非谓语动词详细讲解课件

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1、非非谓语动词动名词动名词gerund不定式不定式infinitive分词分词participle非谓语动词1性质性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。2形式形式 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语

2、形成分宾语补足语、状语形成分 主语主语 定语定语 宾语宾语 表语表语 状语状语宾语补宾语补 足语足语不定式不定式 过去过去分词分词 v-ing 形式形式 3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。态。 A动词动词-ing形式的一般式形式的一般式1 动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。Learning is important

3、 to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。2 动词动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。同时发生的动作。They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。3 动词动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested tak

4、ing my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 B 动词动词-ing形式的完成式形式的完成式动词动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.点津坊点津坊在现代英语中，在现代英语中，作宾语作宾语的动词的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。式来代

5、替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I rally regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film.) C 动词动词-ing形式的被动形式形式的被动形式动词动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语逻辑主语是动词是动词-ing形式表示的动作的形式表示

6、的动作的承受者承受者。 The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题很重要。 I cant stand being kept waiting.我不堪久等。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。 D 动词动词-ing形式的否定形式形式的否定形式动词动词-ing形式的否定形式由形式的否定形式由not加动词加动词-ing形式构成。形式构成。His not coming made everyo

7、ne present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。 A 动词动词-ing形式作主语形式作主语1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.作无益的后悔是没有用的。 Its a waste of time arguing about it.争论这事是浪费时间。必背必背动词动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。形式作主

8、语的几个常用句型。Its no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 B 动词动词-ing形式作表语形式作表语1 表示主语的内容表示主语的内容

9、Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。2 表示主语具有的特征表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。1.Herworkis_(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis_(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitis_(bite)nails（指甲）. C 动词动词-ing形式作宾语形式作宾语动词动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也

10、可作介词的宾语。词的宾语。1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。)Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了！I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事。只能接动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词：形式作宾语的动词：建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不

11、介意，价值开始想动名。 1.He was in low spirits and even consider _(go ) away.2.Practise _( put ) your hand to the ground.3.I cant help _( have ) the trip to Britain.4.Dont tell me you always escape _( fine) because you have a fast sports car.5.Leave off _(bite) your nails!6.He didnt feel like _( work ), so he

12、suggested _( spend ) the day in the garden.7.You certainly mustnt miss _( see ) the wonderful film.8.The doctor advised _( stay ) longer in hospital.9.We appreciate your _( want ) _( help ) us in our difficulties.10.Michael has delayed _( write ) to her till today. 11.The law forbids _( sell )liquor

13、 to children.12.They all suggested _( give ) more chances.13.Can you imagine _( leave ) standing outside for a whole night.14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _( flood).必背必背只接动词只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑delay 耽搁

14、dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁 既可用动词既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：有些动词，如attempt,

15、continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。提示提示应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。避免说：I am starting learning Russi

16、an. 我开始学俄语。有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。但意义上有所不同。come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another.我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解come doing表示陪衬性的动作It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in. 她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。go on to do做完一

17、件事后，接下去做另外一件事Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。go on doing继续做同一件事。Though it was raining heavily, they went on working, 尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。mean to do想要做某事I didnt mean to hurt you. 我并不想要伤害你。 mean doing意味着要有一个结果Missing the train means

18、waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。 regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。 regret doing对所做的事感到后悔I regret not having told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。 remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“

19、记起来”I remember posting that letter. 我记得寄了那封信。forget to do忘记要做某事She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. 她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。 forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time. 我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。 stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事While working, he stopped to

20、 talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。 stop doing停止正在做的事When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking. 教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。try to do设法做某事I must try to get everything ready before he arrives. 在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。 try doing试验做某事Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好

21、吗？need, require, want作作“需要需要”解时，后面接动词解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了。The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after c

22、arefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。2 作介词宾语作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。 D 动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语1 动词动词-ing形式可以在形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。宾语。 We heard the children shouting upstairs.我们听

23、见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart beating violently.我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。2 动词动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。 He saw a girl get on the bu

