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1、选词填空选词填空Banked Cloze Background Information选词填空题是大学英语四级考试的新题型,考测综合能力,占整个考试分值不高。 选词填空题的文章长度在220250词左右,要求从给出的15个词中选择10个填入合适的空中。 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO在设计时并非拿来一篇短文随便去掉几个词,首句不设空;一句话中不设两空;设空比较均匀,基本覆盖整个段落;设空不影响考生对文章大意的理解; 选项所提供的词皆为实义词,包括:名词、动词、形容词、副词、分词等,它们与文章的上下文紧密联系;每个正确选项大都有干扰项,相互干扰的选项之间不是同义词或近义词,就是同词性的词。 设计者
2、一般遵循以下原则 :题型题型字数字数题材题材选项特点选项特点完型填空完型填空不低于不低于250250个字个字社会、社会、科普之科普之类。类。四个选项词性相同,词义接近,四个选项词性相同,词义接近,考生不必思考词性的问题,只需考生不必思考词性的问题,只需分辨词义即可,相对简单一些。分辨词义即可,相对简单一些。选词填空选词填空不会超过不会超过220220个字个字社会、社会、科普之科普之类。类。选词填空的选词填空的1515个待选词不仅难于个待选词不仅难于完型的四个选项,而且分成名词、完型的四个选项,而且分成名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类。考动词、形容词、副词四大类。考生必须先确定词性,再结合短文生必
3、须先确定词性,再结合短文的逻辑做出选择的逻辑做出选择。完型填空和选词填空的比较完型填空和选词填空的比较 选词填空特点:选词填空特点:1. 1. 近义词辨析不多,近义词辨析不多,2. 2. 固定搭配不多固定搭配不多3. 3. 词性辨析比较容易词性辨析比较容易4. 4. 题目设计的原则是首句不设空,一句话中不题目设计的原则是首句不设空,一句话中不 设两空,设空比较均匀,基本覆盖全文设两空,设空比较均匀,基本覆盖全文 . 选词填空难点:选词填空难点:1. 1. 词性可能会变。词性可能会变。2. 2. 错一题,可能会错两题。错一题,可能会错两题。特点和难点特点和难点第一句话完整,常为句子大意第一句话完
4、整,常为句子大意.15选选10,常考名词、动词、副词、形容,常考名词、动词、副词、形容词、连词词、连词.关键是从语法角度确定选词处的词性,关键是从语法角度确定选词处的词性,然后进行辨别。然后进行辨别。篇章选词篇章选词=语法语法+词性考点考点2006.6 厄尔尼诺现象厄尔尼诺现象2006.12 女性融入职场推动经济发展女性融入职场推动经济发展2007.6 疼痛对人产生的影响疼痛对人产生的影响2007.12 “和平学校和平学校”缔造和平教育缔造和平教育2008.6 接受挑战,相信自己可以创造奇迹接受挑战,相信自己可以创造奇迹2008.12 读书的意义读书的意义2009.6 其实写作并不难其实写作并
5、不难2009.12 父亲对孩子语言能力发展的影响比父亲对孩子语言能力发展的影响比母亲要大母亲要大题材分析题材分析选词填空要求熟悉选项、通读全文、把握文章结构与大意的前提下,根据所提供的词汇及句子的结构、语法和语篇等信息,通过逻辑推理、对比等手段最后确定答案。 选词填空时间安排:四步四步时间分配:时间分配:7 7分钟分钟 = 25 18 = 25 18(18 18 分钟留给分钟留给Section BSection B的两篇常规阅读,选词填空题要的两篇常规阅读,选词填空题要给出给出7 7分钟)分钟)firstly:Scan全文:全文:1 M 1分钟分钟 (也可也可scan 第一第一段明确全文的主旨
6、段明确全文的主旨)secondly:标注:标注词性词性 1m (not necessarily)thirdly:选词:选词填空填空: 4m fourthly:回顾:回顾检查检查 1m选词填空时间安排:第一步第一步第一步:第一步:Scan全文:全文:快速扫描文章,预测缺省信息的词性,对个别题目作出预测 (1分钟分钟) 主要关注文章中涉及的人物、事件、地方、原因以及结果。 (Theme , key words, and key points)Scan 全文的时候,有些很明显的答案可以先选择。选词填空时间安排:第二步第二步整理选项:整理选项:标注词性,预先分组 (1分钟分钟) 对于熟悉的单词的词性心
7、中要有数,或简单标明。对于熟悉的单词的词性心中要有数,或简单标明。对于对于动词与名词同形动词与名词同形的词,做个的词,做个特殊记号特殊记号。如。如&不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词做个不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词做个特殊标记特殊标记,如如 !两种选择:一,标熟悉的单词,二,两种选择:一,标熟悉的单词,二,标出不熟悉标出不熟悉的单词的单词。如何辨别所给词的词性?如何确定空格内所需词的词性?选词填空时间安排:第三步第三步选词填空:选词填空: (4分钟分钟) 首先,根据空格的前后决定所填词的词性。其次,利用逻辑关系词确定答案。 或利用context内容确定答案。目前四级考试目前四级考试只考实词只考实词(
8、notional words)中的四种:)中的四种:名词名词n、动词动词v、形容词、形容词adj、副词、副词adv; (不考代词和数词;也不考(不考代词和数词;也不考虚词(冠词虚词(冠词art, 介词介词prep, 连词连词conj, 感叹词感叹词interj) )特点:四种实词中,考的最少的是副词特点:四种实词中,考的最少的是副词adv, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。根据真题,动词一直是考三个。另外三题。根据真题,动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性,有两个的,也有四个的。种词性,有两个的,也有四个的。3. 3. 动词归类要细分为动词归类要细分为
