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1、ComplexSentences(复合句）复合句）初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾 语 从 句 )、 TheAdverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 TheAttributiveClause(定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。.TheObjectClause(宾语从句宾语从句)宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。A)Introducedbythat主句的谓语动
2、词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g.Hesaysthat he wants to speak to the headmaster.Imsorry(that) he isnt here right now.Note:1.that的省略：的省略：that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分
3、，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g.Iguess(that)somebody else has borrowed it.Imafraid(that)youll have to wait.2.宾语从句的否定转移：宾语从句的否定转移：主句是主句是I/Wethink/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：误：Ithinkchickenscannotswim.正：正：Idontthinkchickenscans
4、wim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：试比较：Ithinkheiswrong,isnthe?Hethinksheisright,doesnthe?BackB)Introducedbyif/whether if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g.Sheaskedme if/whether I
5、could help her with her English.Idontknowif/whether it is going to rain.BackNote:只用whether的四种情况：1.在介词后Imthinkingofwhetherweshouldgofishing.2.直接与ornot连用时Idontknowwhetherornottheywillcometohelpus.3.在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中Wediscussedwhetherwewouldhaveasportsmeetingnextweek.4.宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhetherthisistr
6、ueornot,Icantsay.BackC)Introducedbyrelativepronounsandadverbs（连接代词和连接代词和连接副词）连接副词）一、构成：一、构成：1.1.宾语从句可由连接代词宾语从句可由连接代词what, who, whom, which等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。能省略。Doyouknowwhowillcomethisafternoon?(作主语作主语)Didyouhearwhathesaid?（作宾语）作宾语）Idontknowwhosethatis.（
7、作表语）作表语）Couldyoutellmewhichgatewehavetogoto?（作（作gate的的定语）定语）2.宾语从句可由连接副词宾语从句可由连接副词when, where, how, why等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。Wedidntknowwhenshewouldcomeback.CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?Nooneknowswhysheislateagain.二、难点：二、难点：1.避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g.*Icantseethatwhatisover
8、there.（应去掉that）2.从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g.*Doyouknowhowoldisshe?(应改为：howoldsheis)3.从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g.*Shedidnttellmewhenshewillcome.(应改为：whenshewouldcome)三、转换：三、转换：由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。e.g.Ivenoideawhat were going to do next.=Ivenoideawhat to do next.Couldyoutellmehow I can get to t
9、he post office?=Couldyoutellmehow to get to the post office?四、宾语从句的时态四、宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，
10、则用一般现在时，不受主句科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：时态的限制。试比较：Hesaysthathewantstoseehimassoonaspossible.Hesaid thathewantedtoseehimassoonaspossible.Tomsays thatheis mendinghiscar.Tomsaidthathewas mendinghiscar.Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.宾语从句中考题练兵：宾语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择一、单项选择()1.Idontthinkhewi
11、llcomehereontime,?(重庆重庆)A.wontheB.willheC.doesheD.ishe()2.Willyoupleasetellme?(上海上海)A.wherePudongAirportisB.howfarPudongAirportwasC.howcanwegettoPudongAirportD.whenwasPudongAirportbuilt()3.ItsnotpolitetoaskpeopleinEngland.(常州常州)A.howmuchmoneyyouhavegotB.whattheweatherislikeC.whatyourcitylookslikeD.h
12、owoldareyou()4.Iwonderifhetonight.Ifhe,Illletyouknow.(扬扬州州)A.willcome;willcomeB.comes;comesC.willcome;comesD.comes;willcomeB BA AA AC C()5.IcantsayIwanttoseehimagain.Wehaventseeneachotherfornearlythreeyears.(镇江镇江)A.howlongB.howsoonC.howoftenD.howmuch()6.Mr.GreentoldmethatheonatripnextSunday.(通化通化)A.