24、s and drive off.他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。3 动词动词-ing形式也可用在形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示等表示致使致使的动词后作宾语补足语。的动词后作宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火

25、整夜燃烧着。点津坊点津坊如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。 E 动词动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语1单个的动词单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。义。说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。areadingroom=aroomwhichisusedforreading阅览室runningshoes=shoesforrunning跑鞋aworkingmeth

26、od=amethodofworking工作方法必背必背adrawingboard画板asewingmachine缝纫机aswimmingpool游泳池awaitingroom候车室adiningcar餐车adrivingpermit驾驶许可证asingingcompetition歌咏比赛awalkingstick手杖 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家an ordinary-looking house

27、 = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题必背必背a barking dog狂吠的狗 a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water正在沸腾的水failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun落日the coming week下一周2 作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短

28、语，则应放在被修形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。饰词的后面。The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去They lived in a house facing south.他们住在一所朝南的房子里。3 某些情况下，动词某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】The professor coming here

29、 yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。 【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.被地震毁

30、坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。 F 动词动词-ing形式作状语形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full pre

31、parations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.)3表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=andlefthimalotofmoney.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.4表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Workingharda

32、tyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons.如果你努力学习，就如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。一定能成功。5表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis.尽管知道了一切情况，他尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。们还是要我赔偿损失。e.g._a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.A. Not receiving B. No

33、t to receive C. Not having received D. Having not receivede.g.Havingfinishedmyhomework,IwenttowatchTV.解析没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用所以应该用having done ;having done ;此题又是表否定含此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having not doing/not having done; done; 故选故选 c c6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列

34、结构。表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。-ing形式形式-ing形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake解析Herush

35、edtothetrainstation,only_thetrainhadgone.A.findingB.foundC.findsD.tofindD解析Makingitthepopularsportintheworld为现在分词短语作结果状语，这为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：意料。如：Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed动动 词词 -ing

36、 形形 式式 的的 逻逻 辑辑 主主 语语 A 作主语的动词作主语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)点津坊点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语) B 作表语的动词作表语的动

37、词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her) C 作定语的动词作定语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book 一本有意思的书= a book that interests its readersa running stream 一条奔流的小溪 = a s

38、tream that is running如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.正在北京召开的会议非常重要。(the meeting和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held) D 作宾语的动词作宾语的动词-ing形式形式动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较比较 He insisted on doing it himself.他坚持要自

39、己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on my doing it.他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”) Would you mind opening the window?请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”)Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我把窗子打开吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”) E 作宾语补足语的动词作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式形式动词动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语形式作宾语补足语时，它的

40、逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。就是它前面的宾语。We often hear her singing this song.我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”)We often hear this song (being) sung.我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。(逻辑主语this song和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。) F 作状语的动词作状语的动词-ing形式形式1 动词动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。语保持一致。Entering the c

41、lassroom, I found nobody in it.如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.(looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对)【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a

42、dog started barking.(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报)【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on F

43、riday.必背必背高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from.,considering., talking of., supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣.Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大.Consid

44、ering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。Supposing it rains, what will you do?假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？B) 关于逻辑主语的问题关于逻辑主语的问题 1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you d

45、idnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretend Change the following into the simple sentences.That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.不定式1不定式作主语：1) change the following into the infinitive1. _( die ) for people is a glorious thing.2. _( talk ) wi

46、th him is a great pleasure.3. _( help ) others is our duty.4. _( see ) is to believe.2) change the sentences above into the ones using “it” as informal.3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.在在It is + 形容词形容词 + of sb + 不

47、定式不定式结构中结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。比较比较It is

48、 good of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.) It is + 形容词形容词 + for / of sb + 不定式结构不定式结构2不定式作表语不定式作表语 1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My

49、aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. She seemed _( think ) about the problem. 3不定式作宾语：不定式作宾语： 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc. They wa

50、nted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they?He said he wished_(be )a professor.I agreed_ (go ) there with the doctor.My daughter preferred _( dance ) when she was in her twenties.He had promised _(give) me a hand.比较比较一般说来，动词一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是象性的动作，时间概念不

