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1、Lecture 2Lecture 21英语语法Lecture-2Subject-verbConcord2.1GuidingPrinciples:grammaticalconcord,notionalconcordandproximity1)Grammaticalconcord(语法一致)Forexample,Johnlookshealthyandstrong.Manypeoplewanttogo.Ironismeltable.2英语语法Lecture-2Theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitss
2、ubjectinnumber.Ifthesubjectisplural,theverbshouldtakethepluralform;ifthesubjectissingularorisanon-accountablenoun,theverbshouldtakesingularform.3英语语法Lecture-22)Notionalconcord(意义一致)Theprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofthenumberra
3、therthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion.Myfamilyarehavingsuppernow.(theformofthesubjectissingular,butitsmeaningisplural,thustheverbisplural)Thirtydollarsistooexpensiveforthisdictionary.(theformofthesubjectispluralbutitsmeaningissingular,sotheverbissingular)4英语语法Lecture-23)Prox
4、imity(就近原则)Thisprincipledenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionassubject.eg:Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudentslikeplayingfootball.Nooneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.NeitherJulianorIamgoing.5英语语法Lecture-26英语语法Lecture-
5、22.2Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingins.1)Diseaseandgamenamesendingins.Namesofdiseasesendingin-saremostlytreatedassingular,butthereareafewsuchnamesas(measlesandrickets)whichcanbeusedeitherassingularorasplural.arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,mumps,diabetesphlebitis7英语语法Lecture-2eg:Mumpsisakindofinfectio
6、usdisease.Arthritisisadiseasecausingpainandswellinginthejointsofthebody.Butsomecanbeconsideredasbeingeithersingularorplural.Measlesis/aresometimescausedbyatapeworm.8英语语法Lecture-2Gamenamesendinginsaregenerallyusedassingularwiththeexceptionofcardswhichisusuallytreatedasplural.eg:Darts(投镖游戏)/Marbles(打弹
7、子游戏)/Draughts(跳棋)isaneasygame.Billiardsishisfavoritegame.Cards(纸牌)arenotallowedhere.当darts,marbles等用于做这些游戏所用的镖或弹子等意义时，其复数仍作复数用。9英语语法Lecture-22)Subjectnames(学科名称)endinginicsNamesofsubjectsinicsaregenerallysingularnouns:physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politics,statistics,economics,lingu
8、istics,athletics,tactics.eg:Acousticsisthescienceofsound.Tacticsisanimportantstudyforthesoldier.10英语语法Lecture-2Butsomesuchnounsareaspluralwhenusedinothersensesthansubjectnames.eg:Athletics(体育运动)havebeengreatlypromotedatthiscollege.Thetactics（策略）employedinthiscampaignwereabovereproach.（无可指责）Theacoust
9、icsinthenewconcerthallarefaultless.（音响效果）11英语语法Lecture-23)GeographicalnamesendinginsGeographicalnamessuchasthenamesofarchipelagos,mountainranges,straitsandfallsaregenerallyusedasplural.eg:theAlpsthePhilippineIslandstheAppalachianstheHimalayastheWestIndiesNiagaraFallstheRockiestheAndestheSolomonIslan
10、ds12英语语法Lecture-2TheAlpsarethegreatestmountainrangeinEurope.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostfamouswaterfallintheworld.TheGreatLakesliebetweentheU.S.A.andCanada.13英语语法Lecture-2Thenamesofcountries,institutions,booksandmagazinesaregenerallyusedassingular.theNetherlandstheUnitedStatestheUnitedNationsThe
11、NewYorkTimesTheCanterburyTalesTheArabianNightsGreatExpectations14英语语法Lecture-2TheUnitedNationsisaninternationalorganization.RomeoandJulietisatragedy.TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.15英语语法Lecture-24)OthernounsendinginsNamesofthingsmadeoftwoparts:scissors,pincers,glasses,spectacles,shorts
12、,trousers,suspendersareusedasplural,eg:Histrousersareblackandwhite.Wherearemyspectacles?16英语语法Lecture-2Butwhentheyareprecededbysuchunitnounsasapairofandtwopairsof,theverbisdeterminedbynumbermarkeroftheunitnoun.Apairofglassesisonthedesk.Twopairsofscissorswerelost.17英语语法Lecture-2Nounsusuallytakingplur
13、alendingssuchasarchives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves（屋檐）,fireworks,goods,minutes(记录),remains(遗体),stairs,suburbs,thanks,wagesaregenerallyusedasplural.Butwhereabouts(行踪)anddramatics（舞台效果）maybetreatedaseitheraspluralorassingular.18英语语法Lecture-2Nounsendinginingssuchasclippings(剪下来的东西),diggings(掘出来的东西),ea
14、rnings(收入),filings(锉屑),lodgings(租住的房间)surroundings(环境),sweepings(扫拢的垃圾)etcaregenerallyusedasplural.Buttidings(消息)isanexceptionforitcanbeusesinbothways.Goodtidingshavecheeredthemup.Thetidingshascomealittlelate.19英语语法Lecture-2Therearenounssuchasbarracks(营房),headquarters(总部),means(手段),series(系列),specie