9、v v,v-ed, v-ingv-ed, v-ing。因为一。因为一个空可以填动词,但填原形还是过去式还是个空可以填动词,但填原形还是过去式还是-ing -ing 形式要自己根据语法判断。形式要自己根据语法判断。标注词性时注意的问题标注词性时注意的问题1. 1. 不认识的单词看词缀不认识的单词看词缀2. 2. 认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性比如:有的词比如:有的词display, concern, challengedisplay, concern, challenge做做名词和做动词都很常见名词和做动词都很常见. .这时两个都要标出来先标这时两个都要
10、标出来先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。你脑子里第一个出现的词性。此外此外, ,以以-ing, -ed -ing, -ed 结尾的词也可能是分词转结尾的词也可能是分词转变而来的形容词,如变而来的形容词,如holding holding 做动词:做动词:Shes holding her mothers hand.Shes holding her mothers hand. 做形容词:做形容词:holding company (holding company (控股公司控股公司) );再如再如acquiredacquired做动词:做动词:academic skills he academic ski
11、lls he acquired.acquired.做形容词:做形容词:a newly acquired a newly acquired jacket (jacket (新买的夹克新买的夹克) )。如何辨别词性?动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括:动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(规则动词与不规则动词), 无法确定时标问号?不认识的词看词缀affixes。构词法中, 前缀(prefix)大多区分词义, 后缀(suffix)区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。 例外:如en-able =enable词义前缀Negative prefixes: A- as
12、exual, asymmetry, anarchyDis- dishonest, disorderIn-(im, il) :Un- unfriendly, unexpectedDe- decentralize, deforestPejorative prefixes:Mal(badly), malnutritionMis(wrongly), mislead, misunderstandPseudo(false, imitating), pseudonym, Prefixes of degree or size:Co(joint): coexistence, colleague, Hyper (
13、extreme): hypersensitive,Mini: minibike,Out(surpassing): outnumberOver-, sub-, super-, Bi- , tri-Prefixes of orientation or attitudeAnti-Contra-(opposite): contradictionPro-Prefixes of time and orderEx- , re-Fore- foresee, foreshadow,词性后缀 root+ =?以-ion, -age, -ness, -ity, -ship, -ace, -ance, -ancy,
14、-ence, -ency, -dom, -itude, -um或-mony 结尾的大都是名词; 以-ize, -ise, -fy结尾的大都是动词; 以-ive, -ent, -ant, -ful, -ous, -able, -ary, -ic, -cal或-less结尾的是大都是形容词; 以-ly,-ways或-wise 结尾的大都是副词 -ed 形式的词(过去分词)在句中既可以做谓语动词(过去时)或谓语动词的一部分(完成时),又可以做形容词。要仔细区分。-ing (现在分词)在句中既可以做进行时中的谓语动词的一部分,又可做形容词,还可以做名词,要仔细辨别context 的需求。如何确定空格内
15、单词的词性?1. 确定空格为名词 (1)空格前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的,空格处应填入名词; a/an/the +_; vt +_.(2)空格后面是动词的,空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词); _+ 谓语动词(3)空格前面是介词的,空格充当介词宾语,应填入名词或动名词。2. 确定空格为动词确定空格为动词(1)空格前面已经有名词/代词作主语,后面又有名词/代词作为动词的主语,空格处应为及物动词; 主语n/pron +谓语vt+宾语 n/pron(2)空格前面是名词/代词,后面没 有宾语,空格处应填不及物动词; n/pron + 谓语动词vi (3)空格前面是名词/代词,后面是副词/介词,空格处
