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1、法律英语典型句型的翻译第四周1. 引言n n改革开放以后，尤其是中国加入世贸组织后，法律翻译成为热点。n n一方面是为了让世界了解中国的法律制度和具体法律法规，需要将大量的中国的法律文本译成外文。n n另一方面，为了学习借鉴国外的先进法制建设成果，需要将大量的国外的法律法规法学著作等译成外文。n n然而，由于法律文本意思艰深晦涩、用词古板守旧、句型复杂冗长等特点，使得法律翻译的难度大大高于其他类型的翻译实践。n n法律文本用词用语有僵化的倾向，某些句型重复使用的频率非常高；而且，法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持术语和句型结构在译文中的同一性。因此，如果能掌握此类典型句型的翻译，可以大大提高翻译翻
2、译工作的效率。n n本讲撷取法律文本中的高频句型并就其典型译法进行讨论。2. 法律英语典型句型的翻译2.1 OTHERWISEn nOtherwise 在法律英语中的用法：1.1.跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用；2.2.置放在连词or之后使用；3.3.与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。n n例 1n n In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, state means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationali
3、ty. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2)n n 在本条例中除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。 n n例 2n n A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. n n 根据第（1）款发出的通知书除其中另有订定外亦适用于通知书
4、内指明的财产的收入一如适用于该项财产本身。n n例3n n Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. n n 任何人籍恐吓怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证即属犯罪。n n例例4 4n nIf If 2 2 or or more more persons persons are are defendants de
5、fendants to to a a claim, claim, as as partners partners or or otherwiseotherwise, , a a process process may may be be served served on on any any of of them them and and an an award award may may be be obtained obtained and and execution execution issued issued against against any any person person
6、 so so served served notwithstanding notwithstanding that that any any other other persons persons jointly jointly liable liable may may not not have have been been served served or or been been a a party party or or may may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board. not be within the jurisdiction
7、 of the Board. n n 如如有有2 2名名或或以以上上的的人人以以合合伙伙人人或或其其它它身身分分而而属属同同一一宗宗申申索索的的被被告告人人法法律律程程序序文文件件可可送送达达予予其其中中任任何何一一人人而而判判定定该该收收件件人人败败诉诉的的裁裁定定可可由由申申索索人人获获得得执执行行程程序序亦亦可可向向该该受受件件人人进进行行即即使使任任何何其其它它共共同同有有责责的的人人可可能能未未获获得得送送达达法法律律程程序序文文件件或或不不属属当当事事人人或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内均无例外。均无例外。n n例例 5 5n nNo will or a
8、ny part thereof shall be revoked No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise thanotherwise than - -n n (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; orn n (b) (b) by by another another will will executed executed in in accordance accordance with
9、with section section 5; 5; ororn n (c) (c) by by a a written written revocation revocation executed executed in in the the manner manner in in which the will was executed; orwhich the will was executed; orn n (d) (d) by by the the burning, burning, tearing tearing or or otherwise otherwise destroyin
10、g destroying of of it it by by the the testator, testator, or or by by some some person person in in his his presence presence and and by by his his direction, with the intention of revoking it.direction, with the intention of revoking it.n n除籍以下方式外除籍以下方式外任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不得撤销均不得撤销- - n n (a
11、) (a)根据第根据第1313条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销或或n n (b)(b)籍按照第籍按照第5 5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销或或n n (c)(c)籍依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销籍依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销或或n n (d)(d)由由立立遗遗嘱嘱人人或或由由其其它它人人在在立立遗遗嘱嘱人人面面前前并并依依其其指指示示将遗嘱烧毁将遗嘱烧毁撕毁或以其它方法毁灭撕毁或以其它方法毁灭而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。2.2 SUBJECT TOn n该短语在法律英文中一般都跟 “agreement”, “section”,
12、 “contract”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。n n通常可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“ 在符合的情况下”、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下”等。n n例 6 n nSubject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection (5). n n在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订
13、明的条件规限。n n例7 n nSubject to subsection (3), the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule. n n除第（3）款另有规定外仲裁处具备查讯聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权。2.3 WITHOUT PREJUDICE TOn n这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的“ “without affecting”without affecting”。与
14、上一节。与上一节“ “subject to.”subject to.”的句法结构相同，跟在的句法结构相同，跟在“ “without prejudice to”without prejudice to”这这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“ “符合符合” ”或或“ “依照依照” ”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于其规限的事物。在
15、汉语中，其意思相当于“ “在不在不损害损害的原则下的原则下” ”、“ “在不影响在不影响的情况下的情况下” ”、“ “ 不受影响不受影响” ”、“ “ 不妨碍不妨碍”、以及、以及“ “不规限不规限”等等。等等。n n例 8n n Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed . n n在不影响第24条规定的原则下以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立n n例例 9 9n n Without Without prejudice prejudice toto the the rights
16、rights of of the the Attorney Attorney General General every every complainant complainant or or informant informant shall shall be be at at liberty liberty to to conduct conduct the the complaint complaint or or information information respectively respectively and and to to have have the the witne
17、sses witnesses examined examined and and cross-examined cross-examined by by him him or by counsel on his behalf. or by counsel on his behalf. n n 在在不不损损害害律律政政司司权权利利的的原原则则下下每每名名申申诉诉人人或或告告发发人人可可进进行行其其申申诉诉或或告告发发并并亲亲自自或或由由代代表表律律师讯问及盘问证人。师讯问及盘问证人。2.4 WHEREn n 在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where
18、引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于“in the case where”。在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡.” or “如.”。 例如：n n例 10n n Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. n n 凡被告人被判处罚款但没有随即缴付罚款裁判官可命令搜查被告人。n n例例 1111n n Where Where a a claimant claimant has has a a claim cl
19、aim which which exceeds exceeds the the monetary monetary amount amount mentioned mentioned in in the the Schedule Schedule and and which, which, but but for for the the excess, excess, would would be be within within the the jurisdiction jurisdiction of of the the Board, Board, the the claimant cla
20、imant may may abandon abandon the the excess, excess, and and thereupon thereupon the the Board Board shall shall have have jurisdiction jurisdiction to to inquire inquire into, into, hear hear and and determine determine the the claim. claim. n n如如只只因因申申索索人人的的申申索索超超逾逾附附表表所所述述的的款款额额以以致致该该申申索索超超逾逾仲仲裁
21、裁处处的的司司法法管管辖辖权权范范围围则则申申索索人人可可放放弃弃追追讨讨超超额额的的款款项项而而在在此此情情况况下下仲仲裁裁处处有有查查讯讯聆聆讯讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。2.5 ANY PERSON WHO DOES. SHALL .n n在法律条例中，尤其是在各地的刑法条例中在法律条例中，尤其是在各地的刑法条例中( (或类或类似性质的条例似性质的条例) )，“ “any person who does shall any person who does shall be guilty of an offence”be guilty of an offenc
