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1、英语翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧加注加注加注加注 由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺弥补空缺1.1.音译加注音译加注EgEg: cartoon: cartoon 卡通片卡通片 Hamburger Hamburger 汉堡包汉堡包 Benz Benz 奔驰车奔驰车 cloneclone 克隆（一种无性繁殖方法）克隆（一种无性繁殖方法） sauna
2、 sauna 桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴）桑那浴（源于芬兰的一种蒸汽浴） hacker hacker 黑客（在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸黑客（在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此造成混乱如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷）和破坏的电脑迷） El NinoEl Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动）风及海水的大规模移动） BunsenBunsen 本生灯（一种煤气
3、灯）本生灯（一种煤气灯） AIDS AIDS 爱滋病（一种性免疫缺损综合症）爱滋病（一种性免疫缺损综合症） 2021/6/71（1 1） Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?this poor old nervous victim? 按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的
4、老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚按照这样的养生之道，别说这可怜的老太太了，就连健康女神哈奇亚* *也会害病。也会害病。 * *哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。哈奇亚是希腊神话中的健康女神。 （2 2） Big Ben is ringing the hour.Big Ben is ringing the hour. 大本钟大本钟* *在当当报时。在当当报时。 * *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。 （3 3） Pizza is my sons favorite American food Pizza is my sons favorite American food 比萨饼比萨饼* *
5、是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。是我儿子最喜欢的美国食品。 * *披萨（披萨（PizzaPizza），又译比萨饼、匹萨，是一种发源于意大利的食品，在全球颇受欢迎），又译比萨饼、匹萨，是一种发源于意大利的食品，在全球颇受欢迎。 （4 4） New York was never Mecca to me. New York was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加* * 。 麦加麦加 (Mecca) (Mecca) 是是伊斯兰教伊斯兰教的第一的第一圣地圣地。 2021/6/72（5 5） Say you shoot a video that you
6、 think is particularly artsy. Beam it out Say you shoot a video that you think is particularly artsy. Beam it out and make a small fortune by charging an untold number of viewers a fee and make a small fortune by charging an untold number of viewers a fee for watching. Peter Jennings would be obsole
7、te.for watching. Peter Jennings would be obsolete. 你拍了一部自认为特别有艺术价值的电视片，那就将此片对外播放，并通过向无数你拍了一部自认为特别有艺术价值的电视片，那就将此片对外播放，并通过向无数的观众收费挣点钱。这样人们就不再需要著名的新闻播音员彼特的观众收费挣点钱。这样人们就不再需要著名的新闻播音员彼特 杰宁斯了。杰宁斯了。 (6) Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. (6) Like a son of Bachus, he can
8、 drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子，能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。 * *巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。 （7 7）He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes. He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulent suites of Ritzes. 他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地
9、引进了像里兹饭店他发现自己身着漂亮的礼服，被恭恭敬敬地引进了像里兹饭店* *一般的豪华旅馆的一般的豪华旅馆的客房里下榻。客房里下榻。 * *里兹饭店原为瑞士人里兹（里兹饭店原为瑞士人里兹（1850-19191850-1919）开设，以豪华著称。）开设，以豪华著称。 （8 8）A dead leaf fell in Soapys lap. That was Jack Frosts card. A dead leaf fell in Soapys lap. That was Jack Frosts card. 一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克 弗罗斯特弗罗斯特*
10、 *的名片。的名片。 * *杰克杰克 弗罗斯特弗罗斯特(Jack Frost)(Jack Frost)是英文里对是英文里对 寒霜寒霜 的拟人称号。的拟人称号。 2021/6/732.2.直译加注直译加注EgEg: Big Apple: Big Apple 大苹果（纽约的别称）大苹果（纽约的别称） mad-cow diseasemad-cow disease 疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病）疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病） Oval OfficeOval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室）椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室） Desert StormDesert Storm 沙漠风暴（沙漠风暴（1991
11、1991年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打年美国领导的多国部队对伊拉克实施的军事打动）动） （1 1）It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。 * *星期五星期五FridayFriday为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什为英国的发薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什 要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。
12、要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。 （2 2）While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhatsomewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔我想给阿利斯太尔 库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力库克先生的杰作稍加几
13、笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力讨好。讨好。 * *在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒无益之事。是做徒无益之事。 2021/6/74 (3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in (3) Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. s
14、ecret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. 他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五的忠仆星期五* *。 * *星期五星期五(Friday)(Friday)是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。的忠实奴仆。 （4 4）The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to
15、The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle. Newcastle. 刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽卡斯尔，多此一举。刚下一场及时雨，那人却又为草坪浇水，真是把煤运到纽卡斯尔，多此一举。 * *纽卡斯尔：英国煤都。纽卡斯尔：英国煤都。 （5 5）I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient. I am as poor as Job, my lord, but not so patient. 我象约伯一样穷的，大人，
16、可是却没有他那样的好耐心。我象约伯一样穷的，大人，可是却没有他那样的好耐心。 * *在圣经中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。在圣经中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。 （6 6） Oh! Tell us about her. Auntie, cried imogen. I can just Oh! Tell us about her. Auntie, cried imogen. I can just remember her. Shes the skeleton in the family cupboard, isnt she? remember her. Shes the skeleton in the fami
17、ly cupboard, isnt she? “ “哦，给我们讲一讲她的事儿吧，好姑姑，哦，给我们讲一讲她的事儿吧，好姑姑，” ”伊莫根嚷嚷道，伊莫根嚷嚷道，“ “我几乎记不得她我几乎记不得她了，她是咱们家衣橱里的骷髅，丑得见不得人，是吗？了，她是咱们家衣橱里的骷髅，丑得见不得人，是吗？ 2021/6/75翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧-释义释义释义释义释义（释义（paraphraseparaphrase）是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。EgEg: as drunk as a fiddler : as drunk as a fi
18、ddler 酩酊大醉（在古英格兰酩酊大醉（在古英格兰, ,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞蹈伴奏, ,人们往往以酒人们往往以酒酬谢酬谢, ,因此往往会喝得大醉因此往往会喝得大醉. .后人用此成语时后人用此成语时, ,常常重意不重形与典常常重意不重形与典, ,因此因此, ,不必不必直译为直译为 “ “像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉” ”, ,采用释义法即可采用释义法即可. .） as rich as Croesus as rich as Croesus 十分富有十分富有(Croesus (Croesus 是公元是公元6 6世纪小亚细亚吕底亚国王世纪小亚细亚
19、吕底亚国王, ,十分富有十分富有. .如直译为如直译为 像科里瑟斯一样富有像科里瑟斯一样富有, ,倒让读者十分费解倒让读者十分费解, ,因为读者不知因为读者不知 科里瑟斯科里瑟斯 为何许为何许人人, , 并且后人用此词时并且后人用此词时, ,常常意重于典常常意重于典, ,所以不如释义为所以不如释义为 十分富有十分富有, , 简单明白简单明白.) .) bring down the house bring down the house 全场喝彩全场喝彩( (不能直译为不能直译为 把房子都弄倒了把房子都弄倒了) ) 2021/6/76（1 1） Its not easy to become a m
20、ember of that club-they want people who Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普
21、通百姓。姓。 （Tom, Dick, HarryTom, Dick, Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉语中的语中的“ “张三、李四、王五张三、李四、王五” ”。所以，这里不宜直译为。所以，这里不宜直译为“ “汤姆、迪克、哈里汤姆、迪克、哈里” ”。）。） （2 2） A Red Light for Scofflaws A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之风不可长！玩忽法令之风不可长！ （这是美国（这是美国TimeTime时代周刊时代周刊19831983年一篇文章的标题。年一篇文章的标题。red ligh
22、tred light本意是红本意是红灯，指停车信号、危险信号。文中指出美国社会中蔑视法令的现象已到了触灯，指停车信号、危险信号。文中指出美国社会中蔑视法令的现象已到了触目惊心的地步，必须采取措施加以制止。译成目惊心的地步，必须采取措施加以制止。译成“ “玩忽法令之风不可长玩忽法令之风不可长” ”一目了一目了然，言简意明。）然，言简意明。） （3 3） As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two As with Black Power the burgeoning Red Power movement has two
23、 components, one cultural, the other political. components, one cultural, the other political. 象黑人权力一样，正在蓬勃兴起的印地安人权力运动包括文化运动和政治运象黑人权力一样，正在蓬勃兴起的印地安人权力运动包括文化运动和政治运动两个部分。动两个部分。 （这里（这里Red PowerRed Power显然是从显然是从Black PowerBlack Power黑权主义，黑权运动黑权主义，黑权运动 类比出来的。如果译者不释明其义，而直译为类比出来的。如果译者不释明其义，而直译为“ “红色权力红色权力”
24、”，读者定会把它理解，读者定会把它理解为为“ “红色政权红色政权 或或*党权力党权力 。）。） 2021/6/77翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧-增词增词增词增词 英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 1.1.为了语法上的需要为了语法上的需要2.2.英语
25、中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。 EgEg: (1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. : (1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. 东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。 (2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. (2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海
26、边淡淡升起。一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 (3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. (3) A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。 (4) I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place (4) I was extremely worried about he
27、r, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。 (5) It was a nova! (5) It was a nova! 这是一颗新星！这是一颗新星！ 2021/6/78uu英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气，而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式，翻译英语动词有时、体的变化、有语气
28、，而汉语动词却没有对等的表现形式，翻译时常常须增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。时常常须增加一些表示时体和语气的词才行。EgEg: (1) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is: (1) I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. to smell the lamb and make
29、 sure that it is her own. 原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔 的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。 (2) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.(2) I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。我的获释是他成全的，
30、对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。 (3) The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was(3) The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. as poor as we are. 老人说：老人说： 听人说，从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。听人说，从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。“ “ (4) The old man had taught the
31、 boy to fish and the boy loved him. (4) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 (5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so(5) English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so现今英国散文华巧而欠简
32、朴，过去却并非总是如此。现今英国散文华巧而欠简朴，过去却并非总是如此。 2021/6/79uu英语的可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有。翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达英语的可数名词有单复数之别，汉语则没有。翻译时常常有必要增词以便传达这一含义。这一含义。EgEg: (1) The lion is the king of animals.: (1) The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。狮子是百兽之王。 (2) I saw bubbles rising from under the water.(2) I saw bubbles rising from u
33、nder the water.我看见一个个水泡从水下升我看见一个个水泡从水下升 起。起。 (3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of(3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 (4) The mountains began to throw their long blue sh
34、adows over the valley.(4) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色的长影。 (5) An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, (5) An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained wi
