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1、Part 6 Sense Relations6 6.1 .1 Sense RelationsSense Relations6 6.2 .2 HyponymyHyponymy6 6.3 .3 SynonymySynonymy6 6.4 .4 AntonymyAntonymy6 6.5 .5 Homonymy Homonymy art6同义词反义词6.1 Sense RelationsWhat are sense relations(What are sense relations(语义关系语义关系)? )?Words are arbitrary symbols and are independe
2、nt identities so far as heir outer facet-spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.2art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.1 Sense RelationsTypes of sense relationsTypes
3、 of sense relationsHyponymy(上下义关系上下义关系)-semantic inclusionSynonymy(同义关系同义关系)-semantic similarityAntonymy(反义关系反义关系)-semantic oppositionHomonymy(同形或同音异义关系同形或同音异义关系)3art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe definition of hyponymyThe definition of hyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusio
4、n. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items).The general lexical item is called the superordinate(上义词上义词).The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词下义词).4art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 Hyponymyliteratureprosefictiondramashort s
5、torynovelettenovelpoetry5art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 Hyponymyswimmingboxingrunning racewrestlingweight-liftinghurdle racerunningrelaysprintinglong-distance racegymnasticsathleticsball gamessports6art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe semantic field theory(The semantic field theory(语义场理论语义场理论) )The vocabulary of a
6、 language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component. The whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Vocabula
7、ry is seen as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. -Jost Trier (a German linguist)7art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe semantic field theoryThe semantic field theoryMost languages share same semantic fields.TimeSpaceAgeKinshipFoodColorEmotion 8art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe semantic f
8、ield theoryThe semantic field theoryThe semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different languages, thus lexical gaps(词汇空缺词汇空缺) occur.9art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe semantic field theoryThe semantic field theoryThe semantic field of kinshipMembers in English: 13-father
9、, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, husband, wife.Members in Chinese: .The semantic field of foodhot dog, sandwich, hamburger 豆腐豆腐, 馒头馒头10art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.2 HyponymyThe semantic field theoryThe semantic field theoryemotionjoylovehatefeargrief11art6同义词反义词同义词
10、反义词6.2 HyponymyImplications of semantic field for vocabulary Implications of semantic field for vocabulary learninglearningcharacter/ virtueeasy-going, aggressive, arrogant, self-conceited, modest,considerate, sympathetic, extrovert, introvert,amicable, Ambitious, honest, loyal, obedient, strong-wil
11、led, Iron-willed, trustworthy, obstinate,stubborn, unyielding, confident12art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyTypes of synonymsTypes of synonymsAbsolute or perfect synonyms: words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associ
12、ative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural pounding and composition;word building and word-formation; malnutrition and undernourishment13art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyTypes of synonymsTypes of synonymsRelative or partial synonyms: words which are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but emb
13、race different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here.14art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymySources of synonymsSources of synonymsBorrowing Native Borrowed roomchamberfoe enemy help aidleave departbodilycorporal 15art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 Syn
14、onymySources of synonymsSources of synonymsBorrowing Native FrenchLatintimeageepochbellystomachabdomenfireflameconflagrationaskquestioninterrogate16art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymySources of synonymsSources of synonymsDialects and regional Englishliftelevatortubesubwaypetrolgasolinecall boxtelephone boo
15、thcharmglamour (ScotE)17art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymySources of synonymsSources of synonymsFigurative and euphemistic of wordsoccupationwalk of lifedreamerstar-gazerdrunkelevatedliedistort the fact18art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymySources of synonymsSources of synonymsCoincidence with idiomatic expressio
16、nspick upchoosegive upabandongo on with continueput offpostponewingain the upper handhesitatebe in two minds19art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymySemantically synonymous field(Semantically synonymous field(同义语义场同义语义场) )Base on semantic similarity, synonyms are usually arranged into synonymic groups or sets.