16、应填入不及物动词,与副词/介词构成固定搭配; n/pron + 谓语动词 +adv/prep (4)空格前面是名词/代词,后面是形容词,空格处应填入系动词或be动词; n/pron + link v + adj (5)空格前面有不定式标志to,空格处应填入动词原形;若to是介词,应填入动名词。(1)-(4) 为句中所需的谓语动词,有时态、语态和人称的变化,(5) 为非谓语动词3. 确定空格为形容词: 修饰名词或表示状态(1)空格后面为名词,空格处应填入形容词; _ + N.(充当宾语或主语) (2)空格前面是副词,空格处应填入形容词; adv+_ (充当表语或定语)(3)空格前面是系动词,空格
17、处应填入形容词作表语. Be ,become, fall ill, keep silent, look/seem tired, grow old, 4. 确定空格为副词: 修饰动作或状态的词(1)空格前面为动词,空格处应填入副词;(2)空格后面是形容词,空格处应填入副词。Context 中的逻辑关系?常见的逻辑关系词如下:(1)并列关系:and, or, as well as 等(2)对比或转折关系:but, however, on the contrary, rather than,though 等(3)比较关系:as . as, like, similarly等(4)因果关系:becaus
18、e, for, since, as a result of, therefore, thus 等(5)举例关系:for example, for instance, such as, and so on 等(6)递进关系:whats more, moreover, in addition 等确定词性 (名词) 实例前为冠词:Passage 1, blank 1.(P1B1) This is, however, a _. P4B3: we keep putting off a _ that we are force to take up. P3 B4: as they grow older, t
19、he _gradually diminishes. 前为形容词:P1B8: It may have been a sharp_ of the pupils technical abilities in writing. misunderstandingtaskamountcriticism充当主语(前面同时又是冠词)P3 B10: The _ for human beings is probably about a week. 介词宾语:P4B10: In such a _ , I work as hard as I can . (前面同时又是冠词)P2 B 10: you go by the
20、 other persons _.P3 B 2: annoyance and problems are seen in a better _. (前面同时又是冠词)* 复数代表一类人P3B3 谓语动词为sleep , 主语需要第三人称复数形式或与之相应的名字形式。选项:Limit situationdemandperspectiveinfants确定谓语动词实例P3B6: Napolean, Toamas Edison and Charles Darwin apparently _ only four to six hours a night. (分析:时态过去时。唯一选择: averaged
21、.这一句缺少谓语)P2 B5 They _”assertiveness training”courses. (有名词/代词作主语,后面又有名词,此处缺少一个谓语动词,第三称的复数形式。跟course搭配。)offer在Passages中找更多的例子P1B5 encourageP1B9 had failed (谓语动词的一部分,完成时)P3B1 disapearsP4B5 We 和it之间缺少一个动词, postpone.P5B5 share P5 B6 interviewedP5B10 might be involved. (被动语态)(谓语动词在我们的5个passages的选项中,几乎占1/
22、5)确定非谓语动词实例P2B9: you start to _ your own good sense. P2 B7: In one way, learning to speak out is to _ fear. doubtovercomeMore examples of infinitives你能在5 passages 中找出更多的需要非谓语动词(不定式)中需要动词的句子吗?P1 B6 expressP2B4 help people _ themselves.P4B2 compoundP4B8 prevent不定代词在所给的5篇50个选项中比例超过1/10.确定选项为形容词实例(系动词)P
23、1B7 This work is _.(terrible)P2B6 They learn to be more _ without hurting other people. (active)P4B4 Either because it is too _ or it is too difficult. (tedious)P4B9 Here we are not _ to get started but (reluctant)确定选项为副词 1修饰动作的词P2B1 Have you ever been afread to talk back when you were treated _.选项E
