate-硬腭Thesoftpalate-软腭uvula-小舌Pharynx-咽头Larynx-喉头Thevocalcords-声带Windpipe-气管5 5The classification of Speech soundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants.6 6Vow
11、elsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.
12、7 7The English Phonetic/i:/,/i/,/e/,/i:/,/i/,/e/,/ /a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./,/:/,/,/:/,/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/,/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/, /i/,/,/i/,/,/u/u/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/ / /,/,/, /, /tr/,/dr/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/
13、,/dz/,/ts/,/dz/,/m/,/n/,/m/,/n/,/r/,/j/,/w/8 8 VowelsGeneral Remarks on the VowelsGeneral Remarks on the VowelsTheEnglishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:n nMonophthongs(purevowels)n nDiphthongs9 9Monophthongs:Therearetwelvemonophthongs.Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Thehei
14、ghtoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowelsandunroundedones
15、.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtensevowelsandlaxvowels.1010The Front Vowelsn nTherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish:TherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/./i:/,/i/,/e/,/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunrounded/i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense.andtense./i/isashort,half-clo
16、sefrontvowel.Itis/i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax.unroundedandlax./e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel./e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.Itisalax./isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itis/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.alax.1111Example and practice
17、/i:/e:meevening;ee:seeweekea:sealeave;i:machinepolice/i/i:shippig;y:happydaddyui:buildguilty;ie:fieldshield/e/e:twelvesecond;a:anymanyea:heavybreakfastie:friend/a:landmatterfamily1212The Back Vowels n nTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:TherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/:/,/,/u:/,/u/./a:/,/:/,/,/u:
18、/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.It/:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense.isslightlytense./isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvow
19、el./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel./u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxback/u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel.vowel.1313Example and practice/a:/a:/arar:hardfarmer;:hardfarmer;a a:classglass:classglassal al:halfcalf:halfcalf/:/:/oror:shortcorn;:shortcorn;oreore:morebefore:morebeforeoo
20、roor:doorfloor:doorfloor/ourour:fourpour;:fourpour;a a:washwhat:washwhato o:stophot:stophotauau:autumndaughter;:autumndaughter;al al:callwalk:callwalk/u:/u:/u u:blueruler;:blueruler;oooo:moonfood:moonfood/u/u/u u:put;:put;oooo:footgood;:footgood;ouloul:couldwould:couldwould1414The central Vowelsn nT
21、herethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:TherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/,/:/,/./,/:/,/./isashort,half-open,unroundedcentral/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone.vowel.Itisalaxone./:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,/:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel.unrounded,tense
22、centralvowel./isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentral/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.vowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.1515Example and practice/u u:sunhungry;:sunhungry;o o:sonanother:sonanotherouou:enoughcoupledoubleyoung:enoughcoupledoubleyoung
23、 /:/:/erer:termcertainly;:termcertainly;ir ir:firstthird:firstthirdurur:turnThursday;:turnThursday;oror:workword:workwordearear:learnearly:learnearly/a a:awaywoman;:awaywoman;e e:studentbroken:studentbrokenerer:overmatter:overmatter1616DiphthongsThereareeightdiphthongs.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:
24、threewithaglidetowards/i/twowithaglidetowards/u/threewithaglidetowards/1717The closing Diphthongsn nTherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish.TherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/,/ai/,/i/,/u/,/au/ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i/ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i/ai/