13、aregoingB.wasgoingC.willgoD.wouldgoing()7.OurgeographyteachertoldusthatJapantheeastofChina.(河北河北)A.isinB.wasinC.istoD.wasto()8.Nobodyknowshellcomeornot.(辽宁辽宁)A.thatB.ifC./D.whetherD DB BC CD D二、按要求改写句子二、按要求改写句子1.“Doyouwanttotrysomethingnew?”Tomsmotheraskedhim.(改为复合句改为复合句,句意不变句意不变)(济南济南)Tomsmotherask
14、edhimtotrysomethingnew.2.Couldyoutellmethewaytothestation?(改写句子改写句子,句意不句意不变变)(青岛青岛)Couldyoutellmetothestation?3.“Ihavefinishedmyhomework.”Johntoldme.(改为复合句改为复合句,句意不变句意不变)(天津天津)Johntoldmethathomework.4.IdonthowIcanreachthezoo.(改为简单句改为简单句)(宿迁宿迁)Idontknowthezoo.if/whetherif/whetherhehewantedwantedhowho
15、wI Icancangetgethehehadhad finishedfinishedhishishowhowtotogetgettoto三、根据汉语提示三、根据汉语提示,完成句子完成句子.1.我还没有决定是否去参加迈克的生日聚会。(黑龙江)IhaventdecidedIwillgotoMikesbirthdayparty.2.据说在南京长江上又建了一座桥。（南京）Itssaidthatbridge_overtheChangjiangRiverinNanjing.3.请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(无锡)Wouldyoupleasetellmeme?4.你能告诉我他从美国回来多久了？Ca
16、nyoutellme?whetherwhetherorornotnotanotheranotherhashasbeenbeenbuiltbuiltwhatthislockismadeofwhatthislockismadeofhowlonghehasbeenbackfromtheUSAhowlonghehasbeenbackfromtheUSA.TheAdverbialClause(状语从句状语从句)状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。A)TheAdverbialClauseofTime(时间状语从句时间状语从句)1)Introducedb
17、ywhen(表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当当时时”。)e.g.When you get off the bus,youmustntpushothers.2)Introducedbybefore(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为意为“在在之之前前”。)e.g.Theyhadalreadyhadbreakfastbefore they went to school.3)Introducedbyafter (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意
18、为“在在之后之后”。)e.g.Theytalkedaboutthepartyafter the people left.4)Introducedbyuntil(表表示示主主句句发发生生的的动动作作发发生生在在从从句句动动作作之之前前，意意为为“直直到到为为止止”。主主句句用用肯肯定定式式，谓谓语语是是延延续续性性的的动动词词，表表示示动动作作一一直直延延续到续到until所表示的时间为止所表示的时间为止)e.g.Iwillwaituntil he comes.Note:(until用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发
19、生。notuntil意为“直到才”。）e.g.Shewontgotobeduntilshefinishesherhomework.5)Introducedbyas soon as(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一就”。)e.g.Mybrotherwentoutas soon as I got home.Note:在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。规律确定。1)主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Theboywill beawriterwhenhegrows up.2)主句含
20、有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Whenthelightsarered,thetrafficmuststop.3)主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Please dont go to bedbeforeyoufinishyourhomework.4)主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g.IlikedreadingwhenIwasyoung.B)TheAdverbialClauseofPlace(地点状语从句地点状语从句)1)Introducedbywheree.g.Pu
21、tthemedicinewhere you can easily get it.2)Introducedbywherevere.g.Illgo wherever you go.C)TheAdverbialClauseofManner(方式状语从句方式状语从句)1)Introducedbyase.g.Illdoallthethingsas you told me.2)Introducedbyas if/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)e.g.Itlooksas if its going to rain.Helooksasif he were yo
22、ung.3)Introducedbythe waye.g.Idontlikethe way he talks.D)TheAdverbialClauseofReason(原因状语从句原因状语从句)1)Introducedbybecausebecause语语气气最最强强，它它着着重重说说明明原原因因。用用why提提问问的的问句必须用问句必须用because回答，不能用回答，不能用as,since；e.g.-Whydidnthecome?-Becausehe was ill.2)Introducedbysincesince语语气气比比较较弱弱，表表示示关关系系上上的的自自然然结结果果，尤尤其其用用于
23、于对对已已经经清清楚楚了了的的因因素素，常常译译成成“既既然然”，“鉴鉴于于”，通常从句放在主句前；通常从句放在主句前；e.g.Sincea lot of people make mistakes in life,MrSmithwantedtogiveJohnachance.3)Introducedbyasas语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；e.g.Ashe didnt know the meaning of the word,helookeditupinhisdictionary.Note:for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推
24、断。e.g.Theoilmustbeout,forthe light went out.E)TheAdverbialClauseofCondition(条件状语从句条件状语从句)1)条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=ifnot)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。e.g.Ifhedoesnt comeontime,wewont know whattoknow.Hemust comeifheis told.Please let me knowifhecomes back. I