24、 F 均为副词,要找一个修饰treated. unfairly确定选项为副词2修饰形容词P1B3 There are ,however, _ different ideas about how to teach it, or how much 分析:此句不缺少任何主要的句子成分(主谓宾),只缺少一个修饰different adj的词,表示different的程度之广。“Vastly “为正确选择。另一个副词干扰选项为”specifically”.More example : P4 B 6A) scaleA) scaleB) retailedB) retailedC) generateC) ge
25、nerateD) extremeD) extremeE) technicallyE) technicallyF) affordableF) affordableG) situationG) situationH) reallyH) reallyI) potentialI) potentialJ) gapJ) gapK) voluntaryK) voluntaryL) excessiveL) excessiveM) insultedM) insultedN) purchaseN) purchaseO) primarilyO) primarily The flood of women into t
26、he job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to be done_47_ by women-ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to do ing _48_ work-still need to be done by someone .Husbands and children now do some of these jobs, a _49_ that has chan
27、ged the target market for many products. Or a working woman may face a crushing “poverty of time “ and look for help elsewhere , creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centers, dry cleaners, financial services, and the like. Although there is still a big wage _50_ between m
28、en and women, the income working women _51_ gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now _52_ about half of all cars. Not long ago, many cars dealers _53_ women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. Now car companies have realized th
29、at women are _54_ customers. Its interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to _55_ pay attention to women customers. In Japan, fewer women have jobs or buy cars - the Japanese society is still very much maleoriented. Perhaps it was the _56_ contrast with Japanese society that
30、 prompted American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.解题须知解题须知所谓所谓语感语感,就是对语言的感觉,它是在平时学习和阅读中,就是对语言的感觉,它是在平时学习和阅读中形成的一种潜在的语言能力。有时候是你无法解释理由,形成的一种潜在的语言能力。有时候是你无法解释理由,但你的选项是正确的。但你的选项是正确的。固定搭配:在选词填空中,约定俗成的固定搭配不是很多,固定搭配:在选词填空中,约定俗成的固定搭配不是很多,诸如,我们所说的诸如,我们所说的idomsidoms等。但是,对固定搭配的另外一种等。但是,对固定搭配的另外一种理
31、解是这种搭配很常见,比如:汉语说理解是这种搭配很常见,比如:汉语说“学知识学知识”,而英语,而英语不说不说“learn knowledge”, “learn knowledge”, 而是而是“acquire knowledge”; “acquire knowledge”; 还有,要描述还有,要描述 rain rain 很大,我们用很大,我们用heavyheavy修饰;当我们说修饰;当我们说heavy trafficheavy traffic是表示交通拥堵。此外,非常重要的一点是是表示交通拥堵。此外,非常重要的一点是注意小品词,即我们通常所说的注意小品词,即我们通常所说的to, in , on
32、, at ,fromto, in , on , at ,from等等等等, ,因为在某种程度上,它们能给我们关于选择项的提示。因为在某种程度上,它们能给我们关于选择项的提示。如:如:my my for her moved her . (attitude ; for her moved her . (attitude ; love)love) the income the income gives them new independence and buying power. For gives them new independence and buying power. For exampl