51、强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)Its not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指)Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体)I like singing ,but I d

52、ont like to sing this night . 4.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语 A)1. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me. 2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the job instead of Zhang. 3. The school ordered all the classroom _( clean ). 4. My parents expect me _( go )to a ideal university. 5. Joan promised the dinner _( cook ) before we

53、 returned. 6. The doctor advised the patient _( take ) two pills every four hours. 7. He determined me_( tell ) everything.不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。1主谓关系主谓关系The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。 The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。2 动

54、宾关系动宾关系On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天，他总是有许多信要写。 He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。3 同位关系同位关系We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。 动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语4修饰关系修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。点津坊点

55、津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。He has no friend to depend on. 他没有可依靠的朋友。Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。5.不定式作定语不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives.He was

56、 the first person that came to the classroom this morning.The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.Everything that is done needs praising.Here are some books that you can read.不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1 表示目的表示目的Im saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。我在存钱买电

57、脑。点津坊点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do, 和和so as (not) to do结构结构 (so as to do不可以置于句首不可以置于句首)。He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it。我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防。我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记忘记 动词不定式作状语动词不定式

58、作状语2 表示结果表示结果He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。必背必背 ： 不定式表示结果常见于下列句型不定式表示结果常见于下列句型 1)so.as to doWould you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自行车借给我好吗？2)such.as to doWe are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步。3)enough to doHe didn

59、t run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。4)only to doHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。5)too.to doHis eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。1.He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.He got up early_ _ _ catch t

60、he first bus.2. We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.We must work hard at English _ _ _ contact foreigners freely.3. He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.He was_ frightened _say anything.He was _ brave _ _say anything. 4. _(save ) the badly si

61、ck lady, the doctor had an operation on her. 5. He hurried to the station only _( find ) the train left. “be + 不定式不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。这房间要上锁。 2表示计划或安排表示计划或安排We are to begin the work next month.我们下月开始这项工作。我们下月开始这项工作。比较比较be

62、to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。Another new railway is to be built in my hometown next year.明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。The manager was about to leave when his secretary called him back. 经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。 be+不定式结构不定式结构with/without + 名词名词 + 不定式不定式“结构在句子中通结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。常起状语的作用。With so

63、much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.有他呆在家里，我感到十分安全。Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。 with/without + 名词名词 + 不定式结构不定式结构I hope to have met him at the railway station, but he didnt t

64、urn up.我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out.我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。The plane was to have taken off at 9:00, but something went wrong.飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。 用主动式表示被动含义的不定式用主动式表示被动含义的不定式 用作独立成分的不定式用作独立成分的不定式有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。To be honest, we

65、are not sure to find the girl in the forest.说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 He is very honest, to begin with.首先，他很诚实。必背必背to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说to do him justice 说句对他公道的话to make a long story short 长话短说to be frank

66、坦率地说 to be brief 简言之to conclude 总而言之 用主动式表示被动含义的不定式用主动式表示被动含义的不定式1 不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。Do you have anything to say on this question?针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？2 不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。不定式作形容词的宾语，与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。The book is diff

67、icult to understand.这本书很难理解。3 There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。比较比较She has two letters to type. 她有两封信要打。 (自己打) She has two letters to be typed. 她有两封信要打。 (别人打) 用于感叹句用于感叹句不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。情色彩。To think that

68、he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出这等事！想想，他竟然干出这等事！(表示惊讶表示惊讶)Oh, God, to see her dance!哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！(表示赞美表示赞美)To think that all the money has been wasted.想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！(表示不满表示不满) 不带不带to的不定式的不定式1 在口语中，动词原形在口语中，动词原形come和和go后可接不带后可接不带to的不定式。的不定式。Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。Come have a glass.来喝一

69、杯。2 在在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not + 动动词原形词原形。Why make so much noise? 为什么发出这么大的噪音？Why not join us? 为什么不加入我们？3 在在had better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, would sooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结等结构后直接跟动词原形或构后直接跟动词原形或not + 动词原形动词

