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1、工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 概述:概述: 工业革命的真正发端是一个富足的社会中对于工业革命的真正发端是一个富足的社会中对于更多、更好商品的渴求,而原有的劳动组织形式和更多、更好商品的渴求,而原有的劳动组织形式和生产技术又无法满足这种渴求。事实上,新的工业生产技术又无法满足这种渴求。事实上,新的工业方法正是在消费工业,如染织、陶瓷业中产生的。方法正是在消费工业,如染织、陶瓷业中产生的。随着机械化和劳
2、动分工的出现,商品日益丰富,为随着机械化和劳动分工的出现,商品日益丰富,为刺激消费,增强市场竞争力就成了生产者面临的巨刺激消费,增强市场竞争力就成了生产者面临的巨大挑战。设计作为商业上竞争的有效手段,成了商大挑战。设计作为商业上竞争的有效手段,成了商品生产过程中一个重要的部分,这反过来又促进了品生产过程中一个重要的部分,这反过来又促进了设计的发展。工业设计从一开始就与商业结下了不设计的发展。工业设计从一开始就与商业结下了不解之缘。解之缘。 18世纪的设计与商业天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632工业设计史The History of Indu
3、strial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 设计的历史始于人类最早制造的石器,但是,设计的历史始于人类最早制造的石器,但是,就现代工业设计而言,就现代工业设计而言,其最大的推动力是工业革命所带来的批量生产与批量消费。其最大的推动力是工业革命所带来的批量生产与批量消费。1818世纪在英国世纪在英国开始的商业化是工业设计发展的起点。开始的商业化是工业设计发展的起点。 在无数的消费品生产领域中,在无数的消费品生产领域中,新颖设计新颖设计成了一种主要的市场促销方式。成
4、了一种主要的市场促销方式。为刺激消费,需要不断地花样翻新,推出新的时尚。在这方面,设计师成为刺激消费,需要不断地花样翻新,推出新的时尚。在这方面,设计师成了引导潮流的主要角色。了引导潮流的主要角色。第一第一节 市市场的的扩展及其展及其对设计的需要的需要 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 在在1818世纪,建筑师充当着设计师的角色,引导着设计的发展,进入了世纪,建筑师充当着设计师的角色,引导着设计的发展,
5、进入了手工艺人的传统领地。他们不但决定着范围广阔的各类产品的外观,也为手工艺人的传统领地。他们不但决定着范围广阔的各类产品的外观,也为那些先前不曾对那些先前不曾对“设计设计”感兴趣的社会集团设计产品。在生产过程中,设感兴趣的社会集团设计产品。在生产过程中,设计的作用更加明确,其应用也更加广泛。计的作用更加明确,其应用也更加广泛。 18 18世纪下半叶,英国的工业革命使纺织、金属和陶瓷工业中出现了新世纪下半叶,英国的工业革命使纺织、金属和陶瓷工业中出现了新的组织和生产方式,与此同时,中产阶级崛起,并产生了对新商品的要求。的组织和生产方式,与此同时,中产阶级崛起,并产生了对新商品的要求。由于英国先
6、于其他国家面由于英国先于其他国家面临工工业革命所革命所产生的社会和生的社会和艺术上的后果,使英上的后果,使英国的工国的工业设计首先首先发展起来展起来。第一第一节 市市场的的扩展及其展及其对设计的需要的需要 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 在文化方面,是法国在在文化方面,是法国在1818世世纪上半叶依然左右着人上半叶依然左右着人们的的审美情趣,美情趣,许多商品多商品为洛可可式洛可可式风格所支配。到格所支
7、配。到1818世世纪末,意大利成了末,意大利成了设计师们寻求灵求灵感的所在,新古典(感的所在,新古典(Neo-classicismNeo-classicism)成了成了时代的代的风尚。尚。第一第一节 市市场的的扩展及其展及其对设计的需要的需要 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 在文化方面,是法国在在文化方面,是法国在1818世世纪上半叶依然左右着人上半叶依然左右着人们的的审美情趣,美情趣,许多商品多商品
8、为洛可可式洛可可式风格所支配。到格所支配。到1818世世纪末,意大利成了末,意大利成了设计师们寻求灵求灵感的所在,感的所在,新古典(新古典(Neo-classicismNeo-classicism)成了成了时代的代的风尚。尚。 Neo-classical Art is a severe, unemotional form of art harkening back to the style of ancient Greece and Rome. Its rigidity was a reaction to the overbred Rococo style and the emotional
9、Baroque style. The rise of Neoclassical Art was part of a general revival of classical thought, which was of some importance in the American and French revolutions. harkenharken倾听倾听 overbredoverbred 养育过于优裕的养育过于优裕的 rigidity rigidity坚硬坚硬, , 僵化僵化 第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial desig
10、nThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 新古典是指新古典是指资本主本主义初期最先出初期最先出现在文化上的一种思潮,在建筑和在文化上的一种思潮,在建筑和设计史上指史上指1818世世纪6060年代开始在欧美盛行的古典形式。年代开始在欧美盛行的古典形式。1818世世纪前的欧洲,巴洛克式前的欧洲,巴洛克式风格和洛可可式格和洛可可式风格盛行一格盛行一时,其繁,其繁琐的的装装饰与与贵金属的金属的镶嵌逐嵌逐渐引起了人引起了人们的的厌恶。在探求新的。在探求新的设计风格的格的过程程中,希腊、中,希
11、腊、罗马的古典建筑成了当的古典建筑成了当时的的创作源泉。作源泉。17501750年,年,罗马庞贝遗址址被被发掘,在欧洲引起了研究古典掘,在欧洲引起了研究古典艺术的的热潮,潮,人人们认识到古典到古典艺术质量量远远超超过巴洛克式巴洛克式风格和洛可可式格和洛可可式风格,促成了新古典的格,促成了新古典的产生与流行。生与流行。 第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632新古典追求古典
12、新古典追求古典风格和格和简洁、典雅、典雅、节制的制的品品质以及以及“高高贵的的纯朴和壮穆的宏朴和壮穆的宏伟”。在建筑。在建筑上追求建筑物体形的上追求建筑物体形的单纯、独立和完整,、独立和完整,细节的的朴朴实,形式的符合,形式的符合结构构逻辑,并且减少,并且减少纯装装饰性性的构件,的构件,显示了人示了人们对于理性的向往。于理性的向往。第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632
13、英国的英国的谢拉拉顿(George Sheraton,17511806)是当是当时新古典的新古典的家具大家具大师。他的椅子。他的椅子设计重点装重点装饰放置于靠背之上,放置于靠背之上,变化很多,但椅腿却化很多,但椅腿却很少有曲很少有曲线装装饰,表,表现出出单纯的的结构感。构感。第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The
14、History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632Around 1800, Romanticism emerged as a reaction to Neoclassicism. It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act as a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were influenced b