35、thin its banks, and rushing passionately past narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. boulders and over waterfalls. 一个人的一生可以比作一条河流：开始身躯很小，两岸之间非常狭窄，水流湍急，一个人的一生可以比作一条河流：开始身躯很小，两岸之间非常狭窄，水流湍急，冲过砾石，飞下悬瀑。冲过砾石，飞下悬瀑。 2021/6/710uu英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯
36、，作些适当的增补。英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。 EgEg: (1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and : (1) I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pap got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would. I reckoned he would. 我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的，我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去，我算计着他是会醉我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的，
37、我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去，我算计着他是会醉得够呛的。（增补得够呛的。（增补he wouldhe would后省略的成分）后省略的成分） (2) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. (2) She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too. 她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。 (3) When I turned around, John was grinning, expe
38、ctant, studying my face (3) When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. 我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。（增补明他是否博得了我的欢心。他
39、确实博得了我的欢心。（增补he hadhe had后被省略的部分）后被省略的部分） (4) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift (4) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. avarice. 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。（增补被省掉的勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。（增补被省掉的 in excess becomesin e
40、xcess becomes） 2021/6/7112.2.为了意义上的需要为了意义上的需要 uu英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确，英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词，使译文意思明确， EgEg: (1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I : (1) When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned. was abo
41、ut two thirds drowned. 当我清醒过来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。（增补动词）当我清醒过来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。（增补动词）( (原文虽然没有原文虽然没有“ “发觉发觉” ”，但译者根据上下文增补了它，使译文意思更加明确、表达通，但译者根据上下文增补了它，使译文意思更加明确、表达通顺。顺。) ) (2) He doubtlessly expected hugs, (2) He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefulstablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and o
42、f food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end. over again, without end. 毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈
43、话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（译文中增加了三个相应的形容接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。（译文中增加了三个相应的形容词，形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景，使意思更加明确，表达更加生动。）词，形象地描绘出他想象中的欢乐场景，使意思更加明确，表达更加生动。） (3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis (3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he wo
44、uld work on the drafting of the final exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiquecommunique. . 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 2021/6/712uu有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词有时为了意思明确还必须增加合适的名词或是重复同一名词EgEg: These early cars were slow, clumsy, and ine
45、fficient. : These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. 这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。（译文中在形容词前分别加上了这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。（译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词，既使译文意思明确，又使它形成四字词组，匀称整齐。）三个名词，既使译文意思明确，又使它形成四字词组，匀称整齐。） 2021/6/713uu英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文英语中有一些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词，翻译时也可根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达
46、习惯。在其后增加适当的名词，使译文意思明确、符合汉语的表达习惯。EgEg: darkness: darkness 漆黑一团漆黑一团 madnessmadness 疯狂行为疯狂行为 complacencycomplacency 自满情绪自满情绪 backwardness backwardness 落后状态落后状态 (1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the (1) After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U
47、.S. to San Francisco. U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。 (2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between (2) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries. countries. 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。uu有时
48、也有必要增加适当的连词有时也有必要增加适当的连词 EgEg: Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be : Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected expected？ 如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？（增补如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？（增补“ “如果如果” ”使得原含蓄条使得原含蓄条件句中的隐性含义明白无误。）件句中的隐性含义明白无误。） 2021/6/7143
49、.3.为了修辞上的需要为了修辞上的需要为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。承上启下的词、概括词。 EgEg: (1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and : (1) Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and lo
50、nging and trusting. longing and trusting. 可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑。（译文并没有将念情人，对他深信不疑。（译文并没有将“ “hoping and beating”hoping and beating”简单地译简单地译为为“ “盼望着、跳动着盼望着、跳动着” ”，而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情，而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情人的心情，使人如见其人、如听其声，产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。）人的心情，使人如见其人、
51、如听其声，产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。） (2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, (2) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed proposed healthshealths. . 他们的主人他们的主人, ,（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。切面包啊，（又是）说啊
52、，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。（增加语气助词和概括词语）（增加语气助词和概括词语） 2021/6/715 (3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand- (3) Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. clapping greeted him. 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。（叠词）欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。（叠
53、词） (4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy (4) And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him. there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him. 她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定
54、要斟好一杯混合她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。( (原文原文And her thoughtfulness!And her thoughtfulness!是个感叹句，翻译时增是个感叹句，翻译时增加了副词加了副词 多多 、语气助词、语气助词 啊啊 ，准确地传达了原文的句式和语气。，准确地传达了原文的句式和语气。) )翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧-减词减词减词减词 减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使
55、行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。1.1.从语法角度进行减省从语法角度进行减省2.2. 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语英语3.3.重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少等。重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少等。2021/6/716Eg: (1) I know my friends from the feel of their faces. Eg: (1) I know my friends from the
56、 feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 (2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. (2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。 (3) John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at (3) John got up v
57、ery early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. his desk and began to do his homework. 约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 (4) But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the (4) But at the present moment
58、the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. saffron afterglow. 但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩
59、盖了房屋的种种差异。种种差异。 (5) He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes (5) He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailors thimble. and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailors t
60、himble. 他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。线，以及裁缝用的顶针。 2021/6/7172.2.从修饰角度进行减省从修饰角度进行减省 有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语3.3.则往往显得累赘噜嗦。则往往显得累赘噜嗦。4.4. 5.5.EgEg: (1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself t
61、o a total : (1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me
62、 to eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. the port for which I was bound. 6.6.我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一一7.7.直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止想到这儿，我真有点不想到这儿，我真有点不好好8.8.意思了。意思了。(
63、 (这里，如把这里，如把 sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky“sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky“9.9.直译为直译为“ “睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌” ”，会使语言极为繁冗，会使语言极为繁冗，不够不够10.10.精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵韵11.11.十足，一气呵成。十足，一气呵
64、成。) ) 12.12. (2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him (2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened. as she was always looking at him when he awakened. 13.13.她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样她那双乌黑
65、的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望望14.14.着他。着他。( (此句中有两个此句中有两个 “ “she was looking at him”she was looking at him”，如不作省略而译为，如不作省略而译为“ “她像平常她像平常那那15.15. 样望着她一样望着他样望着她一样望着他 ，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。) ) 2021/6/718翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧-转换转换转换转换(1)(1)(1)(1) 由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方
66、面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。1.1.词类转换词类转换词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。uu英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词 EgEg: (1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a : (1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms
67、 of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. policy of first importance to a public man. 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。重要的对策。 (2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. (2) The Red Army Men marched on
68、bravely against the piercing wind. 红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。 (3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, (3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and when the first
69、 excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise.deserved praise. 大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。 2021/6/719uu英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词 EgEg: (1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swell
70、ing, fever, and pain. : (1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。 (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last (2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. Sunday. 上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了
71、黄鹤楼。上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。 (3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. (3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. 我国政府十分关心海外华侨。我国政府十分关心海外华侨。 (4) Formality has always characterized their relationship. (4) Formality has always characterized
72、their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 (5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere (5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完
73、成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。 2021/6/720uu英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词EgEg: (1) He added: I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in : (1) He added: I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision.“the correctness of m
74、y decision.“他还说：他还说： 我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。 (2) They came back game and glee. (2) They came back game and glee. 他们兴高采烈地回来了。他们兴高采烈地回来了。 2.2.句子成分转换句子成分转换句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。一种句子成分。3.3.EgEg: (1) You can always tell the : (1) You can a
75、lways tell the somebodiessomebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The party. The somebodiessomebodies come late. come late.4.4.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。5.5.（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语）（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语） 2021/6/721(2) With the
76、fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his (2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他
77、自己假想出来的。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）程度上是他自己假想出来的。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）(3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make (3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺
78、利舒适。（状语转换为谓他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语转换为谓语）语） 2021/6/7223.3.表达方式转换表达方式转换英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。uu英语中有一些计量词，如英语中有一些计量词，如score, dozen, decade, quarterscore, dozen, decade, quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。EgEg: (1) Five score years ago, a grea
79、t American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, : (1) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100100年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。中。 (2) A dozen and a h
80、alf (2) A dozen and a half aeroplanesaeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five poured out into the airport during that five minutes. minutes. 那那5 5分钟内，有分钟内，有1818架飞机涌进了机场。架飞机涌进了机场。 (3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this (3) Four score and seven years ago ou
81、r fathers brought forth on this continent a continent a new nation. new nation. 8787年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。 (4) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years. (4) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years. 在在1717年中，他们生了年中，他
82、们生了1212个孩子，个孩子，6 6男男6 6女。女。 2021/6/723uu由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。 EgEg: (1) She has been a widow only for six months. : (1) She has been a widow only for six months. 她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。 （原文是从妻子的角度加以陈述的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果（原文是
83、从妻子的角度加以陈述的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果不改变表达方式，而搬用原来的表达方式，那译文就是：不改变表达方式，而搬用原来的表达方式，那译文就是：“ “她只当了她只当了6 6个月的寡个月的寡妇。妇。” ”这就会给人以错觉：她很快就改嫁了。）这就会给人以错觉：她很快就改嫁了。） ( (2) Is there a special rate by the month? 2) Is there a special rate by the month? Yes, there is a 10% discount. Yes, there is a 10% discount. 按月计算有什么优惠
84、吗？按月计算有什么优惠吗？ 有，可以打有，可以打9 9折。折。 4.4.自然语序与倒装语序转换自然语序与倒装语序转换句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。语序主要是指主谓倒装。5.5.EgEg: (1) Away ran the boy.: (1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。男孩跑开了。 6.6. (2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。了。2021/6/724翻译技巧
85、翻译技巧翻译技巧翻译技巧-转换转换转换转换(1)(1)(1)(1)1.1.正面表达与反面表达转换正面表达与反面表达转换由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。来表达。 uu英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达EgEg: frost-free refrigerator: frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱无霜冰箱 Freeze!Freeze! 别动！别动！
86、 Wet paint!Wet paint! 油漆未干！油漆未干！ mortally illmortally ill 不治之症不治之症 (1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. (1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. 这项建议差点通不过。这项建议差点通不过。 (2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (2)We believe that the younger
87、 generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 (3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then (3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco. Silence. Silence. Silence. San Francisco. Si
88、lence. Silence. Silence. 他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。 没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。 2021/6/725 (4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base (4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revoluti
89、onary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. effectively masking its activity. 作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处，但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地，作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处，但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地，却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲，人们不易发觉其中的活动。却是非常