70、原形。Youd better listen to your teachers opinion.你最好听一听老师的意见。We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。4 如不定式前有行为动词如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词，那么在表语中的不定式或者介词except/but之后的不定式可不带之后的不定式可不带to。The only thing I could do was go home.我能做的惟一一件事就是回家。5 两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面

71、的不定式符号to可省略。可省略。The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？6 在一些固定搭配中用不带在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。的不定式。He let go the rope. 他松开了绳子。I hear say there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。

72、She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。7 在感官动词在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词些常用特殊谓语动词:want,hope和和wish,agree,decide,mean,manage,promise,expect,pretend,且说两位算在且说两位算在此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们

73、靠自己。此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己。后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词的一些常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握，一些动词要掌握，have,let和和make,此三动词是使役，此三动词是使役，“注意注意”“观察观察(lookat,observe)”“听到听到(hear,listento)”see,还有还有feel和和watch，使用它们要仔细，使用它们要仔细后接后接“宾补宾补”略去略去“to”，此点千万要牢记，此点千万要牢记 不定式符号的单独使用不定式符号的单独使用1 在助动词或情态动词之后，如在助动词或情态动词之后，如b

74、e, going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。等。She must go but you dont have to.她必须走，但你没有必要。2 在在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。等动词之后。Did you go to see the Great Wall?你游览长城了吗？I wanted to, but I was too busy.我本来想去，但太忙了。3 在作宾语补足语的在作宾语补足语的ask, tell, ord

75、er, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。等动词之后。Dont do anything unless your father tells you to.除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。4 在对话的答语中的在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。等形容词之后。Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？Im willing to, but I cant now. 我很愿意，但现

76、在不行。提示提示如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省略动词。Did you finish the work? 你的工作完成了吗？No, but I hoped to have. 没有，但我希望已经完成了。 介词介词to与不定式符号与不定式符号to的辨别的辨别英语中有很多常用短语带有to，要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。 These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。If you stick to the truth, you will have not

77、hing to fear.如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。必背必背常见的带不定式的短语：be supposed to do 应该做某事be determined to do 决心要做某事fail to do 未能做某事go all out to do 全力以赴做某事have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事have a great mind to do 很想做某事make up ones mind to do 决定做某事make a point to do 坚持做某事prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事take the trouble to do 不辞辛

78、苦地做某事必背必背常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯 be related to 与有关get down to 着手做 be given to 沉溺于put ones mind to全神贯注于 give rise to 引起be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对look forward to 盼望 object to 反对stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定

79、语、状语和宾语补足等。动词动词ed形式的特征形式的特征 1 动词动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。形式表示已完成的动作。除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chines

80、e people.鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。2 及物动词的及物动词的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。形式一般表示被动的意思。Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。)When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。)The experience gained in

81、 the army was of great value to our study.在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。3 不及物动词不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escapeda retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retireda newly arrived guest 新来的客人= a guest who has just arrivedPeople should pay attention

82、to the changed situation.人们应该注意到变化了的形势。 A 动词动词ed形式作表语形式作表语 1 动词动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。The students are fully prepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。When we got there, the shop was closed.我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。比较比较要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。

83、Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。2 同一动词的同一动词的ed形式与形式与ing形式作表语时的区别。形式作表语时的区别。动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were move

84、d.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。比较比较：amusing 使人高兴的 amused 开心的encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的exciting 使人激动的 excited 激动的puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的Worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的tiring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高兴的astonishing 令人惊讶的 asto

85、nished 惊讶的1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别：1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May.2. Toms job was _( guard ) the factory.3. His lecture is _( interest ), which made us _( interest ).4. The situation is _( encourage). B 动词动词ed形式作宾语补足语形式作宾语补足语当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词动词-ed形式作宾

86、语补足语。形式作宾语补足语。1 在感觉动词在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作宾等后作宾语补足语。语补足语。I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。We found all the rivers seriously polluted.我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。比较比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。I couldnt get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。

87、He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。2 在使役动词在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足等后作宾语补足语。语。 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。Ill just get these di

88、shes washed and then Ill come.我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。You should make your views known to the public.你应该让公众知道你的观点。 动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。They all went home, leaving all the work undone.所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。The detective an

89、d his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房。比较比较动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。I couldnt get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!

