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1、spoken-and-written-spoken-and-written-forms-of-languageforms-of-language小组成员：马云、方诗慧、盛晓莲、倪铭露、李岳英男、韦小组成员：马云、方诗慧、盛晓莲、倪铭露、李岳英男、韦君君08机电1班Electrical and MechanicalMy class onecontentsSpoken and writing formsDifferences and similaritiesRelationship Spoken and writing formsDifferences and relationship How t
2、o deal with the relationshipco n te n t第一部分Spoken and writing forms总体概况第一部分Electrical and MechanicalMy class one, our home调研方法oral language第一部分 Spoken language sometimes called oral language, which is produced in its spontaneous form, as opposed to written language. Many languages have no written fo
3、rm, and so are only spoken.In spoken language, much of the meaning is determined by the context. This contrasts with written language, where more of the meaning is provided directly by the text. In spoken language the truth of a proposition is determined by common-sense reference to experience, wher
4、eas in written language a greater emphasis is placed on logical and coherent argument; similarly, spoken language tends to convey subjective information, including the relationship between the speaker and the audience, whereas written language tends to convey objective information 第一部分Electrical and
5、 MechanicalMy class one, our home调研方法Writing language第一部分 Written Language refers to communication in its written form - specifically skills contributing to and including reading and writing. There is evidence that we are hard-wired for oral language; speaking and listening skills are most often acq
6、uired naturally by young children without the need for systematic, explicit teaching. Language in its written form, however, is a process that is superimposed on our innate oral language rules and must be explicitly taught. Many languages continue to exist that do not have a written form.第一部分Spoken
7、and writing language第二部分Differences and similarities第二部分Electrical and MechanicalMy class one, our home第二部分differencesWriting is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out. Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can corre
8、ct themselves and change their utterances as they go along. A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood. Speech is usually used for immediate interactions. Written language tends to be more complex and intricate t
9、han speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language. Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incom
10、plete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films. Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely
11、 on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major rol
12、e, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context. Writte
13、n material can be read repeatedly and closely analysed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recorded speech can be used in this way. 第二部分Electrical and MechanicalMy class one, our home第二部分similsrities b) Spoken language in action, where language is used to accompany actions being perf
14、ormed by the speakers, is also typically heavily context-dependent and may show a high frequency of occurrence of deictic words such as this one , over there, near you and bring that here, which can only be decoded in relation to where the speakers are at the time of speaking a) the transcript of a
15、piece of natural conversation may well contain references impossible to decode without particular knowledge or without visual information 第二部分Differences and relationship第三部分How to deal with the relationship建议总结Proposals第三部分Relationship The relationship between spoken language and written language i
16、s complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability while written language is a cultural invention.However some linguists, such as those of the Prague school, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue
17、 against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence.The term spoken language is sometimes used for vocal language; however, sign language is also sometimes said to be spoken.第三部分How to deal with spoken and writing form of language班风展示08机电1班Electrical and MechanicalMy class oneThanks o(v)o结束结束