90、理想的。因为它地处边陲，人们不易发觉其中的活动。 2021/6/726uu英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达 EgEg: (1) You cant be too careful. : (1) You cant be too careful. 你要特别小心。你要特别小心。 (2) The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us.(2) The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重视。这些事件引起了我们的重视。 (3) Such
91、flights couldnt long escape notice. (3) Such flights couldnt long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。 (4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a (4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking, damped-down coal stove, but soon after uncons
92、ciousness comes leaking, damped-down coal stove, but soon after unconsciousness comes death. death. 煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍受一些时候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍受一些时候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久 就会死亡。就会死亡。 (5) But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be (5) But there is another story, a family saga
93、, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President. Lewinsky and the President. 但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要
94、。开这个谜十分重要。 2021/6/7272.2.主动式与被动式转换主动式与被动式转换英语中被动语态用得较多，而汉语中被动语态则用英语中被动语态用得较多，而汉语中被动语态则用得相对较少，因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态，当然有时也可得相对较少，因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态，当然有时也可以保留其被动语态。以保留其被动语态。uu被动转换为主动被动转换为主动EgEg: (1) Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and : (1) Heat is constantly produced b
95、y the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. cellular activity. 由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。 (2) In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a (2) In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant youll feel
96、warm all the way through.smile so radiant youll feel warm all the way through.过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。到温暖。 (3) With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing (3) With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing sud
97、den experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was sudden experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing his closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing his pleasure. pleasure. 随着说话的发展随着说话的发展
98、，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于笑与说话密切相，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于笑与说话密切相关，人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段关，人类就有了这种表达愉快的手段。 2021/6/728当然有时英语被动语态翻译成汉语时仍可用被动句式当然有时英语被动语态翻译成汉语时仍可用被动句式Eg: (1) When we were first captured, my own reaction was mainly one of Eg: (1) When we were first captured, my own reaction was mainly one of fear and sus
99、picion. fear and suspicion. 我们刚被俘时，我的感觉是又害怕又怀疑。我们刚被俘时，我的感觉是又害怕又怀疑。 (2) The visitor was flattered and impressed.(2) The visitor was flattered and impressed.客人受宠若惊，深为感动。客人受宠若惊，深为感动。uu主动转换为被动主动转换为被动英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句来表达，但这英语中主动句在汉译时可用汉语中的被动句来表达，但这一现象似不多见。一现象似不多见。 Eg: (1) His acceptance into the Party
100、is a quite natural thing.Eg: (1) His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing. 他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。 (2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung (2) Appalled by what he had done, Bob rushed to the parapet and flung himself on the rocks below, where the sea
101、claimed him immediately.himself on the rocks below, where the sea claimed him immediately.鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被鲍勃对他所做的一切感到震惊，他冲到护墙处，纵身跳到下面的岩石上，立即被大海所吞没。大海所吞没。 2021/6/7293.3.分句转换分句转换分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句分句转换是指一种英语分句翻译成汉语时转换成另一种分句4.4.EgEg: (1) They felt that it was much easier and s
102、afer to rob their own : (1) They felt that it was much easier and safer to rob their own people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched people, for they knew that white policemen never really searched diligently for Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.diligently for
103、Negroes who committed crimes against other Negroes.5.5.他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是他们觉得抢劫他们的同种人要安全得多，因为他们知道，如果黑人侵犯的是黑黑6.6.人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。（定语从句人，白人警察便从来不认真搜捕。（定语从句- -条件状语从句）条件状语从句） 7.7.(2) Her great grief in this relation was that her only child, on whose (2) Her great grief in this relation was
104、 that her only child, on whose education no expense had been and would be spared, was now old education no expense had been and would be spared, was now old enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.enough to perceive these deficiencies in his mother.8.8. 这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去这一方面给她造成了极大的苦闷，也就是有关她的独生子的问题。虽然过去和今和今9.9.后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不后在儿子的教育费用上既不曾也不会省掉什么钱，然而如今他的年纪已经不小，小，10.10.能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。（定语从句能注意他母亲的这些缺点了。（定语从句- -让步状语从句）让步状语从句）2021/6/730部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！