15、y both styles to some degree.浪漫主浪漫主义(Romanticism)是是1818世世纪下半叶至下半叶至1919世世纪上半叶活上半叶活跃于欧洲于欧洲艺术领域中的另一主要域中的另一主要艺术思潮思潮浪漫主浪漫主义在要求在要求发扬个性自由,提倡自然天性的同个性自由,提倡自然天性的同时,用中世,用中世纪艺术的自的自然形式来然形式来对抗机器抗机器产品。浪漫主品。浪漫主义追求非凡的趣味和异国情追求非凡的趣味和异国情调,特,特别是是东方的方的情情调。第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe Histo
16、ry of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Romanticism - Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions. Romantici
17、sm, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) originate 引起, 发明, 发起, orientation 方向, 定位, 倾向性reb
18、ellion谋 反 , 叛 乱 , 反 抗historiography 编史, 历史之编纂工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classici
19、sm in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the perso
20、nal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) rationality合理性 visionary 幻影的, 幻想的physical materialism自然唯物主义 transcendental 先验的, 超越的spontaneous自发的,自然产生的工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:131824118
21、9;QQ群:175569632 Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its
22、moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles; a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rule
23、s and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occ
24、ult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic. Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义)18世纪的设计师们在处理产品的功能与设计的关系上是暧昧的。他们一方面对产品的坚固性和实用性很关心,另一方面又对装饰有浓厚的兴趣。工业设计史The History of In
25、dustrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义)设计师们生产了多种多样的仪器用于不同的目的,其中一些还是相当复杂的。他们有时难以克制对于装饰的激情,特别是这件仪器是为某一显赫人物订做的时候更是如此。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:17556963
26、2Gothic(哥特风格)中世纪欧洲在12至15世纪达到鼎盛,其经济和社会产生了深刻的变革,其思想、文化和艺术也达到了空前的发展。这一时期的艺术风格,通常被称为“哥特式”风格。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632Gothic(哥特风格)。“哥特式”(Gothic)一词的来源颇难说清,因为“哥特”本是来自斯堪的纳维亚的野蛮游牧部落之名称。哥特人自1世纪起开始南迁,并定居多瑙河地区,但在其后漫长的岁月中并未发展
27、出这种子高水落石出平的艺术风格。意大利著名画家拉斐尔在其给教皇利奥十世的信中首先用到“哥特式”一词,借以批评文艺复兴之前中欧及北欧的建筑样式,即把“哥特式”一词作为“野蛮”的同义语,从而将凡是从网尔卑斯山以北传来的东西都称之为“哥特式”的。此后,16世纪的意大利艺术评论家乔尔乔欧瓦萨里把介于欧洲古代与文艺复兴之间的所有艺术都贬称为“哥特人的创作”,“哥特式”之名在艺术史上遂沿用至今。其实,哥特式艺术与哥特人并无任何联系,它乃“罗马式”艺术的更高发展,为中世纪天主教神学观念在艺术上的一种反映。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of
28、Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Gothic- Broadly speaking, the term Gothic refers to the architecture of Northern Europe from the 12th to the 16th century. In Britain, architecture was the dominant art form throughout the medieval period and the Church its foremost patro
29、n. Gothic, meaning light, demonstrated a daring architectural ingenuity that allowed the building of taller, thinner structures with larger windows, made possible by the introduction of external buttresses to support the soaring columns and arches of the new style.哥特风格patron 赞助人, 资助人medieval 中世纪的pat
30、ron赞助人, 资助人daring 大胆的ingenuity 机灵, 独创性, 精巧buttress (建筑)扶壁, 支持物soaring 高飞的, 翱翔的arch 拱门, 弓形结构, 拱形工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:131
31、8241189;QQ群:175569632Around 1800, Romanticism emerged as a reaction to Neoclassicism. It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act as a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were influenced by both styles to some degree.浪漫主浪漫主义(Romanticism)是是1818世世纪下半叶至下半叶至1919世世纪上半叶活上半叶活跃于
32、欧洲于欧洲艺术领域中的另一主要域中的另一主要艺术思潮思潮浪漫主浪漫主义在要求在要求发扬个性自由,提倡自然天性的同个性自由,提倡自然天性的同时,用中世,用中世纪艺术的自的自然形式来然形式来对抗机器抗机器产品。浪漫主品。浪漫主义追求非凡的趣味和异国情追求非凡的趣味和异国情调,特,特别是是东方的方的情情调。第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Romanticism - A
33、rtistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions. Romanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literatur