25、glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothand/ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses.loudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses./i/glidesfromapositionbetween/and/:/i/glidesfromapositionbetween/and/:/to/i/.to/i/./u/startswith/:/andthenglidesawayto/u/u/startswith/:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withth
26、elipsgettingslightlyrounded.withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded./au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.1818Example and practice/ei/a:takegate;ay:staysay;ea:great/ai/i:sidenice;ie:tiedie;y:byshy/i/
27、oi:toiletboilnoise;oy:boytoy/u/o:notmost;oa:boatcoatow:blowknow/au/ou:housemouse;ow:nowbrown1919The Centring Dighthongsn nTherearethreecentringdiphthongs:/i/,/,/u/i/glidesfrom/i/to/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout./glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/.Thelipsarespread./u/startsfrom/u/andglidesto/.2020/i/ea:ide
28、areal;ear:dearnearere:here;e:herozero/air:chairhair;are:carefuldareear:pearwear;ere:therewhere/u/ure:sure;ua:usuallyExample and practice2121 ConsonantsClassificationofConsonantsn nConsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtofollowingrules:1)TheworkofthevocalcordsTheworkofthevocalcords2)Placeofarticulation2)
29、Placeofarticulation3)Mannerofarticulation2222Work of the Vocal Cordsn nVoicedconsonants:theyareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.n nVoicelessconsonants:theyareproducedwithoutthevibrationofthevocalcords.2323Place of Articulationn n1)bi-labial1)bi-labial（双唇音）（双唇音）n n2)labio-dental2)labio-dental（
30、唇齿音）（唇齿音）n n3)dental3)dental（齿音）（齿音）n n4)alveolar4)alveolar（齿龈音）（齿龈音） n n5)post-alveolar5)post-alveolar（后齿龈音）（后齿龈音）n n6)palato-alveolar6)palato-alveolar（硬腭齿龈音）（硬腭齿龈音）n n7)palatal7)palatal（硬腭音）（硬腭音）n n8)velar8)velar（软腭音）（软腭音）n n9)glottal9)glottal（喉音）（喉音）2424Manner of Articulationn n1)plosives1)plosiv
31、es（ 爆破音）爆破音）n n2)fricatives2)fricatives（摩擦音）（摩擦音）n n3)affricates3)affricates（破擦音）（破擦音）n n4)nasals4)nasals（鼻音）（鼻音）n n5)lateral5)lateral（边音）（边音） （舌侧音）（舌侧音）n n6)frictionlesscontinuant6)frictionlesscontinuant（无摩擦延续音）（无摩擦延续音）n n7)semi-vowels7)semi-vowels（ 半元音）半元音） 2525Manner of Articulation : 1) Plosives
32、n nTherearethreepairsofplosives:Therearethreepairsofplosives:1)1)bilabial-/p/,/b/bilabial-/p/,/b/2)2)Alveolar-/t/,/d/Alveolar-/t/,/d/3)3)Velar-/k/,/g/Velar-/k/,/g/4)4)Thesound/b,d,g/arevoicedplosives.Thesound/b,d,g/arevoicedplosives.5)5)TheyareTheyareunaspiratedunaspiratedandweakandweak6)6)Thesound/
33、p,t,k/arevoicelessThesound/p,t,k/arevoiceless; ;polsivespolsives. .7)7)Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong.Theyareusuallyaspiratedandstrong.2626Example and practice:n n/p/isvoiceless,bilabial,plosive,aspiratedstrong.n n/b/isvoiced,bilabial,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:patbatpaperlabormapbobbyrobbe
34、r2727n n/t/:voiceless,alveolar,plosive,aspirated,strong.n n/d/:voiced,alveolar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:tendadtighttidewriterriderwettingwedding2828n n/k/:voiceless,velar,plosive,aspirated,strong.n n/g/:voiced,velar,plosive,unaspirated,weak.Practice:couldgoodcotgotweekleekankleangle2929Mann
35、er of Articulation : 2)Fricativesn nTherearenineconsonantsoffricatives:/f/,/v/,/,/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/h/Theyhavethecommonfeature:Theyhavethecommonfeature:ForallofthemthelungspushairthroughForallofthemthelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskin
36、ds.variouskinds.3030Example and practice:n n/f/:voiceless,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyaspirated,strong,long.n n/v/:voiced,labio-dental,fricative,usuallyunaspirated,weak,short.Practice:ahalfsniffabriefloveastiffgloveasafemoveabravebluffagravegrief3131n n/:voiceless,dental,fricative,aspiratedstrong,
37、long.n n/:voiced,dental,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:thinkthisthiefthesethingwithinsomethingother3232n n/s/:voiceless,alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long.n n/z/:voiced,alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:placeplayscoarsecausebusbuzzraceraisefalsefallsnieceknees3333n
38、n/:voiceless,palato-alveolar,fricative,aspirated,strong,long.n n/:voiced,palato-alveolar,fricative,unaspirated,weak,short.n n/h/:voiceless,glottal,fricative3434Practice:/sh:shipwash;ss/s:suresugar-tia-,-tie-,-tio-:partialinitialnation-cia-,-cie-,-cio-:socialconscious-sion:pensiondiscussionomission/-
39、sure,-zure:leisuretreasure-sion:decisionconfusion-ge:garage/h/h:heathot;wh-:whowhole3535Manner of Articulation : 3)Affricatesn nTherearethreepairsofaffricatesinEnglish:TherearethreepairsofaffricatesinEnglish:1)1)/ /,/,/:theairpassageiscompletely/:theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalat
40、eandraisingblockedbyraisingthesoftpalateandraisingthetipofthetonguetotouchthebackpartofthetipofthetonguetotouchthebackpartoftheteethridgetheteethridge2)2)/ /tr tr/,/,/drdr/:arearticulatedbyraisingthetongue/:arearticulatedbyraisingthetonguetiptotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge.tiptotouchthebackpartoft
41、heteethridge.3)3)/ /tsts/,/,/dzdz/:arearticulatedwiththetonguetip/:arearticulatedwiththetonguetipraisedtotouchthebackpartoftheteethraisedtotouchthebackpartoftheteethridge.ridge.3636Example and practice:n n/ /:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirated,/:palato-alvealar,affricate,voiceless,aspirat
42、ed,strong,long.strong,long.n n/ /:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,/:palato-alveolar,affricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:Practice: / /:/:ch,tchch,tch:churchchairmatch:churchchairmatcht+ure,t+eoust+ure,t+eous:naturepicture:naturepicturet+iont+ion:questionsuggestion
43、:questionsuggestion/ /: /:gg:gentleagegiant;:gentleagegiant;j j:justjoke:justjokedg(e):dg(e):ridgeedgejudgeridgeedgejudge3737n n/tr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long.n n/dr/:post-alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:treatdraintruedrugtracedrawtraindrop3838n
44、n/ts/:alveolaraffricate,voiceless,aspirated,strong,long.n n/dz/:alveolaraffricate,voiced,unaspirated,weak,short.Practice:/ts/:-ts,-tes:letsfistsbites/dz/:-ds,-des:bedsspendsdivides3939Manner of Articulation : 4)Nasalsn nTherearethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish./m/,/n/,/.Inarticulatingallnasalconsonants
45、thesoftpalateisloweredandatthesametimethemouthpassageisblockedatsomepointsothatalltheairispushedoutofthenose.4040/m/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedby/m/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbyclosingthelipsandtheairpassesthroughtheclosingthelipsandtheairpassesthroughthenose.nose./n/themouthpassageisc
46、ompletelyblockedby/n/themouthpassageiscompletelyblockedbypressingthetongue-tipagainsttheteethridge,andpressingthetongue-tipagainsttheteethridge,andsidesofthetongueagainstthesidesofthepalate.sidesofthetongueagainstthesidesofthepalate.Theairpassesthroughthenose.Theairpassesthroughthenose./themouthisbl
47、ockedbythebackofthetonguethemouthisblockedbythebackofthetonguepressedagainstthesoftpalate.Thesoftpalateispressedagainstthesoftpalate.Thesoftpalateisloweredandalltheairpassesthroughthenose.loweredandalltheairpassesthroughthenose.4141Example and practice:n n/m/:voicedbilabialnasal/m/:voicedbilabialnas
48、aln n/n/:voicedalveolarnasal/n/:voicedalveolarnasaln n/ /:voicedvelarnasal/:voicedvelarnasalPractice:Practice:/m/:/m/:m/mmm/mm:meatsummer:meatsummer-mb-mb:lambthumb:lambthumb-mn-mn:autumnsolemn:autumnsolemn/n/:/n/:n/nnn/nn:nightsunnyfunny:nightsunnyfunnykn-kn-:knowknifekneel:knowknifekneelgngn:signd
49、esign:signdesign/ /:/:-ng-ng:singspring;:singspring;n n-:sinkangeruncle-:sinkangeruncle4242Manner of Articulation : 5) Lateraln nThereisonlyonelateralinEnglish:/l/:thetongue-tipslightlytouchestheteethridgewhilethesidesofthetongueareloweredtoformaratherwidepassage.Theairpassesatthesidesofthetonguewit
50、houtfriction.Englishpeopleusetwodifferent/l/sounds:theclear/l/anddark/l/.4343Example and practice:n n/l/isavoicedalveolarlateralconsonant./l/isavoicedalveolarlateralconsonant.Practice:Practice:leavefilllatefieldleavefilllatefieldmillonbelttellingholdmillonbelttellingholdNote:theletterlissilentinanum
51、berofwords.Note:theletterlissilentinanumberofwords.e.g.talkwalkhalfshouldfolke.g.talkwalkhalfshouldfolk4444Manner of Articulation : 6)Frictionless continuantn nThereisonefrictionlesscontinuant./r/When/r/isarticulatedthetipofthetongueisheldneartothebackpartoftheteethridge,butnottouchingit;thebackrims
52、ofthetonguearetouchingtheuppermolar;thecentralpartofthetongueislowered,sothatthetonguehasacurvedshape.4545Example and practice:n n/r/isavoicedpost-alveolarfrictionlesscontinuant.（无摩擦延续音）practice:/r/:r:redbreadveryrh:rhymerhythmwr:writewrong4646Manner of Articulation : 7)Semi-vowelsn nTherearetwosemi
53、-vowelsinEnglish:/j/,/w/Theyarequick,smooth,non-frictionglidetowardsafollowingvowelsound./j/isaquickglidefromthepositionofthevowel/i:/or/i/toanyothervowel./w/isaquickglidefromthevowel/u:/or/u/tothefollowingvowelsound.4747p经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量pStudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe写在最后谢谢大家荣幸这一路，与你同行ItS An Honor To Walk With You All The Way演讲人：XXXXXX 时 间：XX年XX月XX日