25、ll gothereunlessitrains.2)If条件句的替代形式：条件句的替代形式：（1）祈祈使使句句+and/or+陈陈述述句句（谓谓语语动动词词通通常常用用将将来来时时态态）。其中，其中，and表示句意顺承；表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为表示转折，意为“否则否则”。e.g.Ifyouworkhard,youllpasstheexameasily.=Workhard,andyoullpasstheexameasily.Ifyoudontworkhard,youllfallbehindothers.=Workhard,oryoullfallbehindothers.（2）用介词用介词
26、with,without的替代形式：的替代形式：e.g.Ifthereisnowater,thefishmaydie.=Fishmaydiewithoutwater.Ifyouhelpme,Illfinishmytaskontime.=Withyourhelp,Illfinishmytaskontime.F)TheAdverbialClauseofConcession(让步状语从句让步状语从句)1)Introducedbythough/althoughe.g.Though he tried many times,hefailedtoworkitout.2)Introducedbywh-ever
27、e.g.Whatever he says(=Nomatterwhathesays),dontbelievehim.3)Introducedbyeven if/even thoughe.g.Even if he is poor,shelovesherhusband.(Hemaybepoor,yetsheloveshim.)即使他穷了，她也仍然爱他。 Even though he is poor, shestilllovesherhusband.(Heispoor,yetsheloveshim.)尽管他穷，但她仍然爱他。G)TheAdverbialClauseofResult(结果状语从句结果状语
28、从句)1)Introducedbyso thate.g.Therearebigtreesaroundthehouseso that it can hardly be seen by passers-by.2)Introducedbysothat/suchthate.g.HewalkedsofastthatIcouldntkeepupwithhim.Hemadesuchagoodreportthateverybodywaspleased.H)TheAdverbialClauseofPurpose(目的状语从句目的状语从句)1)Introducedbyso thate.g. He got up m
29、uch earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.2)Introducedbyso thate.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better. I)TheAdverbialClauseofComparison(比较状语从句比较状语从句)1)Introducedbyasas/not soas; thane.g.Thisquestionisnot sodifficultas I thought.Thefil
30、mismuchbetterthan we expected.2)IntroducedbyThe more, the moree.g.The moreheheardthesong,the lesshelikedit.状语从句中考题练兵：状语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择一、单项选择()1.Somebodyrangmeupjustnow,buthehungupIcouldanswerthephone.(无锡无锡)A.whenB.untilC.beforeD.since()2.MrSmithusuallyreadsanewspaperheswaitingforthebus.(徐徐州州)A.ifB.th
31、eC.becauseD.while()3.Youmustleaveherenowyourmothercangetsomemorerest.(常州常州)A.becauseB.thoughC.sothatD.so()4.Themeetingisimportantthatyoumustntmissit.(盐城盐城)A.veryB.suchC.soD.tooC CD DC CC C()5.Imgoingtothesupermarket.-youarethere,wouldyoupleasebuymesomevegetables?(镇江镇江)A.IfB.BecauseC.WhileD.After()6.
32、Doyouknowwhathedidallday?(镇江镇江)-Hespentasmuchtimeplayingashe.A.studyingB.wasstudyingC.studiedD.couldstudying()7.IfMginO2,weMgO,anditcombinationreaction(化学变化化学变化).(泰州泰州)A.willburn,get,callsB.burns,willget,calledC.willburn,canget,iscallingD.burns,willget,iscalled()8.hetalkedwithherforalongtime,hefaile
33、dtoconvince(说服说服)her.(黄冈黄冈)A.ThoughB.ButC.SinceD.AsC CD DD DA A二、同义句改写二、同义句改写1.Whereverheis,hecanmakehimselfathome.(广州广州)heis,hecanmakehimselfathome.2.MissSmithlefthereaftertherainstopped.(淮安淮安)MissSmithleaveheretherainstopped.3.Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam.(盐城盐城),andyouwillpasstheexam.4.Tomwast
34、oohappytogettosleep.(大连大连)Tomwashappyhecouldnt.5.Getoffthebuswhenthedrivertellsyou.（宁夏）宁夏）Dontgetoffthebusyou_.NoNomattermatterwherewheredidntdidntuntiluntilWorkWorkhardhardsosothatthatfallfallasleepasleepuntiluntilarearetoldtoldtoto三、根据汉语提示三、根据汉语提示,完成句子完成句子.1.你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多。你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多
35、。（无锡）（无锡）,themoreknowledgeyoullget.2.他是一个好人，与每个人都相处的很好。（常州）他是一个好人，与每个人都相处的很好。（常州）Heissuchakindman.3.山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）Samcouldntwaittoreadthenewbook.4.尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）,Ithinkitusefultolearncomputerwell.5.看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）It
36、looks.ThemorehistorybooksyoureadThemorehistorybooksyoureadthathegetsonwellwitheveryonethathegetsonwellwitheveryoneassoonashegotitassoonashegotitThoughittakesmuchtimeThoughittakesmuchtimeasifitsgoingtorainasifitsgoingtorain.TheAttributiveClause(定语从句定语从句)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须
37、放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。ThisisTom.Tomgaveusatalkyesterday.-ThisisTomwho (that) gave us a talk yesterday.先行词定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why一一、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1.who在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e.g.Thisisthedoctorwhocame her yesterday.2.whom在从句中作宾语，它所