34、e, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) originate 引起, 发明, 发起, orientation 方向, 定位, 倾向性rebellion谋 反 , 叛 乱 , 反 抗historiography 编史, 历史之编纂工业设计史The History of Industrial designT
35、he History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to som
36、e extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. Romanti
37、cism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) rationality合理性 visionary 幻影的, 幻想的physical materialism自然唯物主义的 transcendental 先验的, 超越spontaneous自发的,自然产生的 enlightenment 启迪, 教化工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Among the characteristic attitudes of Romantic
38、ism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the geni
39、us, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles; a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as
40、a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult, the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic. Romant
41、icism(浪漫主义)浪漫主义) exaltation 提升, 提高, 兴奋supremely 无上地, 崇高地工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:1755696321818世纪的设计师们在处理产品的世纪的设计师们在处理产品的功能与设计的关系上是暧昧的。他们一方功能与设计的关系上是暧昧的。他们一方面对产品的坚固性和实用性很关心,另一面对产品的坚固性和实用性很关心,另一方面又对装饰有浓厚的兴趣。方面又对装饰有浓厚的兴趣。第三第
42、三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632设计师们生设计师们生产了多种多样的仪器产了多种多样的仪器用于不同的目的,其用于不同的目的,其中一些还是相当复杂中一些还是相当复杂的。他们有时难以克的。他们有时难以克制对于装饰的激情,制对于装饰的激情,特别是这件仪器是为特别是这件仪器是为某一显赫人物订做的某一显赫人物订做的时候更是如此。时候更是如此。第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格
43、工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:1755696321818世纪的英国,在工业革命之初,尽管在机械化和新的商业组织形世纪的英国,在工业革命之初,尽管在机械化和新的商业组织形式上发生了变化,但产品的种类,特别是日常生活用品的类型并无显著变化,式上发生了变化,但产品的种类,特别是日常生活用品的类型并无显著变化,仍然是家具、陶瓷和小五金一类的产品。仍然是家具、陶瓷和小五金一类的产品。 切普代尔(切普代尔(Thomas Chipp
44、endale,17181799)、)、魏德伍德魏德伍德(Josiah Wedgwood,17301795)和保尔顿(和保尔顿(Matthew Bowlton,17281809)等一些企业家和发明家,不断涌现出来,率先在艺术与工业等一些企业家和发明家,不断涌现出来,率先在艺术与工业之间架起了桥梁。之间架起了桥梁。 第三第三节 1818世世纪的的设计风格格工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 与建筑业一样,与建
45、筑业一样,1818世纪的家具生产仍然是以传统的手工艺为主。家具业已世纪的家具生产仍然是以传统的手工艺为主。家具业已不再是一种地方性的工业,但又没有完全商业化。从行会禁锢中解放出来的英不再是一种地方性的工业,但又没有完全商业化。从行会禁锢中解放出来的英国家具业中,自由企业纷纷成立,这就导致了销售渠道迅速地重新改组。国家具业中,自由企业纷纷成立,这就导致了销售渠道迅速地重新改组。 企业家在组织生产和销售两个方面起着越来越重要的作用。不少企业家以企业家在组织生产和销售两个方面起着越来越重要的作用。不少企业家以伦敦为中心,积极推销产品。他们的家具主要是为新兴的中产阶级市场生产的,伦敦为中心,积极推销产
46、品。他们的家具主要是为新兴的中产阶级市场生产的,而不是像先前那样为贵族阶层订做产品。而不是像先前那样为贵族阶层订做产品。第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632切普代尔出身木匠世家,他于切普代尔出身木匠世家,他于17531753年在伦敦开设了自己的产品展厅,年在伦敦开设了自己的产品展厅,就此开创了自己的事业。就此开创了自己的事业。17541754年,他出
47、版了样本图集绅士与家具指南,作年,他出版了样本图集绅士与家具指南,作为公司的广告宣传。这本书中家具插图包括了从古典式、洛可可式、中国式直为公司的广告宣传。这本书中家具插图包括了从古典式、洛可可式、中国式直到哥特式的各种风格,到哥特式的各种风格,切普代尔有名的风格之一是出自中国的所谓切普代尔有名的风格之一是出自中国的所谓“中国风中国风”,这种风格,这种风格是随着东方贸易的开展而发展起来的,在是随着东方贸易的开展而发展起来的,在1750-17601750-1760年间成了女性闺房中极为时年间成了女性闺房中极为时髦的式样。髦的式样。第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史
48、The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632切普代尔的家具有切普代尔的家具有自己的一贯手法,自己的一贯手法,1616把切普代把切普代尔生产的椅子
49、所有的靠背均不尔生产的椅子所有的靠背均不同。但腿则都遵循一种基本形同。但腿则都遵循一种基本形式,前腿是直的,后腿略为向式,前腿是直的,后腿略为向外弯曲,其中有外弯曲,其中有5 5把支持椅腿的把支持椅腿的木撑也是按同样的方式布置的,木撑也是按同样的方式布置的,其余的变化也很小。这些椅子其余的变化也很小。这些椅子中,人们可以看到一种肯定的中,人们可以看到一种肯定的结构逻辑的意识。结构逻辑的意识。 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空
50、官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:1755696321818世纪家具制世纪家具制造业最重要的一个方面是劳造业最重要的一个方面是劳动的不断专业化,这推进了动的不断专业化,这推进了在生产前进行产品规划的思在生产前进行产品规划的思想,使设计、绘图员成了家想,使设计、绘图员成了家具公司的雇员。这
51、些公司越具公司的雇员。这些公司越来越重视在全国范围内积极来越重视在全国范围内积极推销产品,而不限于满足当推销产品,而不限于满足当地的需要。大多数公司都在地的需要。大多数公司都在伦敦繁华区设立了产品展销伦敦繁华区设立了产品展销厅,以扩大影响。厅,以扩大影响。第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs Find out h
52、ow to identify Chippendale furniture and a little about the man who started the Chippendale style. Thomas Chippendale was a furniture maker of the mid to late 18th century. He was probably born in 1718 but there is no record of his birth, only his baptism in that year. He was the son of an Otley, Yo
53、rkshire, England carpenter and most likely an apprentice to his father. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs There are no records of his early life and training but by 1753 he
54、 was established in London as a furniture maker. In 1754 he published the first of three editions of his Gentleman and Cabinet-Makers Director, a catalogue of English furniture design. This book is probably the major reason he is one of the worlds best-known furniture makers ever. The description Ch
55、ippendale has been applied to much of the well-made, English furniture of the 18th century. This is not because the furniture was made by Thomas Chippendale or his factory but because the word Chippendale has become synonymous with a distinguishable style. Surviving furniture actually made by Thomas
56、 Chippendale would be rare to the extreme and would require a verifiable provenance. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs Gentleman and Cabinet-Makers Director is the picture
57、book of the Chippendale style. This catalogue allowed wealthy patrons to pick out particular elements for their furniture and the furniture would then be custom made for them by the Chippendale workshop. The Chippendale style reflected many elements of the Rococo, Chinese, Gothic and, later, the Neo
58、classical styles. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs The Chippendale style didnt remain within the confines of the Chippendale workshops very long. So popular were the desig
59、ns with the wealthy class of the mid-18th century that soon other furniture makers were using Gentleman and Cabinet-Makers Director as a pattern book for their shops, too. The patterns were not really entirely the creation of Thomas Chippendale, but improved, stylized or modernized versions of popul
60、ar existing patterns. When we talk about Chippendale furniture today, what we are really talking about is well-constructed, mid- to late-18th century furniture of the Chippendale style. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/
61、;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs Wood used in this style of furniture was generally mahogany. Though veneers were used for furniture of this period, they are not typical of the Chippendale style. Solid wood was used to accommodate the elaborate carving found in this style. Modern repr
62、oductions of the Chippendale style will often be hand carved but will not have the depth and detail of carving that genuine 18th century furniture has. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chipp
63、endale chairs Another feature of 18th century wood furniture is its irregularity. All the work on this furniture was done by hand and often quite exquisitely. However, handwork, no matter how well done, will not be able to match the exact regularity of machine work. When you examine a piece of wood
64、furniture for the purpose of determining its age, look at the joinery closely. It will reveal a lot about the history of the piece. Hand crafted joints will be slightly irregular and may evidence tool marks, too. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Indust
65、rial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs Finishes on wood furniture can help reveal its age, too. Many techniques exist to falsely age or distress finishes and unscrupulous furniture forgers use them so dont rely on the appearance of a finish alone to judge the age
66、of a piece of furniture. With age, wood takes on what is called a patina. Patina is the warm, mellow, aged look that wood gets from being touched, lived with, polished and cared for. Its something you must see to appreciate. It takes study to understand the different kinds of patination that differe
67、nt woods take on over time. If you intend to invest money in antique furniture, you must spend time learning about the kind of furniture you intend to buy. Local museums are a great place to start. They give you a wonderful opportunity to study authentic antique period furniture and patination up cl
68、ose. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs If what you are after is finding a nice, 18th century Chippendale style chair, you must learn the anatomy of a Chippendale style chai
69、r. This article is by no means exhaustive and should serve only as a launching pad for further exploration. Volumes have been written on the Chippendale style and on antique chairs. But, here are some of the elements of chair anatomy and the Chippendale style. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The H
70、istory of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs The legs of an antique chair are revealing. There are six different basic Chippendale style legs. These are the lions paw, the ball and claw, the late Chippendale, the Marlborou
71、gh, the club and the spade. Picture books will give you an idea what each looks like but three of the styles are based on the cabriole shape which is an elegant, serpentine style ending in a distinctive foot. These include the lions paw, which ends with a lion paw shaped foot, the club, which is a s
72、imple round foot and the ball and claw, which (not surprisingly) looks like a claw holding a ball. The remaining leg styles are straight with the Marlborough being a plain, square leg; the spade a tapered round leg often with a square or trapezoid foot and the late Chippendale having a square leg wi
73、th a square foot. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs There are many variations on the basic leg styles but close observation will reveal the basic pattern. If carving is pre
74、sent, and it most likely will be to some degree, it will be detailed and deeply cut. Leg joints will be precisely done with evidence of handwork. Check for repairs where the leg and seat frame meet. Sometimes, chair legs will have been cut down at the bottom to a shorter stature and this lessens the
75、 value of the chair. Stretchers are the horizontal rungs between chair legs. They are sometimes present in Chippendale style chairs. These, too, will be well joined, show evidence of handwork and will often be carved. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of I
76、ndustrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs Seats on Chippendale style chairs may be wood, upholstered or caned. One way to check if the upholstery is original is to look at the way it is attached. Are other holes present that would indicate previous upholstery? N
77、ew upholstery can easily hide holes so dont rely on this method entirely. A textile specialist can determine if the fabric is right for the period, too. Where the legs meet the seat, there will generally be supports called glue blocks. These may have been replaced during the life of the chair, check
78、 to see how they are joined. The chair backs will vary by the intended purpose of the chair. There are upholstered backs, rail backs, ladder backs, rung backs, splat backs, carved backs and in the case of stools and window seats, no backs. Look for the same kind of quality in the backs that you expe
79、ct in the rest of the chair. Carvings will be deep, crisp and detailed. Often there will be piercing, where the solid wood has been pierced through as part of the back detail. One popular splat (back support) type is the lyre shape. Joinery will be well done and show evidence of handwork. 第四第四节切普代切普
80、代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Chippendale chairs There are many variations on the Chippendale theme but one thing you can be sure of is that if you find a genuine 18th century Chippendale style cha
81、ir in an antique shop, you are going to have to pay thousands of dollars for it. If its not appropriately priced, the dealer knows that its not 18th century. Take great care in purchasing antiques of this quality and expense. A reputable dealer will give you a written guarantee that the piece is aut
82、hentic and the guarantee will include a detailed description of the piece and its provenance. If your budget is modest but your taste is expensive, you can buy very fine quality modern reproduction Chippendale style chairs that will appreciate in value over the years. As with any major investment, t
83、hough, know exactly what you are buying before you write the check. 第四第四节切普代切普代尔与与1818世世纪的的家具业家具业工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632魏德伍德魏德伍德17301730年出身于一个陶匠家庭,他在将以家庭手工生产为基年出身于一个陶匠家庭,他在将以家庭手工生产为基础,产品十分粗糙的陶业转变成大规模工厂化生产的巨大转变中
84、,起着关键性础,产品十分粗糙的陶业转变成大规模工厂化生产的巨大转变中,起着关键性的作用。正如他墓碑上写的:的作用。正如他墓碑上写的:“他将一个粗陋而不起眼的产业转变成了优美的他将一个粗陋而不起眼的产业转变成了优美的艺术和国家商业的重要部分。艺术和国家商业的重要部分。”第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 他有意识地将生产分为两个部分以适应他有意识地将生产分为两个部分以适应不同市场的需要。一部分是为上流阶层生产的极富艺不同市场的需要。一部分是为上流阶层生产的极富艺术性的装饰产品,另一部分是大量生产的实用品。并术性的装饰产品,另一部分是大量生产的实用品。并取得了巨大的成功。取得了巨大的成
85、功。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632罗马古典复兴气息的炻器罗马古典复兴气息的炻器(a)第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 罗马古典复兴气息的炻器罗马古典复兴气息的炻器(b)工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:1755696
86、32第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 魏德伍德的装饰用品不少是用一魏德伍德的装饰用品不少是用一些特殊的矿物质烧制的,特别适于模些特殊的矿物质烧制的,特别适于模仿古典的硬石雕刻。其中最有名的是仿古典的硬石雕刻。其中最有名的是17901790年生产的年生产的“波特兰波特兰”花瓶,其原花瓶,其原型是型是1 1世纪罗马时期制作的。世纪罗马时期制作的。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632魏德伍德最大的成
87、就之一是于魏德伍德最大的成就之一是于17631763年开始生产的一种乳白色日用陶器,后来年开始生产的一种乳白色日用陶器,后来被赐予被赐予“女王女王”牌陶器的称号。牌陶器的称号。第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 这种陶器是革命性的,这种陶器是革命性的,开辟了现代陶瓷生产的新纪元,迄开辟了现代陶瓷生产的新纪元,迄今仍是魏德伍德陶瓷公司的重要产今仍是魏德伍德陶瓷公司的重要产品。品。 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群
88、:175569632“女王女王”牌陶器把高质量与低廉的价格结合起来,并由于容易牌陶器把高质量与低廉的价格结合起来,并由于容易翻模成形,使大规模的工厂化生产成为可能。在回顾自己早期的工作时,翻模成形,使大规模的工厂化生产成为可能。在回顾自己早期的工作时,魏德伍德曾写道:魏德伍德曾写道:“关于形式的优美在当时是一个极少受关注的课题。关于形式的优美在当时是一个极少受关注的课题。”他后来常常描述自己的理想是他后来常常描述自己的理想是“优美而简洁优美而简洁”。第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 到到1919世纪初叶,世纪初叶,“女王女王”牌陶器的形式大部分变得非常朴素,牌陶器的形式大部分变得
89、非常朴素,反映了材料自身及其生产工艺的特点,反映了材料自身及其生产工艺的特点,达到了魏德伍德达到了魏德伍德“优美而简洁优美而简洁”的理的理想。想。“女王女王”牌陶器的优点之一是它牌陶器的优点之一是它能用在不同的地方,既能置于优雅的能用在不同的地方,既能置于优雅的茶几之上,也可用于厨房。魏德伍德茶几之上,也可用于厨房。魏德伍德公司生产的厨房用品,它们非常简洁,公司生产的厨房用品,它们非常简洁,具有朴实无华的特色。具有朴实无华的特色。工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:
90、/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632陶陶器器花花边边图图案案手手册册第第五五节魏德伍德与陶瓷工业魏德伍德与陶瓷工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632在在1818世纪下半叶英国工业变革过程中,新技术起了关键性的作用,例如使世纪下半叶英国工业变革过程中,新技术起了关键性的作用,例如使用蒸汽机就是机械化的第一步。在发展蒸汽机,并使之适用于制造产业方面的用蒸汽机就是机械化的第一步。在发展
91、蒸汽机,并使之适用于制造产业方面的一位中心人物就是保尔顿,他也是使英国小五金商业化的重要人物。一位中心人物就是保尔顿,他也是使英国小五金商业化的重要人物。 随着消费需求的增长,各种五金产品的生产迅速扩大,特别是以伯明翰为随着消费需求的增长,各种五金产品的生产迅速扩大,特别是以伯明翰为中心的日用小五金产品增长很快。早在中心的日用小五金产品增长很快。早在1717世纪末,以生产各种金属小饰物为特世纪末,以生产各种金属小饰物为特色的小五金行业就已发展起来,以满足越来越多的人对于奢华和时尚物品的消色的小五金行业就已发展起来,以满足越来越多的人对于奢华和时尚物品的消费需求。费需求。 第第六六节保保尔顿及其
92、小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632保尔顿于保尔顿于17591759年继承父业后,决心面对市场的激烈竞争,生产出比对手质年继承父业后,决心面对市场的激烈竞争,生产出比对手质量更高、更便宜的产品,而量更高、更便宜的产品,而当时其他生产者应付市场膨胀的方法仅是价廉但质当时其他生产者应付市场膨胀的方法仅是价廉但质次次。为此,保尔顿引进了以机械化为主的大规模生产。为此,保尔顿引进了以机械化为
93、主的大规模生产。保尔顿结识了一直在研究蒸汽动力的詹姆斯保尔顿结识了一直在研究蒸汽动力的詹姆斯瓦特(瓦特(James Watt,17361819),),并决定投资于蒸汽机。保尔顿于并决定投资于蒸汽机。保尔顿于17731773年在索活安装了一台试验性蒸汽年在索活安装了一台试验性蒸汽机,瓦特为此在那里进行了两年的调试工作。从机,瓦特为此在那里进行了两年的调试工作。从17761776年起,瓦特和保尔顿将蒸年起,瓦特和保尔顿将蒸汽机应用到了许多工业生产之中。汽机应用到了许多工业生产之中。 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial desi
94、gnThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 James Watt was born in Greenock in 1736, the son of a ships chandler (trader in canvas, etc). Watt had little formal education due to poor health in his youth, but pottering about in his fathers shop he developed an inter
95、est in trying to make things work like clockwork. In his late teens he went to London to learn to be a mathematical and philosophical instrument maker, and when he returned to Glasgow he got a job making instruments with Glasgow University, who gave him accomodation and a workshop. 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其
96、小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 In 1763 John Anderson asked him to repair an early steam engine he had acquired. This early model, known as a Newcomen engine, was very inefficient. The cylinder (where the piston
97、was) had to be heated when steam was admitted, and then gradually cooled again to condense the steam. This wasted a lot of time and fuel. Two years later, while wandering aimlessly through Glasgow Green, Watt hit upon the idea of condensing the steam in a separate vessel. This removed the need for h
98、eating and cooling, making the engine faster, safer, and more fuel-efficient. A stone in Glasgow Green marks this spot, where the industrial revolution really began. (Later, in 1778 Watt presented Anderson with a micrometer he had designed and made, as a gesture of thanks.) 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业
99、设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Despite his success, Watt was a rather insecure and jealous man, who did not like others having their own ideas. When one employee of the company, a man named William Murdoch, experimented
100、 with high pressure steam engines, Watt discouraged him from patenting and continuing his work, even though his engines were potentially much better and smaller than the ones Watt himself had invented. Murdoch never patented his design, and returned to fixing Watts own engines. (However, Murdoch did
101、 make another important contribution, to gas lighting.) 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 Apart from his steam research, which he originally carried out in the grounds of Kinneil House near Linlith
102、gow, Watt was involved in many other projects. He solved the problem of how to convert the up-and-down piston movement to rotary movement (so that engines could power looms, bellows, and other mechanical devices), he created the term horsepower, and he also invented the rev. counter, a machine for c
103、opying sculpture, and a letter copying press (a very early photocopier!). 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 When Watt retired in 1800, he had become a very rich man. In 1882, 63 years after Watts d
104、eath, the British Association gave his name to the unit of electrical power - and today James Watts name is to be found written on almost every lightbulb in the world. 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:17556
105、9632保尔顿的设计方法是迎合市场的流行趣味保尔顿的设计方法是迎合市场的流行趣味。他写道:。他写道:“时尚与这些产品有时尚与这些产品有极大关系,目前时尚的特点是采用流行的优雅装饰而不是擅自创造新的装饰极大关系,目前时尚的特点是采用流行的优雅装饰而不是擅自创造新的装饰。”有时尚性和价格便宜成了商业成功的信条。崇尚时髦的市场需要有广泛的选有时尚性和价格便宜成了商业成功的信条。崇尚时髦的市场需要有广泛的选择。由于保尔顿的产品也在国际市场上销售,因而特别注意不同市场上的不同择。由于保尔顿的产品也在国际市场上销售,因而特别注意不同市场上的不同需要和不同爱好。在他的产品中,既有仿洛可可式风格的水瓶,也有新