22、e”这种句型重复率相当高，这种句型重复率相当高，因为法律的主要功能是界定何种行为属于违法以因为法律的主要功能是界定何种行为属于违法以及应受到怎样的处罚，而这个句型是其中一个最及应受到怎样的处罚，而这个句型是其中一个最简明、直接的表达方式。在句法上，这个句型通简明、直接的表达方式。在句法上，这个句型通常会把主语和谓语用逗号分开，中间加插一个定常会把主语和谓语用逗号分开，中间加插一个定语修饰词。语修饰词。n n以下是典型的例句及其若干变种：以下是典型的例句及其若干变种：n n例 12n nAny person who, without lawful authority or reasonable
23、excuse, while having dealings of any kind with any other public body, offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body, shall be guilty of an offence. n n 任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时无合法权限或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益即属犯罪。n n例 13n n A person shall not, by reason only of his being an execu
24、tor of a will, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof. n n 任何人不会仅因为身为遗嘱执行人而没有资格获接受为见证人以证明遗嘱的签立或证明该遗嘱具备或不具备效力。n n例 14n n At the hearing of a complaint or information, a party may be represented by counsel;
25、and an absent party so represented shall be deemed not to be absent. n n 在申诉或告发案聆讯时任何一方均可由代表律师代表；某一方如有律师代表即使缺席亦不当作缺席。2.6 FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF .n n在在大大部部分分情情况况下下，普普通通辞辞典典里里“ “为为. . .目目的的” ”这这 一一 解解 释释 并并 不不 适适 合合 法法 律律 英英 语语 中中 的的 “ “for for the the purpose(spurpose(s) of.”) of.”n n如如果果紧紧跟跟这这个个短短语语的
26、的是是某某个个法法律律条条款款的的指指代代编编号号（如如章章、条条、款款、节节等等），首首选选的的译译文文是是“ “就就（有有关关）章章、条条、款款、节节而而言言” ”，其其次次才才是是“ “为为了实施该（条法例）了实施该（条法例）” ”。n n倘倘若若原原英英文文中中的的“ “for for the the purpose(spurpose(s) ) of.”of.”与与“ “章章、条条、款款、节节等等” ”无无关关，而而该该短短语语又又可可以以用用“ “for”for”或或“ “in in order order to”to”去去取取代代（这这种种用用法法在在法法律律英英文文中中属于少数）
27、，则可译成属于少数），则可译成“ “为了为了” ”。n n例15 n nFor the purposes of subsection (2),land does not include incorporeal hereditament;n n就第(2)款而言, “土地”(land) 并不包括无体可继承产； n n例16n n For the purposes of subsection (3) permission shall be in writing and - n n 就第（3）款而言许可须为书面形式并且n n例例1717n n For For the the purposes purp
28、oses of of subsection subsection (1)(1) of of this this section section the the attestation attestation of of a a will will by by a a person person to to whom whom or or to to whose whose spouse spouse there there is is given given or or made made any any such such disposition disposition as as is i
29、s described described in in that that subsection subsection shall shall be be disregarded disregarded if if the the will will is is duly duly executed executed without without his his attestation attestation and and without without that that of of any any other other such such person. person. n n 为为
30、第第（1 1）款款的的施施行行获获得得该该款款所所述述的的处处置置的的任任何何人人或或其其配配偶偶如如为为遗遗嘱嘱作作见见证证而而该该遗遗嘱嘱没没有有其其见见证证或或任任何何这这些些人人的的见见证证亦亦已已属属妥妥为为签签立立则则该该人人所所作作的的见证须不予理会。见证须不予理会。n n例18n n A judge may, on the application of an appellant who is in custody, order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of at
31、tending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein. n n 法官可应在羁押中的上诉人的申请为了使上诉人能出席其上诉或其中任何申请或法律程序而命令将他在羁押下带上法庭。n n例19n n For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premises shall be deemed to be in arrear
32、if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof. n n 基于租务条例并基于这些通知，有关该楼宇的租金，如果未照合约第一条规定的那样提前缴付，就应该被认为是拖欠。 7. PROVIDED THAT .n n “Provided that”是一个普通英文中很少使用的古旧词，但该句型在法律文书(尤其是合约条款)中广泛使用。其用法与“if” 或 “but”非常类似，汉语中的意思相当于“倘若/如果”或“但”。n n该短语放在句首，引导出的是法律英语中的一个条件分句，与“if”、“when”或“where”引导的法律条件句没有本质上的差异；
33、但如果该短语之前存在一个主句，则它表示的是一个与之前的陈述相反的“例外”，相当于“with the exception of ”，但英译汉时不能译成“除外”，而是译成“但”或“但是”，所以法律界通常称这类句子为“但书” (proviso)。例如：n n例 20n n Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as
34、 a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant. n n 倘若在本合约规定的租期届满后业主接受租金或中间收益不应被认为是起了放弃或违背本合约的任何条件的作用也不应认为是起了作为继续租用或其它的