90、让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。Can you really get that old clock going again?你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？点津坊点津坊动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词-ed形式，但不可用动词-ing形式。【误】Can you make the students understanding the text?【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？【正】Can you make the text understood by the students?

91、你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？ 使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。三者之间有一定的区别。have不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事*Im going to have the teacher answer this question after class.我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。1. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。*He had the car waiting outside.他让小汽车在外面等着。2. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。*We wont have the child talking to his mothe

92、r like that.我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。*Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发？2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。*The house had its roof blown off.房子的屋顶被吹掉了。3. 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。*He has had one thousand yuan saved.他已存了1000元。4. 否定式表示“不允许”。*I wont have anything said against her.我不允许别人说反对她的话。3

93、 动词动词ed形式也可用在形式也可用在with (without) 结构中，作介词的宾结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。语补足语。With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。 Without any more time given, we couldnt finish the task in three weeks.如果不再给

94、我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。4 某些动词后些动词后(如如want, need, prefer, would like等等)，作宾，作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了动词，就成了动词ed形式形式作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.我希望这事立即得到解决。 The peasants dont want good farmland (to be) built on.农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。3）现在分词与过去分词作宾语补足语的

95、区别：whom flns+sb do (经常性动作) +sb doing sth.（正在进行） +sth done（被动）1.I used to see these boys _( play ) on the playground.2.I saw them _( play ) the computer this afternoon.3.She was surprised to find the house _( break ) into when she went back home.4. Unfortunately, he got his wallet _( steal ) on the b

96、us.5. He wont have us _( criticize ) him.6. Its a bad habit to leave the work _( undo ).7. Yesterday I caught him _( take ) my dictionary when I went into the classroom. C 动词动词ed形式作定语形式作定语 1 前置定语前置定语单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。A watched pot never boils.心急锅不开。All the broken doors and windows have

97、been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。提示提示如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。Money spent is more than money earned.入不敷出。2 后置定语后置定语作后置定语的动词-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。We have read many novels written by this author.我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。(= th

98、at are written by this author)Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand student

99、s)A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)3 动词动词ed形式作定语和形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别形式作定语的区别动词动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语形式作定语表示动词正在进行。表示动词正在进行。the risen sun升起了的太阳 the rising sun正在升起的太阳boiled water开水 boiling wa

100、ter正沸腾的水fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况changing condition变化着的情况developed countries发达国家developing countries发展中国家4） 分词作定语： 1. Do you know the man _(speak ) at the meeting? 2. Do you know the man _( praise ) at the meeting? 3. The building _( put ) up last now is our librar

101、y. 4. The building _( put ) up now will be our new company. 5. The building _( put ) up next year will be our new company.6. There was an old temple _ ( stand ) at the top of the hill.7. There is a sports meeting _ ( hold ) next Tuesday.8. There was an old man _( live ) in the village. D 动词动词ed形式作状语

102、形式作状语动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。1 表示时间表示时间动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。(= When the city is seen from the tower.)Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。(= After we had been shown the lab

103、 .)Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined.)点津坊点津坊有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head i

104、n shame.当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。2 表示原因表示原因动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds .)Written in hast

105、e, her letter is very hard to read.因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。(= As it was written in haste .)Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(= Because we were excited by.)3 表示条件表示条件动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated, water changes into steam.加热，水就能变成蒸汽。(= If water is heate

106、d.)Given more time, he would be able to do better.假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。(= If he was given more time .)Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。(= If she was compared with other protessors.)点津坊点津坊为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。Even if invited, I wont go. 即使受到邀