33、e, women now _ about half of all cars. example, women now _ about half of all cars. 正向并列:正向并列:buying buying 同义词暗示同义词暗示 purchase. purchase. 对复杂句的结构分析能帮助我们对句子的成分更加清晰,对复杂句的结构分析能帮助我们对句子的成分更加清晰,能清楚地确定空格处所需填入词汇的词性,甚至可能的意能清楚地确定空格处所需填入词汇的词性,甚至可能的意思。思。上下文逻辑关系也对选项产生影响。大家需要关注形式上的逻上下文逻辑关系也对选项产生影响。大家需要关注形式上的逻辑关系
34、和意义上逻辑关系。所谓形式上的逻辑关系就是我们通辑关系和意义上逻辑关系。所谓形式上的逻辑关系就是我们通常讲的因果,让步,递进等;而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇常讲的因果,让步,递进等;而意义上的逻辑关系就是以语篇表达的意思为线索,前后文中,意义上存在那些关系。比如说,表达的意思为线索,前后文中,意义上存在那些关系。比如说,描述一个人的心情的变化,心情好时,应该使用的是积极词汇,描述一个人的心情的变化,心情好时,应该使用的是积极词汇,而心情不好时则使用消极词汇。当然,形式和意思之间存在紧而心情不好时则使用消极词汇。当然,形式和意思之间存在紧密联系,不能割裂开来。密联系,不能割裂开来。逻辑联系:并列
35、关系P3B1 During sleep, the fatigue of the body _ and recuperation begins. 选项: 由and 连接的并列句。需要动词,与主语fatigue一致,所以选单三形式的现在时: 全篇只有一个这样的词,无干扰项。答案 :disappears. 对比或转折关系P1 B1 There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. This is , however, a _.作者的写作方法是先立(popular bel
36、ief)后破(however)。作者用了however表示转折, 证明popular belief is wrong belief. 表示wrong belief 的词 一要名词,而要词义相符。 所以选择答案为: misunderstanding. P4 B 7 The remedy is obvious, though perhaps not _ to apply. 选项应为: 1 形容词, 2, 词义与obvious形成转折,明显的,但是不见得是轻易接受的。 答案:Easy .并列+因果P5 B 8Others hoped that by helping someone now, they
37、 would deserve care when they bacame old and _.Analyze: 1 需要一个与old并列的形容词。2 需要帮助,不仅仅因为是old, 还因为他/她生活无法自理。从词性和词义上,选 F dependent. 如何利用context 内容来确定选项Context中的名词、代词等词,有前指或后指的功能,也有彼此解释的功能。E.g 1:P2 B 8 But AT uses an even stronger _-the need to share. Analyze: “the need to share ”是对an even stronger 的内容的解释
38、,证明这个even stronger 的内容也是一种need, 想要分享的感觉是一种 motive. 愿望,动机。 E.g 2: P3 B 10 这个选项需要从整段的context中去推测。 Investigators have tried to find out how long a person can go without sleep. Several people have reached more than 115 hours, nearly five days, whereas animals kept awake from five to eight days have died
39、 of exhaustion. The _ for human beings is probably about a week. 分析: 研究者试图发现人可以不眠的how long. 发现动物5-8天就到达了死亡:不眠的极限。 所以这里所缺的选项是表示人如果一周不眠则到达极限:limit. Similarly 分析词性、句中的逻辑关系以及context不仅在选词填空中非常重要,此类解析方法也可延伸至close test. 在阅读理解和听力理解中也可以帮助我们predict what we are going to hear. 因此: banked cloze 是一道学生英语综合能力的考查题。
40、limiteddetermining1)Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in _49_ a persons well-being. 2) Decades ago, there were only a _55_ number of drugs available, (specialize)(complain) (bring) 1.In particular, when older patients _ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. 2.The rainfall is increased across South America, _ floods to Peru. 3.Thats why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine、