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1、Passions of the Cut Sleevethe male homosexual tradition in China1Passions of the Cut SleeveTheMaleHomosexualTraditioninChinaBretHinsch(Author)2Theexistenceofhomosexuality in Chinahasbeenwelldocumentedsince ancient times. According to onestudy,homosexualityinChinawasregardedasanormalfacet of life , p
2、rior to the Western impact of 1840onwards.However,this has beendisputed. ManyearlyChineseemperors are speculated to have had homosexualrelationships,accompaniedbyheterosexualones.Opposition to homosexuality, according to thestudybyHinsch,didnotbecomefirmlyestablishedinChina until the 19th and 20th c
3、enturies, throughtheWesternizationeffortsofthelateQingDynastyandearlyRepublicofChina.3On the other hand, Guliks influential study argued that theMongolYuan dynastyintroduced a more ascetic attitude tosexuality in general.Itis also argued that the classical Chinesewere unable to express homosexuality
4、 in a coherent andempatheticmanner.Thus,itmayremainforfurtherresearchtodeterminethequestionofwhetheranti-gayattitudesinModernChinacanbesignificantlyattributedtotheentranceofWesternattitudes into China, or whether opposition was merely notexpressedinacoherentmanner.Either way, it is indisputable that
5、 homosexualsodomywasbanned in thePeoples Republic of Chinafrom at least thetwentieth century, until it was legalized in 1997. In 2001,homosexuality was removed from the official list ofmentalillnessesinChina.4HomosexualityhasbeendocumentedinChinasinceancienttimes.TheIntrigues of the Warring States（战
6、国策）,acollectionofpoliticaladviceandstoriesbeforetheHanDynasty,referstoDukeXianofJin晋献公(reigned676651BCE)plantingahandsomeyoungmaninarivalscourtinordertoinfluencetheotherrulerandtogivehimbadadvice.5战国策秦策晋献公“欲伐虞，而惮宫之奇存。苟息曰：周书有言，美男破志。乃遗之美男，教之恶宫之奇，宫之奇以谏而不听，遂亡；因而伐虞，遂取之”。周书中说的是“美男破志，美女破居，武之毁也”，其意思是“美男”和“美
7、女”都可能成为国破家亡的祸根。6ThehistorianHanFei韩非子说难篇recordedamoreexaltedexampleintherelationshipofMiZixia(弥子瑕)andDukeLingofWei(卫灵公).MiziXiawasthefavoredcourtierofDukeLingbecauseofhisbeauty.WhenMiziXiagotnewsthathismotherwasill,heforgedanorderfromtheDuketouseaducalcarriagetotravelquicklytoseeher,andwaspraisedfor
8、hisfilialpiety.Anothertime,MiziXiabitintoanespeciallydeliciouspeachandgavetheremaindertotheDukeasagiftsohecouldtasteitaswell.Bothactsingratiatedhimfurtherwiththeruler.However,onceMiziXiaslooksfaded,theDuketurnedagainsthim,claiminghestolethecarriageandtheninsultedtheDukebyofferinghimahalf-eatenpeach.
9、7ThehistorianHanFei韩非子说难篇recordedamoreexaltedexampleintherelationshipofMiZixia(弥子瑕)andDukeLingofWei(卫灵公).史记老子韩非列传昔者弥子瑕见爱於卫君。卫国之法，窃驾君车者罪至刖。既而弥子之母病，人闻，往夜告之，弥子矫驾君车而出。君闻之而贤之曰：“孝哉，为母之故而犯刖罪！”与君游果园，弥子食桃而甘，不尽而奉君。君曰：“爱我哉，忘其口而念我！”及弥子色衰而爱弛，得罪於君。君曰：“是尝矫驾吾车，又尝食我以其馀桃。”8Anotherexampleofhomosexualityatthehighestlev
10、elofsocietyfromtheWarringStatesperiodisthestoryofLordLongYang龙阳君andtheKingofWei魏安釐王.ThekinghadafavoritenamedLordLongYang,withwhomheenjoyedfishing.Oneday,Longbegantoweep.Whenquestioned,Longsaidhesawhisownfutureinhowhehadtreatedafish.Happytohavethecatchatfirst,LongYanghadwantedtothrowitbackwhenhecaugh
11、tabetterfish.Hewept,Iamalsoapreviously-caughtfish!Iwillalsobethrownback!ToshowhisfidelitytoLongYang,thekingdeclaredthat,Anyonewhodarestospeakofotherbeautieswillbeexecutedalongwithhisentirefamily.9AnotherexampleofhomosexualityatthehighestlevelofsocietyfromtheWarringStatesperiodisthestoryofLordLongYan
12、g龙阳君andtheKingofWei魏安釐王.战国策卷二十五魏四魏王与龙阳君共船而钓，龙阳君得十余鱼而涕下。王曰：“有所不安乎？如是，何不相告也？”对曰：“臣无敢不安也。”王曰：“然则何为涕出？”曰：“臣为王之所得鱼也。”王曰：“何谓也？”对曰：“臣之始得鱼也，臣甚喜，后得又益大，今臣直欲弃臣前之所得矣。今以臣凶恶，而得为王拂枕席。今臣爵至人君，走人于庭，辟人于途。四海之内美人亦甚多矣，闻臣之得幸于王也，必褰裳而趋王。臣亦犹曩臣之前所得鱼也，臣亦将弃矣，臣安能无涕出乎？”魏王曰：“误！有是心也，何不相告也？”于是布令于四境之内曰：“有敢言美人者族。”10Anotherexampleofhom
13、osexualityatthehighestlevelofsocietyfromtheWarringStatesperiodisthestoryofLordLongYang龙阳君andtheKingofWei魏安釐王.阮籍昔日繁华子，安陵与龙阳，夭夭桃李花，灼灼有辉光。悦泽若九春，磐析似秋霜，流盼发姿媚，言笑吐芬芳；携手等欢爱，宿昔月衣裳，愿为双鸟飞，比翼共翱翔；丹青著明誓，永世不相忘。 咏怀诗三 11AnidiomatictermforhomosexualityinChineseisduanxiu zhi pi(断袖之癖,literally,“passionofthecutsleeve”),
14、derivedfromanepisodeinvolvingDongXian董贤andEmperorAi汉哀帝.Theyoftenslepttogetheronthesamebed,Oneafternoon,afterEmperorAiwokeupfromanap,Dongwasstillsleeping,andEmperorAissleevewasstuckunderDongshead.RatherthanwakingDongup,EmperorAicutoffhissleevetoallowDongtocontinuetosleepwithoutdisturbance.EmperorAial
15、sogaveDongthebestweaponsandthemostpreciousjewelsfromtheimperialtreasury-somuchsothatwhatDongusedwasevenmorepreciousthanwhatEmperorAipersonallyused.Further,imperialburialtoolswerepre-awardedtoDonginpreparationforhiseventualburial,andDongsfuturetombwasbuiltrightnexttoEmperorAisown.12Anidiomatictermfor
16、homosexualityinChineseisduanxiu zhi pi(断袖之癖,literally,“passionofthecutsleeve”),derivedfromanepisodeinvolvingDongXian董贤andEmperorAi汉哀帝.汉书董贤传贤宠爱日甚，为驸马都尉侍中，出则参乘，入御左右，旬月间赏赐累巨万，贵震朝廷。常与上卧起。尝昼寝，偏藉上袖，上欲起，贤未觉，不欲动贤，乃断袖而起。其恩爱至此。贤亦性柔和便辟，善为媚以自固。每赐洗沐，不肯出，常留中视医药。13TheHanDynastyapparentlyholdstherecordforthegreates
17、tnumberofemperorswhokeptmalefavorites.TenofthemenwhoruledChinaduringthatdynastybeingrecordedbySimaQianandBanGuforhavingoneormoremenastheirlovers.Theywere:14EmperorGaor.206-195BCandJiru高祖的籍孺EmperorHuir.194-188BCandHongru惠帝的闳孺EmperorWenr.179-141BCandDengTong,ZhaoTan,and BeigongBozi文帝的邓通、赵谈、北宫伯子Emperor
18、Jingr.156-141BCandZhoRen景帝的周仁EmperorWur.140-87BCandHanYan,HanYue,andLi Yannian武帝的韩嫣、韩说、李延年EmperorZhaor.86-74BCandJinShang昭帝的金赏EmperorXuanr.73-49BCandZhangPengzu宣帝的张彭祖EmperorYuanr.48-33BCandHongGong,ShiXian元帝的弘慕、石显EmperorChengr.32-7BCandZhangFang,andChunyuZhang成帝的张放、淳于长15Writings from theLiu Song Dyn
19、asty claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century: All the gentlemen and officials esteemed it. All men in the realm followed this fashion to the extent that husbands and wives were estranged. Resentful unmarried women became jealous.宋书五行志上记载：“自咸宁太康以后，男宠大兴，甚于女色
20、，士大夫莫不尚之，天下咸相仿效，或有至夫妇离绝，怨旷妒忌者。” Ming Dynasty literature, such asBian Er Chai(弁而钗), portray homosexual relationships between men as more enjoyable and more harmonious than heterosexual relationships.16An example of a marriage-like relationship between men was that formed by the scholar-bureaucratBi Y
21、uan毕沅 (17301797) and theSuzhouactor Li Guiguan李桂官. The two men exchanged vows of fidelity, and Li Guiguan retired from the stage to be addressed by acquaintances as Bis wife. This was a unique relationship in its locality, so much so that it was still remembered 200 years later, when it inspired the
22、 novelPrecious Mirror of Ranking Flowers品花宝鉴byChen Sen陈森.“苏伶有号碧成夫人者，姓李名桂官，字秀章，吴县人。昔在庆成部，名重一时，尝与某巨公乡谊，时佐其困乏，情好无间。后巨公莅外省，桂官亦脱身同往，于今十数年矣。”17TheSong dynastywas the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions to the emperors in official documents. Increasing urbanization caused the monetization
23、of all kinds of sexuality, and the firstlawagainst male prostitutes, never effectively enforced, went into effect.After the Song Dynasty, homosexual behavior was most documented amongst thegentry and merchant classes, since these were the people who were doing most of the writing.18TheQing Dynastyin
24、stituted the first law against consensual, non-monetized homosexuality in China. It has been construed that this may have been part of an attempt to limit all personal expression outside government-monitored relationships, coming in response to the social chaos at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The pu
25、nishment, which included a month in prison and 100 heavy blows, was actually the lightest punishment which existed in the Qing legal system.19Confucianism,beingprimarilyasocialandpoliticalphilosophy,focusedlittleonsexuality,whetherhomosexualorheterosexual.However,theideologydidemphasizemalefriendshi
26、ps.AlthoughTaoistalchemyregardedheterosexualsex,asawayofmaintainingamaleslifeessence,homosexualitywasseenasneutral,becausetheacthasnodetrimentalorbeneficialeffectonapersonslifeessence.20Same-gender love can sometimes be difficult to differentiate inClassical Chinesebecause the pronounsheandshewere w
27、ritten with the same character. And like many East and Southeast Asian languages, Chinese does not have grammatical gender.In addition, a good deal of ancient Chinese poetry was written by men in the female voice, orpersona.Another complication in trying to separate heterosexual and homosexual theme
28、s in Chinese literature is that for most of Chinese history, writing was restricted to a cultivatedelite, amongst whom blatant discussion ofsexwas considered vulgar.21Although rejection of homosexuality originating in the Tang Dinasty might also suggest Indian influences, given the fact that some Hi
29、ndu and Buddhist literature disapproved of homosexuality.There exists a dispute among sinologists as to when negative views of homosexual relationships became prevalent among the general Chinese population, with some scholars arguing that it was common by the time of theMing Dynasty, established in
30、the 14th century, and others arguing that anti-gay attitudes became entrenched during theWesternizationefforts of the lateQing Dynastyand the earlyRepublic of Chinain the 19th and 20th centuries.22Same-sex love was also celebrated in Chinese art, many examples of which have survived the various traumatic political events in recent Chinese history. Though no large statues are known to still exist, many hand scrolls and paintings on silk can be found in private collections.2324