107、请，我也不去。Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，但他们并没有丧失信心。Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。4 表示让步表示让步动词动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。引导的让步状语从句。Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the ro

108、bber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(= Although they were exhausted by the running .)Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。(= Even if he was laughed by many people .)点津坊点津坊有时动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend

109、 school.= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.他因突然发热不能来上学。Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城镇生活。5 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明表示行为方式

110、、伴随情况或补充说明动词动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。(= and he was surrounded by the students)He went into the office, followed by some children.他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed

111、by some children)点津坊点津坊动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。 【误】I cannot stand laughed at.【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour. A)1._(see ) those picture, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yan

112、an.2._( turn ) round, Fanny found an ambulance driving up.3_( water ) the vegetables, they began to pick up the apples.4._( finish ) the work, he went back home on foot.5._( inspire ) by Dr. Chens speech, they decided to study maths harder.6._( persuade) by her mother, she gladly went there alone. 7

113、.Warmly _( praise ) for his work, he was too excited to fall asleep.8._( surround), the enemy found nowhere to hide and had to give up.9.Once _( arm ), we are afraid of nothing.10.While _( cross )the street, look out for cars.11.While_( criticize ),she cried.12.She came earlier than _( expect).13.Ev

114、erything goes well as _( plan ).14._( give ) more time, we are sure to do it better.判断下列对或错：1. Seeing from the hill, the city looks more beautiful.2. Leaving at home, the little girl felt much afraid.将上列将上列1-14句分词部分改成从句：句分词部分改成从句：(动词动词ed形式的逻辑主语形式的逻辑主语) A 动词动词ed形式作状语或表语时形式作状语或表语时1 动词-ed形式在句中作状语或表语时，它

115、的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，动词-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。Locked up, he had no way to escape.他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。She became discouraged at the news.听到这个消息，她泄气了。 B 动词动词ed形式作定语时形式作定语时当动词-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。The first textbooks writte

116、n for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。C 动词动词ed形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，形式在句中作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。动关系。Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain.薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。(trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers)Th

117、e valuable vase was found stolen.那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了(stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase)We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in.我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟，很明显小偷闯进来了。(turned up side down的逻辑主语是句子的宾语house)D 动词动词ed形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语形式有时可有独立的逻辑主语动词-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语 Everything do

118、ne, we went home.一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。All our money run out, Henry had to find another job.钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。E 动词动词ed形式作独立成分形式作独立成分动词-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。Put frankly, I dont agree with what he said.坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from th

119、e operation.考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间。 独立主格结构独立主格结构 （ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）主语时，叫独立主格结构。）A)1. Today _( be ) Sunday, the library doesnt open. 2. There _( be ) no buses, we had to walk home._ more time, and I can do it well.being3. The signal _( gi

120、ve ), the bus started.4. Weather _ ( permit ), well visit the Great Wall.5. A teacher from England _( teach ) us English, were sure to learn it well.6. With him _( give ) us a lead, our team is to win.7. With the worker _( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started towards the mo

121、untain village.8. Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom, with nobody _( stop ) them.9. He was looking at the screen again, with the machine _( turn ) on.10. The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _( stare ) at her.11. With the machinery _( do ) all the work, we finished the task last

122、month.12. She lay on the grass with her eyes _( close ).13. You might catch a cold with your feet _( expose). 分词做定语的位置及其它分词做定语的位置及其它“定分定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。分词短语在词后，分词短语在词后，“定从定从”和它互对照。和它互对照。“现分现分”动作进行时，动作进行时，“过分过分”动作完成了。动作完成了。注：注：“定分定分”：做定语的分词；：做定语的分词；“定从定从”：定语从句；：定语从句；“现分现分”：现在分词；：现在分词；“过分过分”：过去分词。）：过去分词。）分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语，概有七意义。分词做状语，概有七意义。“时间时间”和和“原因原因”，“结果结果”与与“目的目的”。“方式方式”加加“伴随伴随”，“条件条件”常出席。常出席。且谈其主语，谓语头前的且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。（。（*指句子的主语）指句子的主语）