38、引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g.Theman(whom)you saw last week has left the town.注注意意：在在从从句句中中作作介介词词宾宾语语时时，介介词词一一般般可可放放在在whom之之前前，也也可可放放在在原原来来的的位位置置上上。在在含含有有介介词词的的固固定定动动词词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.a)Themanfrom whom I borrowed the bookisLiLei.=Themanwhom I borrowed the book fromisLiLei.(前句中的whom
39、不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b)Thegirlwhom he is taking care ofisill.(takecareof是固定词组)3.whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g.Iknowthewomanwhosehusband is a doctor.Helivesinthehousewhose window faces south.二、二、that,which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句这这两两个个代代词词均均指指物物，它它们们所所引引导导的的定定语语从从句句所所修修饰饰的的先先行行词词是是物物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。通常情况下，
40、它们可以互换。1.that,which在从句中作主语，不可省略。在从句中作主语，不可省略。e.g.Heroisthefilmthat/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2.that,which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。在从句中作宾语，可以省略。e.g.Isthisthefilm(that/which)you talked about last week?注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。且不能省略。e.g.Thehousein which he once lived is a meeting-room
41、.=Thehouse(which)he once lived inisameeting-room.知识拓展：知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词that和和which，在一般情况下，尽管在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用而不用which：1.先行词是复合不定代词先行词是复合不定代词everything,anything,nothing等时。等时。e.g.Shedidntforgetanythingthather mother had told her to buy.2.先行词被序数词或先行词被序数词或th
42、elast修饰时。修饰时。e.g.ThisisthefirsttextbookthatI studied in the primary school.Heisinthelastrowthatis next to the window.3.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.ThatisthehighestbuildingthatI have ever seen.4.先行词被先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame等修饰时。等修饰时。e.g.Thisistheverynovelthatyou want to borrow.5.先先行行词词是是或或被被al
43、l,no,some,any,little,much等等修修饰饰时，时，e.g.Ivewrittendownallthatthe teacher doesnt allow us to do.Theyhaventgotanydictionariesthat we need.6.先行词既包含人又包含物时。先行词既包含人又包含物时。e.g.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersonsthatwe had never heard.7.主句是以主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时。引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g.Whoistheman(that)you spoke t
44、o just now?Whichisthebookthatwas stolen by him?8.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。时。e.g.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythat it used to be.三、关系副词三、关系副词where,when,why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）（在从句中作状语）1.where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g.Thisisthevillagewhere he was born.c.f.
45、Thisisthevillage(that/which)he visited last year.2.when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g.Illneverforgetthedaywhen I joined the League.c.f.Illneverforgettheday(that/which)we spent together.3.why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g.Thereasonwhyhe didnt come yesterdayisquit
46、eclear.定语从句专练：定语从句专练：()1.Thenumberofpeoplelosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.A.whichB.whoC.whomD./()2.ThisisthemostbeautifulpartIhavevisited.A.which;everB.that;neverC.which;yetD.that;ever()3.Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingismissing.A.thatB.whichC.whatD./()4.WeretalkingaboutTonny,youmetyesterday.A.withwhoB.
47、whomC.whichD.that()5.IsthistheverymuseumsomeJapanesevisitorsvisitedlastWednesday?A.oneB.whereC.thatD.whichB BD DA AB BC C()6.ThebookcoverisredisToms.A.whichB.thatC./D.whose()7.TheplaceIgrewupisabeautifultown.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.fromwhich()8.Idontthinkthenumberofpeoplethishappensisverylarge.A.whoB.towhichC.thatD.towhom()9.DoyoustillrememberoneeveningaweekagoIcametoyourroomandborrowedadictionary?A.beforeB.whichC.whenD.as()10.Isthatthenovelabouttheytalkedinclassyesterday?A.whichB.thatC.whoD./D DC CD DC CA A