17、 Within this groups there is the most general term known as “synonymic dominant”(主导同义词主导同义词). The synonymic dominant is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group(同义词同义词群群), which can be called a semantically synonymous field.20art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3
18、 SynonymySemantically synonymous fieldSemantically synonymous fieldsynonymic dominantsynonymic groupLeavedepart, quit, retire, withdraw, exitLookstare, gaze, eye, peep, glancePicturepainting, photo, drawing21art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyImplications of Semantically synonymous fieldImplications of Sem
19、antically synonymous fieldGeneral-specificSay/speak: murmur, scream, retort, argue, protest, claim, state, declareMonotony-vividnessWe have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us, nothing
20、. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangs. -Winston ChurchillBarbie dolls fashion: fashions, costumes, outfits, apparel, dress.22art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in denotation -look: stare, gaze, eye, pee
21、p, glance -laugh: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/snigger, titter -extend, increase, expand -make ones way: thread ones way, dig ones way, break ones way, push ones way, shoulder ones way, elbow ones way, worm ones way23art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination o
22、f synonymsDifference in denotation -let, allow, permit -want, wish, desire -rich, wealthy -big, large, huge24art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in denotation -chilly, frigid, icy, cold, frosty, coolCool-chilly-cold-frosty-frigid-icy25art6同义词反义词
23、同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in connotationDiffer in emotional coloringDiffer in stylistic coloring26art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in collocation-empty (box, street, room), vacant (seat,
24、chair, apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of paper)-a large (not big) amount/number/quantity of-great courage/confidence/wisdom-make efforts, take measures27art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in collocation-accuse.of, chargewith, rebukefor
25、, reproachwith/for-a lump of sugar, a sheet of paper, a slice of meat/bread, a cake of soap, a chunk of wood-a flock of sheep/goats/birds, a herb of cows/elephants/zebras/antelopes, a school of fish/whales/dolphins, a swarm of ants/bees/wasps/locusts, a stable of horses, a pride of lions28art6同义词反义词
26、同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsDifference in distribution Pre-modifier VS post-modifier-He is the greatest living novelist in England.-He is the greatest novelist alive in England.-Dont disturb the sleeping old man.-Dont disturb the old man asleep. 29art6同义词反义词
27、同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsThe losing team was from further competition.Firefighters a big fire.The meeting has been because of the flu.The government the tax on alcohol.abolish, cancel, extinguish, eliminateextinguishedeliminatedcancelledabolished30art6同义词
28、反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsShe made an of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.I have read the of his book.The chemistry book had a at the end of each chapter.abstract, outline, summaryoutlineabstractsummary31art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination
29、 of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsIt is to judge a foreign culture only by its food.There was an idea that the earth was flat and motionless.You were very to trust him.absurd, ridiculous, sillyridiculousabsurdsilly32art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonyms
30、Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.This hotel can up to 500 guests.We cant that expensive sports car.The company the customers wish and sent the delivery overnight.The tall building a beautiful view of the ocean.accommodate, afford, furnish
31、furnishesaccommodateaffordaccommodatedaffords33art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsThe boss him strongly for his negligenceThe police him of theft.The police him with murder.accuse, charge, rebukerebukedaccusedcharged34art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimin
32、ation of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsAn lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.It is that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.Improved consumer confidence is to an economic recovery.We have an need for help; we are running out of water.acute, critical, crucial, urgentacute
33、criticalcrucialurgent35art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.3 SynonymyDiscrimination of synonymsDiscrimination of synonymsIt is whether the economy will get better.His changes of recovery from illness are .He has some ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.His directions confused us; we did not know which of the
34、 two roads to take.The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many - - - references. ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dimuncleardimvagueambiguousobscure36art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyThe definition of antonymyThe definition of antonymyAntonymy is concerned
35、 with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. They are a variety of “oppositeness”. They can be classified into three major groups.37art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyTypes of antonymsTypes of antonymsContrariesComplementariesConversives Semantic incompatibles
36、38art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyContraries(Contraries(相对反义词相对反义词/ /两极反义词两极反义词) )Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable.hot, warm, cool, coldbeautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, uglyold-young, open-close, big-sm
37、all, poor-rich39art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyComplementaries(Complementaries(绝对反义词绝对反义词/ /互补反义词互补反义词) )These antonyms truly represent oppositeness. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them (non-gradable).dead-alive, present-absent, male-
38、female, true-false, approval-disapproval, capable-incapablePrefixes: dis-, in-, il-, ir-, im-, un-40art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyConversives(Conversives(换位反义词换位反义词/ /关系反义词关系反义词) )This third type consists of relational opposites.Husband-wife, fianc-fiance, employer-employee, debtor-creditorAbove-below
39、, in front of-behind, up-downBuy-sell, give-receive, go-come, gain-lose41art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymySemantic incompatibles(Semantic incompatibles(多项不相容词多项不相容词) )North, south, east, westSpring, summer, autumn, winterJanuary, February, March,DecemberSunday, Monday, .Saturday42art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 Anto
40、nymyA word can have more than one antonymsA word can have more than one antonymsFresh bread-stale breadFresh air-stuffy airFresh flowers-faded flowersFresh look-tired look43art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsTo achieve emphasis
41、 by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.44art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsUnited we stand, divided we fall.Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.Visible dark
42、ness, a victorious defeat, a clever fool, an open secret, painful pleasure, cruel kindness.45art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.4 AntonymyStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsStylistic purpose of the use of antonymsIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of fo
43、olishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the Spring of Hope, it was the Winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direc
44、t the other way. (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities)46art6同义词反义词同义词反义词6.5 Homonymy - Homonymy- Homonymy: : the state or quality of a given wordthe state or quality of a given words s having the same spelling and the same sound or pronunciation as having the same spelling and the same sound or pr
45、onunciation as another word, but with a different meaning.another word, but with a different meaning. - Homonym: - Homonym: words different in meaning but either words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or identical both in sound and spell
46、ing or identical only in sound or spelling spelling 同形（同音）异义词同形（同音）异义词 - - The words which are in the relationship of The words which are in the relationship of homonymy are homonyms.homonymy are homonyms.art6同义词反义词同义词反义词(1) Types of homonyms P Perfect homonyms erfect homonyms H Homographomographs s
47、 H Homophoneomophones s art6同义词反义词同义词反义词Perfect homonyms(同形同音）同形同音） bear bear n. n. 熊（熊（large furry animallarge furry animal）from Old English from Old English berabera bear bear v. v. 忍受（忍受（toleratetolerate）from Old English from Old English beranberan lie lie vi. vi. 位于（位于（be located somewherebe loc
48、ated somewhere）from Old English from Old English licganlicgan lie lie vi. vi. 说谎（说谎（deliberately say something untruedeliberately say something untrue）from Old English from Old English lygelyge meet meet vt. vt. 遇到（遇到（come across somebodycome across somebody）from Old English from Old English metanme