15、s(种类),works(工厂)whosesingularandpluralnumbersharethesameform.Thesenounsaretreatedaspluralwhenusedinpluralsense,orviceversa.20英语语法Lecture-2Aheadquarterswassetuptodirecttheoperation.TheirheadquartersareinParis.Anewspeciesofmammalhasbeenfound.Thereare450speciesofflatfishaltogether.21英语语法Lecture-2Oddsand
16、remainsareexceptionsbecausetheymeandifferentinsingularandpluralforms.Whatstheodds?(要紧的事)Theoddsareagainstus.(机率，胜算)Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.(遗体)Hereistheremainsofatemple.(遗迹)22英语语法Lecture-22.3ProblemsofconcordwithcollectivenounsassubjectCollectivenouns(集体名词)aresingularinformbutpluralinmeaning.Th
17、echoicebetweengrammaticalandnotionalconcordismostlydictatedbyusage.23英语语法Lecture-21）CollectivenounsusuallyusedaspluralTheseincludecattle,folk(人们),militia(民兵),people,police,youth,poultry,vermin,etc:Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrass.Thepoultryarebeingfed.24英语语法Lecture-2Collect
18、ivenounsusuallyusedassingularTheseincludefoliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,luggage,etc:Thereisalotoffurnitureintheliving-roomAlltheluggageistobeexaminedattheairport.25英语语法Lecture-23)Collectivenounsusedaspluralorassingular26英语语法Lecture-2Therearecollectivenounsthatcanbeusedeitherasplur
19、alorassingular.Whenthenounisusedinthesenseofacollectiveasawhole,theverbtakesthesingularform;ifthenounisusedinthesenseoftheindividualsthatmakethecollective,theverbtakesthepluralform.27英语语法Lecture-2Theseincludearmy,association,audience,band,board(董事会),cast,choir,chorus,clan(部落),class,club,college,comm
20、ission,committee,company,corporation,council,couple,crew,crowd,department,enemy,faculty,family,federation,firm,gang,generation,government,group,institute,jury,majority,mankind,military,minority,nation,navy,orchestra,personnel,population,public,staff,team,tribe,union,university,etc:28英语语法Lecture-2Now
21、adaysalmosteveryfamilyinthevillageownsatelevision.MyfamilyarentenjoyingmusicClassfourisonthesecondfloor.Classfourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudiencewereenjoyingthefilm.29英语语法Lecture-2ThepopulationinChinaisverylarge,andeightypercentofthepopulationinChinaarefarmers.30英语语法Le
22、cture-24)Acommitteeof,etc+pluralnounWhenapluralnounisprecededbyacommitteeof/aboardof/apanelof,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform,eg:31英语语法Lecture-2Acommitteeoffivemenandthreewomenistoconsiderthematter.Theboardofdirectorsisresponsibleforthemanagementofthecompany.32英语语法Lecture-25)Whenapluralnounisprec
23、ededbya(great)numberof,theverbusuallytakesthepluralform.AnumberofotherplantswerefoundinAmerica.33英语语法Lecture-2Butagreatdealofandalargeamountofareusedtomodifyuncountablenouns,sotheverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Alargeamountofdamagewasdoneinaveryshorttime.34英语语法Lecture-2(alarge)quantitiesof+pluralnou
24、n/uncountablenoun+verbinpluralformLargequantitiesofwaterareneededforcoolingpurposes.35英语语法Lecture-2Largeamountsof+uncountablenoun+verbinpluralformLargeamountsofmoneywerespentonthebridge.36英语语法Lecture-26)The+adjectivethebrave,thepoor,therich,theblind,theyoung,theold,thesick,thedead,thedeafanddumb,the
25、agreeable,theoppressed,theinjured,thewounded,theunemployed.37英语语法Lecture-2Theverbusuallytakesthepluralform.Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.38英语语法Lecture-2The+p.p.indicatingsomethingorsomeoneindividual,theverbtakessingularform.Thedepartedwasawell-knownengineer.39英语语法Lecture-2AllthePreside
26、ntsMen_oneoftheimportantbooksforhistorianswhostudytheWatergateScandal.(tem07)A.remainB.RemainsC.remainedD.isremaining40英语语法Lecture-2Thecommittee_anticipatedtheproblemsthathavearisenintheroadconstructionproject.(tem07)A.hasB.haveC.havebeenD.wouldhave41英语语法Lecture-2Itisimperativethatthegovernment_more
27、investmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(tem06)AattractsBshallattractCattractDhasto42英语语法Lecture-2Thestatistics_thatlivingstandardsintheareahaveimproveddrasticallyinrecenttimes.(tem06)AprovesBisprovingCareprovingDprove43英语语法Lecture-2Thereisfivesheeponthefarm,butthereABareonlythreegoats.CD44英语语法Lecture-2IntheUnitedStates,theCabinetconsistofAagroupofadvisers,eachofwhomisBCchosenbythePresidenttotheheadanDexecutivedepartmentofthegovernment.45英语语法Lecture-2！46英语语法Lecture-2英语语法Lecture-247
