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1、高考英语二轮复习:名词课件一、名词的单复数1可数名词复数的规则变化可数名词复数的构成,通常是在单数形式后面加s或es,其规则如下:构成方法构成方法例词例词一般情况在词尾加一般情况在词尾加scatcatsgirlgirlspagepages以以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词结尾的词在词尾加尾加esbusbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes但有例外但有例外:stomachstomachs构成方法构成方法例词例词以以y结尾的专有名词或结尾的专有名词或“元元音字母音字母y”结尾的名词变复结尾的名词变复数时,直接在词尾加数时,直接在词尾加stwo Maryst
2、hree Henrysmonkeymonkeysholidayholidaysboyboys以以“辅音字母辅音字母y”结尾的词,结尾的词,把把y变成变成i加加esbabybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactoriesstorystories构成方法构成方法例词例词以以“辅音字母辅音字母o”结尾结尾的词,在词尾加的词,在词尾加estomatotomatoesheroheroespotatopotatoes但有例外:但有例外:photophotospianopianos以以“元音字母元音字母o”结尾结尾的词在词尾加的词在词尾加sradioradioszoozoos以以f或或fe结
3、尾的词,多数结尾的词,多数变变f或或fe为为v加加esknifekniveswifewiveshalfhalvesleafleaves但仍有例外:但仍有例外:beliefbeliefsroofroofshandkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves链接名词的分类名词拓展因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化,所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。如以下两个典型错误:你有词典吗?Do you have dictionary?他悲伤地摇了摇头。He shook head sadly.一般情况下,英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时,要么用复数形式,要么在其前面加冠词或限定词
4、。因此以上两句可以表达为:Do you have a dictionary?He shook his head sadly.牢记单复数形式意义不同的名词:experience经验experiences经历manner方式 manners礼貌custom风俗 customs海关work工作 works著作,工厂wood木材 woods树林sand沙子 sands沙滩paper纸张 papers报纸,论文,试卷glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜2可数名词复数的不规则变化有些名词的复数属于不规则变化,需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆:childchildren, footfeet, tooth
5、teeth, phenomenonphenomena, oxoxen, mousemice, manmen, womanwomen等。3总是表示复数意义的名词集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义,不能说a people, a police, a cattle,但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。The police are searching for the stolen boy.The cattle are feeding on the grassland.链接有些名词只用复数形式:trousers, con
6、gratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。4单复数同形的名词有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有:deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式,方法)等。All possible means have been tried.Every possible means has been tried.点拨对于单复数同形的名词,一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式),
7、来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。典例(西安第三次质检,14) Every possible means _, but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse.A. has tried B. have triedC. has been tried D. have been tried解析:C。考查语态和主谓一致。句意:每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了,但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化。由句意可知,应该用被动语态;means单复数同形,但是可以从every可知,应该是单数;所以答案选C。链接“
8、某国人”的复数形式:以ese结尾的,单复同形,如:Chinese, Japanese。以man结尾的,变man为men,如:EnglishmanEnglishmen。但“德国人”例外:GermanGermans。其他的,直接加s,如:Russians, Canadians, Americans。5合成名词的复数把主体名词变成复数,如:lookerson, editorsinchief(总编辑), fathersinlaw(岳父)。没有主体名词时,在词尾加s,如:grownups(成年人), gobetweens(中间人)。二、名词间的相互转化1物质名词转化为可数名词物质名词一般为不可数名词,但
9、有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,是可数的。如:The bridge is made of stone.(不可数)The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)(2)当物质名词表示份数时,是可数的。如:Tea is very good for our health.Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2抽象名词具体化抽象名词一般是不可数名词,但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词:(1)表示具体的人或事。请比较:Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)The meetin
10、g was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)典例(安徽名校联考,21)One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation.A不填 BtheCa Done解析:C。knowledge本为不可数名词,但当它被形容词修饰时,就具体化了,此时其前应加a/an,意为“对的了解;有方面的知识”。所以答案为C项。(2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等。请比较:We had plenty of rain last ye
11、ars.去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛。(rain指“雨水”,不可数)What a heavy rain!多么大的一场雨啊!警示在特定的语境中,有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词,这就需要考生区别对待。三、名词作定语名词作定语,即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词,主要用来说明被修饰名词的:1物质构成,如:steel bridge, paper money;2用途,如:coffee cup, fire escape;3时间,如:evening paper;4地点,如:city life, country life, country music;5种类,如:office work;6内容,如:body lan
12、guage, film industry。警示名词作定语,第一个名词一般用单数,但也有例外,如:sports shoes运动鞋students reading room学生阅览室四、名词所有格英语名词所有格有两种:s所有格和of所有格。1s所有格的构成(1)通常在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词的词尾加s,如:Jacks books, Childrens Day, the boys bag, mens room, Toms dog, Joness father, my brothers books, sheeps skin。(2)以s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加,如:the students boo
13、ks。(3)作为一个整体的词组,一般在最后一个词的词尾加s,如:an hour and a halfs walk(步行一个半小时的路程);a month or twos absence(一两个月的缺席)。(4)以and连接的两个名词,表示共同所有时,在最后一个词的词尾加s,如:Kate and Marys father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩);表示分别所有时,在每个名词后分别加s,如:Kates father and Marys father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)。典例(江西)The _shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them
14、 to take them off before they got into _car.A. girls; Toms B. girls; TomsC. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms解析:C。句意:这些女孩的鞋子满是泥,所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls,其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“”;专有名词Tom的所有格是Toms,故选C。链接不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后。如:somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。2s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的东西。如:Toms b
15、irthday, the dogs owner。(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如:时间:a days work(一天的工作),todays newspaper;距离:twenty minutes ride, five minutes walk, a miles distance;天体:the suns heat, the moons surface;度量衡与货币价值:ten dollars worth, twenty pounds weight;国家、城市等:Chinas industry, the citys development, the governm
16、ents plan, Chinas development。(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如:at the doctors在诊所,the tailors裁缝铺,the barbers理发店,at my uncles在我叔叔家。3of所有格的构成the所有物of(this, that,. the, my/their.)无生命之物。4of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于无生命的事物,也可以用于有生命的事物。如:the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。Does anyone kno
17、w the title of the novel?They have the support of people of the developing countries.链接of所有格还可以表示:同位关系,如:the city of Zhengzhou, the month of May。动宾关系,如:the love of ones country。名词本身带有后置的修饰语或带有“the形容词”(其表示一类人)时,其所有格用of介词短语。如:the housing problem of the poor; the skills of the workers who have been wel
18、l trained。5双重所有格(1)双重所有格的构成:双重所有格即“ofs结构”。(2)双重所有格的用法:表示整体中的一个或部分,用于修饰of前面的名词。如:a friend of my brothers; this book of the professors; this lovely baby of my aunts。Do you know any friend of my husbands?典例(江南十校联考,32)Pardon?Who will come?_.A. The friend of Mr. GreensB. A friend of a teachersC. The aunt
19、 of Toms D. A cousin of my fathers解析:D。考查名词所有格的表达方式。双重所有格中,带有s的名词必须是明确限定的指人的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指,故A、B、C三项错误,D项正确。拓展双重所有格还可以表示赞赏、厌恶等感情色彩,如:1That car of Peters is very nice.彼得的车确实很好。(表示赞赏)2The dog of Toms is very fierce.汤姆的那条狗非常凶。(表示厌恶、不满)五、具体语境中名词的选择具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一。解题的关键是利用好关键信息,分析语境,使填入的名词符合语境要求。探
20、究知己知彼,才能百战不殆。要解决好这类问题,必须明确命题思路。高考考查的角度有以下几种:纯语境类:给出语境,让考生判断符合题意的名词。具体语境中名词词义的辨析。利用一词多义来设置题目。具体语境中的词组搭配。【2012湖北卷】29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _.A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow29. A【命题立意】考查名词辨析。难度中等。【解题
21、思路】句意为:定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要。A项意为“症状”,符合句意;B项意为“类似”,C项意为“样本”,D项意为“阴影”,都与语意不符。真题链接【2012江苏卷】21. Can I help you with it? I appreciate your, but I can manage it myself.A. adviceB. questionC. offer D. idea21. 【考点】名词词义辨析【答案】C【解析】句意为:我可以帮你吗?我感激你的提议 “offer”,但我自己能设法做的。offer意为“提议”,符合题意。A意为“建议,劝告”;B意为“问题”;D意为“想法,
22、主意”。【难度】一般【2012四川卷】15. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. Its just a matter of _.A. luck B. value C. time D. fact15.【答案与解析】 C 本题考查名词辨析。句意为:他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。【2012全国II】19. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great _ in this city.A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand【答案】D【解析】此处quantity数量;progress进步; production生产;demand要求。这里be in great demand意为:需求量很大,畅销。句意:哈利波特很受欢迎;在这个城市有很大的需求量。【考点定位】考查名词词义辨析。