35、新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租赁合约。n n例例2121n n Every Every broker, broker, dealer dealer or or lender lender who who . . shall shall forfeit forfeit to the owner of the goods the full value thereof:to the owner of the goods the full value thereof:n n Provided Provided thatthat no no such such order order
36、 shall shall bar bar any any such such broker, broker, dealer dealer or or lender lender from from recovering recovering possession possession of of such such goods goods by by action action from from the the person person into into whose whose possession possession they they may may come come by by
37、 virtue virtue of of the the magistrates magistrates order, order, provided provided thatthat such such action action is is commenced commenced within within 6 6 months months next next after after such such order order has been made. has been made. n n 每每名名被被如如此此命命令令的的经经纪纪商商人人或或贷贷款款人人如如则须向物主偿付其全部价值
38、则须向物主偿付其全部价值n n 但但上上述述命命令令并并不不禁禁止止有有关关经经纪纪商商人人或或贷贷款款人人向向凭凭籍籍裁裁判判官官命命令令获获得得管管有有此此等等财财物物的的人人士士提提出出诉诉讼讼以以取取回回其其管管有有权权但但有有关关诉诉讼讼须须在在此此项项命命令令作作出出后后6 6个个月月内展开。内展开。n n例例 2222n nThe The Licensee Licensee shall shall not not be be entitled entitled to to take take any any proceedings proceedings in in any an
39、y of of the the aforesaid aforesaid matters; matters; providedprovided, , however, however, thatthat the the Licensor Licensor may, may, at at its its own own discretion discretion and and cost, cost, prosecute prosecute or or otherwise otherwise stop stop or or prevent prevent such such actual actu
40、al or or threatened threatened infringement infringement in in the the name name of of both both the the Licensor Licensor and and the the Licensee Licensee or or either either of of them, them, and and in in each each case case the the Licensee Licensee shall shall render render all all reasonable
41、reasonable assistance required by the Licensor.assistance required by the Licensor.n n被被许许可可方方无无权权就就上上述述任任何何行行为为起起诉诉或或要要求求许许可可方方起起诉诉，但但许许可可方方可可自自行行决决定定并并自自付付费费用用，以以许许可可方方和和被被许许可可方方双双方方名名义义或或任任何何一一方方名名义义，对对实实际际发发生生或或似似将将发发生生的的商商标标侵侵权权行行为为提提起起诉诉讼讼，或或以以其其它它方方式式阻阻止止或或防防止止该该等等侵侵权权行行为为。无无论论许许可可方方采采取取前前述述任
42、任何何行行动动，被被许许可可方方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。 2.8 NOTWITHSTANDING .n n介介词词notwithstanding notwithstanding 在在普普通通英英文文中中的的使使用用极极为为罕罕见见，可可列列入入古古旧旧废废词词的的行行列列，但但其其在在法法律律英英文文中中的的使使用用已已经经达达到到“ “司司空空见见惯惯” ”的的程程度度。翻翻译译带带有有该该介介词词的的句句子子并并不不难难，因因为为它它的的译译法法跟跟although/though/even although/though/even if if
43、 引引导导的的状状语语从从句句没没有有太太大大分分别别，基基本本上上都都可可以以译译成成“ “尽尽管管”、“ “即使即使.”.”， 表示一种让步。表示一种让步。n n但但该该词词所所引引导导的的并并非非是是一一个个让让步步状状语语从从句句，因因为为在在习习惯惯用用法法上上该该词词之之后后不不跟跟句句子子，只只跟跟一一个个名名词词性性短短语语。虽虽然然该该词词也也可可作作连连词词使使用用，跟跟一一个个完完整整的的让让步步状状语语从从句句，例例如如，He He is is honest, honest, notwithstanding notwithstanding he he is is poo
44、r. poor. ( (他他虽虽贫贫穷穷，却却诚诚实实) )，但但这这种种用用法法并并非非是是法法律律英英语语中中的典型用法。的典型用法。 n n例23n n Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary, it shall be lawful for the court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath. n n 即使任何法律或惯例有相反规定在
45、因第II部所订罪行而进行的法律程序中法庭可就被控人不宣誓作供一事加以评论。n n例 24n n Notwithstanding subsection (3) a magistrate may require the police officer, usher or other officer who served a summons to attend before him and give evidence on oath as to its service.n n尽管有第（3）款的规定裁判官仍可规定送达传票的警务人员传达员或其它人员在他席前就送达传票一事经宣誓而作证。 2.9 SAVE./