106、古典简需要和不同爱好。在他的产品中,既有仿洛可可式风格的水瓶,也有新古典简洁优雅风格的烛台,体现了保尔顿多样化的市场策略。洁优雅风格的烛台,体现了保尔顿多样化的市场策略。 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 保尔顿生产的一对保尔顿生产的一对带羽饰的洛可可式风格的水瓶带羽饰的洛可可式风格的水瓶-工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632保尔顿的多数设计似乎是根据从别处收集来的图案和样本设计出来的,而保尔顿
107、的多数设计似乎是根据从别处收集来的图案和样本设计出来的,而不是委托厂外设计师设计的。他经常从朋友和熟人处借作品以进行分类和测绘。不是委托厂外设计师设计的。他经常从朋友和熟人处借作品以进行分类和测绘。保尔顿在国外的代理人也提供了大量的样品、书籍和草图。此外他还从当时有保尔顿在国外的代理人也提供了大量的样品、书籍和草图。此外他还从当时有名望的艺术家那里购买模型和图案。名望的艺术家那里购买模型和图案。保尔顿生产的最好的作品都受到新古典风格的影响。古典花纹图案的重复保尔顿生产的最好的作品都受到新古典风格的影响。古典花纹图案的重复使用有助于大批量的生产。保尔顿设计的一些比较精致和豪华的产品并不特别使用有
108、助于大批量的生产。保尔顿设计的一些比较精致和豪华的产品并不特别有利可图,但为保尔顿带来了质量上的声誉,并结交了大批艺术界和社会上的有利可图,但为保尔顿带来了质量上的声誉,并结交了大批艺术界和社会上的名流,从这些交往中不断获得新的构思和设计,反过来又滋养了利润较丰的批名流,从这些交往中不断获得新的构思和设计,反过来又滋养了利润较丰的批量生产部门。量生产部门。 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:13182411
109、89;QQ群:175569632 保尔顿和魏德伍德的工厂有几个预示着未来设计发展的特点。两者相比较,保尔顿和魏德伍德的工厂有几个预示着未来设计发展的特点。两者相比较,基本的差别在于它们批量生产的类型不同。基本的差别在于它们批量生产的类型不同。保尔顿的工厂是为趣味变换很快的时尚市场生产的装饰品,而魏德伍德所生产的产品则必须将美学形式与实用和耐久的要求相协调。这两类有着不同设计含义的消费品范畴将随着工业化的发这两类有着不同设计含义的消费品范畴将随着工业化的发展而扩大。另外展而扩大。另外两个重要特点两个重要特点是两家共有的。是两家共有的。首先,尽管美学价值是重要的,首先,尽管美学价值是重要的,但它从
110、属于商业上的考虑,支配产品的准则是但它从属于商业上的考虑,支配产品的准则是“它们能否销出它们能否销出”。第二,两者。第二,两者的设计都主要源于厂外与生产过程无关的艺术家、建筑师以及包含图案、花纹的设计都主要源于厂外与生产过程无关的艺术家、建筑师以及包含图案、花纹的出版物。的出版物。在大多数情况下,设计被应用到了生产过程之中,而不是来自生产在大多数情况下,设计被应用到了生产过程之中,而不是来自生产过程。过程。 第第六六节保保尔顿及其小五金工及其小五金工业 工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马
111、行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 1818世纪社会需求的增长使新的消费产品不断出现,但产业的迅速发展主要世纪社会需求的增长使新的消费产品不断出现,但产业的迅速发展主要体现于组织化的水平之上,也就是体现于组织化的水平之上,也就是强化劳动分工强化劳动分工和和重视市场营销重视市场营销,而不仅在于,而不仅在于新技术的影响。新技术的影响。这种新的供求关系标志着设计与市场营销之间更为密切的结合,这种新的供求关系标志着设计与市场营销之间更为密切的结合,以及更加强调商品流通中趣味和时尚的作用。以及更加强调商品流通中趣味和时尚的作用。1818世纪,人们认识到了
112、艺术在工业中的重要性,世纪,人们认识到了艺术在工业中的重要性,但艺术与工业之间的结合但艺术与工业之间的结合是生硬的是生硬的,艺术被认为是某种可以买来附加在产品之上的东西,这一点特别体,艺术被认为是某种可以买来附加在产品之上的东西,这一点特别体现于家用消费品之中。现于家用消费品之中。追求时尚之风不仅盛行于那些乐于此道的上层人士,也影响到了那些一直追求时尚之风不仅盛行于那些乐于此道的上层人士,也影响到了那些一直在试图提高自己地位的新的消费阶层。对于他们来说,附庸风雅有着特别重要在试图提高自己地位的新的消费阶层。对于他们来说,附庸风雅有着特别重要的意义。一些有远见的企业家,如魏德伍德、保尔顿等,正是
113、将自己的产品瞄的意义。一些有远见的企业家,如魏德伍德、保尔顿等,正是将自己的产品瞄准这一市场。准这一市场。将产品的将产品的“艺术质量艺术质量”与大批量生产相结合,从而保证了他们的与大批量生产相结合,从而保证了他们的顾客能以可承受的代价获得适当的社会象征。顾客能以可承受的代价获得适当的社会象征。 第第七七节新条件下的设计新条件下的设计工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632 在在1818世纪下半叶,许多有关中国传
114、统设计的图集在欧洲出版,包括马休世纪下半叶,许多有关中国传统设计的图集在欧洲出版,包括马休达利(达利(Matthew Matthew DarlyDarly)的一套有关中国设计的刻版图集,其中有人物、建筑物、的一套有关中国设计的刻版图集,其中有人物、建筑物、家具及山水、花鸟鱼虫等装饰内容。这本图集无疑对当时出现的众多家具及山水、花鸟鱼虫等装饰内容。这本图集无疑对当时出现的众多“中国风中国风”产品产生了巨大影响。魏德伍德的一些产品就饰有中国山水和花鸟的图案。产品产生了巨大影响。魏德伍德的一些产品就饰有中国山水和花鸟的图案。 整个整个1818世纪充满了理性的气息。这些哲学家们所反复研讨的重要课题之一
115、世纪充满了理性的气息。这些哲学家们所反复研讨的重要课题之一就是实用性、适宜性与美的关系。整个国家对于机器的革新和工业的进步充满就是实用性、适宜性与美的关系。整个国家对于机器的革新和工业的进步充满了好奇与兴趣,这就意味着一个美学问题:如何将美与机器的效率协调起来?了好奇与兴趣,这就意味着一个美学问题:如何将美与机器的效率协调起来?不少哲学家就这个问题进行了积极的探索。不少哲学家就这个问题进行了积极的探索。史密斯指出:史密斯指出:“任何观察过自然美任何观察过自然美的构成的人都会认识到,实用是美的主要源泉。的构成的人都会认识到,实用是美的主要源泉。”新兴的工程师、技师、仪器新兴的工程师、技师、仪器制
116、造师也极为推崇实用性和适宜性。出于经济上和机器效率上的考虑,他们在制造师也极为推崇实用性和适宜性。出于经济上和机器效率上的考虑,他们在机器和仪器的设计中倾向于简洁的几何形态和最经济的结构方式,全然没有装机器和仪器的设计中倾向于简洁的几何形态和最经济的结构方式,全然没有装饰,于是产生了一种抽象的形式美。饰,于是产生了一种抽象的形式美。 第第七七节新条件下的设计新条件下的设计工业设计史The History of Industrial designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632
117、在在1818世纪中叶,技术性的机器、工世纪中叶,技术性的机器、工具、仪器很多具、仪器很多 都采用了当时流行风格的都采用了当时流行风格的形式和装饰。但从形式和装饰。但从17501750年起,一些新型年起,一些新型的设计出现了。它们从传统的形式中解的设计出现了。它们从传统的形式中解脱出来,在设计中强调简洁、合理的形脱出来,在设计中强调简洁、合理的形式。这一点充分体现于一些科学研究用式。这一点充分体现于一些科学研究用的仪器之中。的仪器之中。 第第七七节新条件下的设计新条件下的设计多伦德于多伦德于17551755年制作的天文尺年制作的天文尺-工业设计史The History of Industrial
118、 designThe History of Industrial design天马行空官方博客:http:/ ;QQ:1318241189;QQ群:175569632这些作品,它们的形式与其使这些作品,它们的形式与其使用的目的是一致的,因而反映了理用的目的是一致的,因而反映了理性思维的特点,性思维的特点,从从1919世纪开始世纪开始,机,机器开始大量进入各种产业之中,由器开始大量进入各种产业之中,由此,在各种非家用的机器和产品的此,在各种非家用的机器和产品的设计中,设计中,功能主义的趋向便愈加明功能主义的趋向便愈加明显地发展起来。显地发展起来。 第第七七节新条件下的设计新条件下的设计螺纹生成机螺纹生成机-