49、tan meet meet adj. adj. 合适的（合适的（appropriateappropriate）from Old English from Old English gemaetegemaete tack tack n. n. 钉子（钉子（small nailsmall nail）14th century. From Old Northern French 14th century. From Old Northern French taguetague tack tack n. n. 马鞍和马勒（马鞍和马勒（saddles and bridlessaddles and bridl
50、es）late 18th century. Shortening of late 18th century. Shortening of tackletackle tack tack n. n. 劣质的东西（劣质的东西（something inferiorsomething inferior）late 20th century. Back-formation late 20th century. Back-formation from from tackytacky tack tack n. n. 食物（食物（poor farepoor fare）late 16th century. Orig
51、in late 16th century. Origin unknownunknown art6同义词反义词同义词反义词Homographs refuse refuse v. v. 拒绝（拒绝（indicate unwillingnessindicate unwillingness） refuse refuse n. n. 垃圾（垃圾（garbagegarbage） sow sow v. v. 播种（播种（plant seedplant seed） sow sow n. n. 母猪（母猪（female hogfemale hog） tear tear n. n. 眼泪（眼泪（single dr
52、op of fluid from the eyesingle drop of fluid from the eye） tear tear v. v. 撕裂（撕裂（pull or come apartpull or come apart） prayer prayer n. n.祈祷（祈祷（communication with God or other beingcommunication with God or other being） prayer prayer n. n.祈祷者（祈祷者（one who praysone who prays） sewer sewer n. n. 下水道（下水道
53、（drain for waterdrain for water） sewer sewer n. n. 中世纪佣仆（中世纪佣仆（medieval servantmedieval servant） sewer sewer n. n. 裁缝（裁缝（one who sewsone who sews）art6同义词反义词同义词反义词Homophones dear dear n. a loved personn. a loved person deer deer n. a kind of animaln. a kind of animal aero aero adj. of aircraft adj. o
54、f aircraft arrow arrow n. n. slender, pointed shaft slender, pointed shaft air air n. n. stuff we breathe stuff we breathe heir heir n. n. one who will inherit one who will inherit altar altar n. n. raised center of worship raised center of worship alter alter v. v. to change to change baron baron n
55、. n. minor royalty minor royalty barren barren adj. adj. unable to bear children unable to bear children art6同义词反义词同义词反义词 (2) Origins of homonyms change in sound and spellingchange in sound and spelling Some homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Some homonyms are nat
56、ive by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern English.modern English. borrowing borrowing As a result of heavy borrowing from
57、other languages, many words of foreign As a result of heavy borrowing from other languages, many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those of other foreign ori
58、gin.of other foreign origin. shortening shortening Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or soundspelling or sound. .art6同义词反义词同义词反义词(3) Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants pe
59、rfect homonymsPolysemants（多义词）（多义词）Similarityspelling and soundDifferencesfundamentaldifferent lexemesthe same formthe same lexemedistinguishable meaningsourcesource etymologydesendants of different sourcesa words of the same sourcessemantic relatednesshave nothing to do with one anotherrelated,can
60、be traced back to one central meaningin dictionarieslisted as sepatated entrieslisted under one headwordart6同义词反义词同义词反义词the same formthe same formPolysemantsPerfect Homonymsart6同义词反义词同义词反义词 Lexeme: Lexeme: A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly correspond
61、s to a set of words that are different forms of the same word. For example, the English word forms run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme. art6同义词反义词同义词反义词4. Rhetoric Features of HomonymsAs homonyms are considered in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employe
62、d to created puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.art6同义词反义词同义词反义词- Mine is a long and sad - Mine is a long and sad taletale! said the Mouse, ! said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing.turning to Alice, and sighing.- It is a long - It is a long tailtail, certainly, said
63、Alice, looking , certainly, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouses tail; but why down with wonder at the Mouses tail; but why do you call it sad?do you call it sad? (Lewis Carroll, Alices Adventures in Wonderland)(Lewis Carroll, Alices Adventures in Wonderland)Examples:art6同义词反义词同义词反义词Wi
64、lliam Shakespeare: Romeo and JulietWilliam Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet - Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles (souls) ; I have a soul（sole）of lead so stakes me to the ground. I cannot move. Notes： nimble（quick, and neat in movement ） sole （the underside of the foot ） stake（t
65、o tie, fasten, or tether with or to a stake译一：我实在不能跳了，译一：我实在不能跳了， 你们都有轻快的舞鞋。你们都有轻快的舞鞋。 我只有一个像铅一样重的灵魂，我只有一个像铅一样重的灵魂， 把我的身体紧紧的钉在地上，使我不能动弹。把我的身体紧紧的钉在地上，使我不能动弹。译二：我实在不能跳了，译二：我实在不能跳了， 你们都有轻快的舞鞋。你们都有轻快的舞鞋。 我只有一个像铅一样重的舞鞋。我只有一个像铅一样重的舞鞋。译三：我实在不能跳了，译三：我实在不能跳了， 你们都有舞鞋，且心情轻松你们都有舞鞋，且心情轻松 我虽有舞鞋，但心情沉重。我虽有舞鞋，但心情沉重。art6同义词反义词同义词反义词