46、 EXCEPT (FOR).n n在法律英文中，它是一个与except（for）相同的介词。词源上这是一个法文词，由于历史的原因，法国人统治英国达相当长一段时间。自然而然，相当数量的、反映法国统治者意志的法语词进入了法律英语的范畴。Save便是其中最典型的、至今仍然保留使用的一个。汉语的译文为“除外”。不管是save 还是 except (for) 之后都可跟一个名词性短语，也可以跟一个从句或另一个介词短语。n n例25n n Save as is provided in this Ordinance, no claim within the jurisdiction of the Board
47、 shall be actionable in any court. n n 除非本条例另有规定否则凡属仲裁处司法管辖权范围内的申索不得在任何法庭进行诉讼。n n例 26n n Save under and in accordance with the provisions of this section no action shall lie in any civil court against a magistrate for any act done in a matter over which by law he has no jurisdiction or in which he h
48、as exceeded his jurisdiction. n n 除根据及按照本条的条文外不得就裁判官在一项他在法律上并无司法管辖权或超越其司法管辖权的事项上所作的任何作为在民事法庭提出针对裁判官的诉讼。n n注注意意：save/except as (is) provided / stipulated 可以用另一个法律上常用的句式去取代：unless otherwise provided/stipulated 功能与其相同，可以是一个标准的替代。10. IN RESPECT OFn n在普通英文中，倘若要表达一个与某事物有关的概 念 ， 最 常 用 的 介 词 莫 过 于 regarding
49、 或concerning。其余表达类似概念的词非常丰富，如in connection with, in relation to, relating 等等。但在法律英文中，这一些常用词似乎都太普通，正式程度欠奉。取而代之的则是in respect of 。不过，由于该词本身灵活性强、黏附性与词俱来，而正式程度又高，故在法律英文中往往被过度使用。习惯普通英语的读者、译者，时常对该词感到头痛：既不好理解，也不好翻译。其实，只要懂得其最常用的替代，理解和翻译都不应该有困难。 n n例例2727n n Where Where an an employee employee is is granted g
50、ranted any any period period of of annual annual leave, leave, the the employer employer shall shall pay pay him him annual annual leave leave pay pay in in respect respect ofof that that period period not not later later than than the the day day on on which which he he is is next next paid paid hi
51、s his wages wages after after that period. that period. n n 凡凡顾顾员员获获给给予予任任何何一一段段期期间间的的年年假假雇雇主主最最迟迟须须于于该该段段期期间间后后的的第第一一个个发发薪薪日日付付给给该该雇雇员员该该段段期间期间的的年假薪酬。年假薪酬。n n例28n n For the purpose of the Landlord and the Tenant Ordinance and for the purpose of these presents the rent in respect of the said premise
52、s shall be deemed to be in arrear if not paid in advance as stipulated by Clause 1 hereof. n n基于租务条例并基于这些通知，有关该楼宇的租金如果未照合约第一条规定的那样提前缴付就应该被认为是拖欠。 练习：翻译下面的句子n nUnless Unless in in any any enactment enactment it it is is otherwise otherwise provided, provided, the the period period of of imprisonment,
53、imprisonment, which which may may be be imposed imposed by by a a magistrate magistrate exercising exercising summary summary jurisdiction, jurisdiction, in in respect respect of of the the non-payment non-payment of of any any sum sum of of money money adjudged adjudged to to be be paid paid by by
54、a a conviction, conviction, whether whether it it be be a a fine fine or or in in respect respect of of the the property property the the subject subject of of the the offence, offence, or or in in respect respect ofof the the injury injury done done by by the the offender, offender, or or in in res
55、pect respect ofof the the default default of of a a sufficient sufficient distress distress to to satisfy satisfy any any such such sum, sum, shall shall be be such such period period as, as, in in the the opinion opinion of of the the magistrate, magistrate, will will satisfy satisfy the the justic
56、e justice of of the the case, case, but but shall shall not not exceed exceed in in any any case case the the maximum maximum fixed fixed by by the following scale . the following scale . n n译文：n n除成文法另有规定外对于因不缴付根据定罪裁定须缴付的款项（不论是罚款或就作为罪行主体的财物而须缴付的款项），或因犯罪者所造成的损害或因无足够扣押物以抵偿此等款项，则行使简易程序审判权的裁判官，可判处其认为就案情而言是符合公正原则的监禁刑期，但无论如何不得超过下表所定的最长刑期 。
