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1、书面表达（四）书面表达（四） 过渡词在书面表过渡词在书面表达中的运用达中的运用 英语书面表达评分标准第五档（很好）中有这样的表英语书面表达评分标准第五档（很好）中有这样的表述：述：“ “应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，语法结构或词汇方面应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或高级词汇所致。有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或高级词汇所致。” ”这这就是说，学生仅运用基础词汇和基本句型，并不能体现出就是说，学生仅运用基础词汇和基本句型，并不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，这样即使表达中无语法错误，也不较强的语言运用能力，这样即使表达中无语法错误，也不能得高分；相反，
2、尽管有些许错误，但如果目的是在有意能得高分；相反，尽管有些许错误，但如果目的是在有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇，也不会扣多少分，仍属识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇，也不会扣多少分，仍属最高档次。最高档次。 过渡词在句中是一个独立部分，是句子不可缺少的成过渡词在句中是一个独立部分，是句子不可缺少的成分，它在句与句中起一个逻辑意义一致，句子之间连接承分，它在句与句中起一个逻辑意义一致，句子之间连接承上启下的作用。同时在文章中使用好过渡词还能提高文章上启下的作用。同时在文章中使用好过渡词还能提高文章的档次分，句子显得逻辑性强，结构紧凑，也是语言功底的档次分，句子显得逻辑性强，结构紧凑，也是语言功底好
3、的表现。如果去掉，句子的意思就不完整，甚至不知所好的表现。如果去掉，句子的意思就不完整，甚至不知所云。云。试比较下面例句： 例1. We must work. We must believe in ourselves. We must work and above all we must believe in ourselves. 例2. I was anxious to leave. I felt that I wasnt able to tell my grandparents that we were safe. On one hand, I was anxious to leave,
4、on the other hand ，I felt that I wasnt able to tell my grandparents that we were safe. 例3. 1) To tell you the truth, life is beautiful. I have no reason to think otherwise. 2) Personally, I dont like this painting.一些学生在作文中过多使用简单句，一篇文章下来竟成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet 等非但达不到丰富表达方式
5、的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。 I. 顺序过渡词顺序过渡词 1. First, next, then, finally 2. First, second, finally 3. to begin with, next, finally 4. in the beginning, at the beginning 5. in the first place, in the second place, in the third place 6. in the end, at last, fin
6、ally 7. for one thing, for another 8After that, II. 递进过渡词1. besides ,indeed, moreover, furthermore, even , in addition, above all, 2. whats more, worse still, to make things worse, whats worse, even more important, most important 3. at the same time, Practice1. Never waste anything, but _ never wast
7、e time. 任何东西都不可浪费，尤其不可浪费时间。 2. They were brave, and _, they hated violence. 他们很勇敢，而且他们厌恶暴力。 3. It got dark, and _, it began to rain. 天黑了，而更糟的是，开始下雨来。 4. I dont want to go out now, _, Im feeling tired, 我现在不想出去了，而且我还有点疲乏。5. _, I want to see your pass, too. 除此以外，我还想看你的通行证。 6. _, British English and Ame
8、rican English started borrowing words from other languages, ending up with different words. 同时，英式英语和美式英语开始互相借鉴词汇，最终只有部分词汇不一样。 7_, my aim is to provide the best service possible under these difficult circumstances. 此外，我的目标是在这样艰难的情况下尽可能提供更好的服务。 8 The hotel itself can accommodate 80 guests and, _, ther
9、e are several self-catering apartments. 旅馆本身可以容纳80位客人，除此之外，还有几个可供自己做饭的套房。 III. 转折、对比过渡词转折、对比过渡词 1. although, though, while, however, yet, nevertheless, but, otherwise, 2. in spite of that, for all that 尽管如此，虽然, on the contrary, in contrast相反，大不相同 , 3. on (the) one hand, on the other hand, instead of
10、, 4. compared to ( with ) practice1. _, most of the time, people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other. 但是，大部分时候，来自这两个国家的人们理解对方是不存在任何困难的。 2. _ there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal. 尽管对肢体语言的解释五花八门，但某些
11、手势似乎是全球通用的。 3. It is probably better, _, if we spend our time and money in buying good food and keeping a balanced diet. 不过，如果我们把时间、金钱花费在选择健康食品和保持平衡饮食上，可能会更好。 4. _ eating expensive diet food or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercise more. 不需吃昂贵的食疗食品，或者进行不健
12、康的节食，我们只需尽量少吃脂肪和糖，多运动。 5. _, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. 相反，我感觉我的生活好像从现在起才真正的开始。 6. Franklin, _, gives the detective as much assistance as he can. 另一方面，弗兰克林尽他所能给警探提供帮助。 7. She was very tired, _she kept on working. 她虽然很疲倦，可仍在继续工作。 8. _ a slight improvement in sales, the compa
13、ny is still making a loss. 公司的销售情况虽然稍有改善，但还在亏本。 9. _ his efforts, he didnt succeed. 他虽然很努力，但并没有成功。 (B) and , but, finally, immediately, now, at first, one day, then, soThe naughty boy in the story “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” has grown up. _he works as a weatherman in his village. _he studied the weathe
14、r carefully _found that a storm was coming. _, he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather, _ no one believed him. _, the weather was fine, _ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. _the weather suddenly changed _a storm wind came. All the villagers tried to save the crop
15、s _ it was too late. _, the storm ruined all the crops. assignment1. 如何为找工作而去面试。2. 首先要穿着整洁。3. 其次要认真准备。4. 也许你没得到这份工作。5. 不要灰心，要找出失败的原因。5. 电视在日常生活中起着重要作用。6. 一方面，它让我们及时了解国内外所发生的一切。7. 我们可以从电视节目中学到很多知识。8. 另一方面，看电视对健康，尤其对眼睛不好。9. 有些电视节目对孩子有不良影响。原因与结果过渡词1. so, because, because of, thus, consequently, therefo
16、re, hence, for, 2. as a result, in consequence, in turn, on account, for the sake of, owing to, due to, thanks to, 3. to ones surprise/pleasure/ astonishment/ sorrow/ amazement/joy, to our regret. 1. _, she found herself in a different world. 2. Some people are over-ambitious. _, they are usually un
17、happy. 3. _, money isnt everything. V. 等同过渡词 1. that is, that is to say2. similarly, in other words, namely, equally, in the same way, in a word1. He will leave for New York next Sunday, _, March 23rd. 2. This kind of phone is cordless, _, it has no cords or wires. 3No one is allowed to speak Mandar
18、in in an English class. _, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class. 4. The railroad connects two cities, _, New York and Chicago. VII. 例举过渡词 1. for example, take for example, for instance, such as, like, 2. and so on, as follows 1 Some nutrients help build our body and make it stronge
19、r. Protein, _, is good for our muscles. 2 Other nutrients, _ fiber and minerals, help keep our body functioning well. 3 _ many people with cancer, he had to be treated with radiation followed by treatment with chemicals. 4. _, the result are Philip Carter 1st, Sam Cohen 2nd, Sandra Postlethwaite 3rd. 结果如下：菲利普卡特第一名，萨姆科恩第二名，桑德拉波斯尔斯韦特第三名。 5. You should buy some essentials, _ pots, pans, dishes and so on. 6. There are some common errors in his composition. _, it is wrong to use he to replace the queen.
