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1、Chapter 3Chapter 3 Government and Government and the Commonwealththe CommonwealthConstitutional Monarchy Parliamentary Democracy Political PartiesConstitutionGovernment Election The CommonwealthIIIIIIIVVCONTENTCONTENT1. Political system(1) What is the political system in the United Kingdom?constitut
2、ional monarchy(2) Who is the Head of State?a king or a queen2. Constitutional Monarchy(1)What is meant by Constitutional Monarchy?The Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. 统而不治统而不治(2) Could you explain it in detail?A. His or Her Majestys power is limited by the constitution-a formality. B. The real p
3、ower is invested with elective government. Political System in BritainvBritishConstitutionismadeupof: Statute Law (成文法成文法) made by Parliament Common Law (判例法判例法) decided by judges, their decisions in cases being arrived at after considering the customs and practices of the people involved. Conventio
4、ns(习惯法习惯法) has evolved through decisions in actual trials European Union lawWhat are the primary sources of British law?no written constitution ConstitutionIHouse of Commons (political)LegislatureParliamentMonarch(non-political)Executive Judiciary (non-political)House of Lords(semi-political)Prime M
5、inister & Cabinet (political)Ministers & Civil service(non-political) House of LordsCourt of Appeal Basic Structure of UK Central GovernmentGovernmentIILegislatureParliament The Crown The House of Lords The Houseof Commons Buckingham Palace QueenQueenQueen Elizabeth IIBorn: April 21, 1926Queen since
6、 June 2, 1953 Queen Elizabeth II is a “constitutional monarch” Although she is officially the head of state, the country is actually run by the government and led by the Prime Minister.Official Titles Elizabeth II, By The Grace Of God, Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland And
7、Of Her Other Realms And Territories Queen, Head Of The Commonwealth, Defender Of The Faith 上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，领地的女王，英联邦元首，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世国教保护者伊莉莎白二世 Why do the British people still have a great affection for the Queen? The Role of the Monarch lhead of the e
8、xecutive, the judiciary; an integral part of the legislature, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of Englandlsummons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament.lgives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.lappoints the Prime Minister, ministers, and
9、important officials and officers.lpresides the great state functions lgives many important honors and awards.lconcludes treaties and declares war.lremits (free someone from a punishment) all or part of the sentence passed on a criminal by granting a royal pardon.From Buckingham to Westminster The St
10、ate Opening of Parliament Wednesday November 26, 2003QueenReadpages33-381.WhatistheroleoftheHouseofLords?2.WhatistheroleoftheHouseofCommons?Composition of ParliamentHouse of Lordsthe Upper HouseHouse of Commonsthe Lower HouseMembers695 LordsLords Spiritual Lords Temporal ( Life Peers Hereditary peer
11、s ) President: the Lord Chancellor659 MPsUniversal Suffrageconstituency (MPs seat)five yearsChairman: SpeakerThe House of Lords The House of CommonsThe Title of Nobility公爵公爵 Duke / Duchess 侯爵侯爵 Marquis / Marchioness 伯爵伯爵 Earl (Count) / Countess 子爵子爵 Viscount / Viscountess 男爵男爵 Baron / Baroness L Rol
12、es ClReceiving no salary but enjoy a small allowancelNon-electedlFew attending the parliament sittingslRepresenting their own interestlReceiving salarylElectedlRepresenting the public interest of the electoratelMost MPs belong to a particular party vThe Upper House ReformsReduce the number of seats
13、from 705 to 666 (Mar. 1, 2004)Final court of appealSupreme CourtThe House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of WestminsterWhat goes on in the Housel Three major functionsto pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the gove
14、rnment to influence the future government policyv646 Members of Parliament, known as “MPs” for short, who represent the 646 geographical areas / constituenciesThe House of Commons Making new lawsTitleTitleWhite papersThrough3-readings1 1First reading introduction of Bills2Second reading Debate3Third
15、 reading formal presentation of final form2Committee stage detailed discussion & amendment 2Report stage amendments presented2House of LordsSame stages as in the House of Commons3Monarch For Royal Assent and signature4Act of Parliament Entered on the stature-book as lawThe Executive1The Cabinet23Civ
16、il Servants4The Prime MinisterPrivy CouncilThe Prime MinisterThePrimeMinisterpowerfulleader The leader of the majority party Head of the government Decides ministers (Minister of Defense, the Foreign Secretary, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer ) Reorganize the governmentOfficialresidence: No. 10
17、Downing Streetsupremedecision-makingbody1. Who presides over the Cabinet?The Prime Minister.2. Who compose the Cabinet?The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet. 3. What principle does the Cabinet follow in decision making? Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet dec
18、isions. The CabinetThe Cabinet Meets weekly at No. 10 Downing Street Collective responsibility (resignation) Ministers responsible (accountable) for their particular department The official opposition (Shadow Cabinet): the largest minority party in the House of CommonsPrivy Council 枢密院枢密院 a body of
19、advisors （the Kings advisory institution in history ） current and former Cabinet members and important public figures Its main duty is to give adviceGovernment Department & the Civil Service Ministerial responsibility Scottish Office Minister for Scottish Affairs The Ministry of Defense Minister of
20、Defense The Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Civil servants(1)Civilservantsarerecruitedmainlybycompetitiveexamination.(2)ChangeofGovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentstaff,whocontinuetocarryoutthedutieswhicheverpartisinpower. Government Department & the Civil Service Two branches of lawCivil
21、 law defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one anotherCriminal law defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a wholeEnglish JudgesThe JudiciaryThe JudiciaryCounty CourtMagistrates Court(JPs,stipendiarymagistrates)Crown CourtHigh Court(QBD,CCD,FD)Court of Ap
22、pealCourt of AppealHouse of LordsThe Court SystemCivil branchCriminalbranchThe JudiciaryThe JudiciaryLord ChancellorLord ChancellorKennethClarkeCriminal ProceedingsCriminal ProceedingsTrials by juryWhat do you know about the jury system in UK?(1)Whatistheroleofthejury?In criminal trials by jury, the
23、 judge passes sentence, but the jurydecides the issue of guiltyorinnocence.(2)Whomakesupofthejuryandhowisthejuryformed?A.ordinary,independentcitizens summoned by the court: 12 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 in Scotland.B. People between the age of 18 and 70 (65 in Scotland) whose nam
24、es appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random. The Jury SystemThe Jury System12 ordinary people A verdictlawyerslawyersBarristersSolicitorsPolice Police Londons Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Scotland
25、Yard BobbyPolitical PartiesPolitical PartiesIII The Conservative Party The Labor Party The Liberal Democrats Overall Introduction What are the major British political parties？ Whose interests do they represent?CavaliersRoundheadsThe ToriesThe WhigsConservative Party Liberal PartyLabor PartyComparati
26、ve Description on the two major parties:Main PartiesMain Partiesthe Conservative Partythe Labour Party the Liberal DemacratsRight wing partyC. Vs. LC. Vs. LLonger history Holding more traditional capitalist ideas Emphasizes on private interests upper &middle classesPolicies: privatisation Based on t
27、rade unions middle & lower classes Took power after WWII Political conception & policy: -Social equality -Social welfare -NationalisationLeft wing partyMargaret Thatcher (1979-1990)The Iron Lady privatized state-owned industries and promoted a more competitive spirit in Britains economy reduced old
28、age pensions, shortened the period of unemployment benefits, and cut child benefits curbed the power of the trade unionsThe Conservative PartyThe Conservative Party Recent Prime Ministers from the leftTonyBlair(1997-2006)“ThirdWay”madetheBankofEnglandindependent(separatepoliticsandeconomicpolicy)put
29、anemphasisontheminimumwageandsupplementinglowincomesThe Labor PartyThe Labor PartyGordonBrown(June27,2007) every 5 years constituencies vote of no confidence IV Election The procedure of general elections 4321Counting votes Check and cast votes Electoral campaign Distribute voting cards hung parliam
30、ent In a two-party parliamentary system of government, a hung parliament occurs when neither major political party has an absolute majority of seats in the parliament (legislature). Oneorboth main parties may seek to form a coalition government with smaller third parties, or a minority government re
31、lying on external support from third parties or independents. If these efforts fail, a dissolution of parliament andafreshelectionmaybethelastresort. The result of 2010 election, was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: C
32、onservatives - 307, Labour - 258, Liberal Democrats - 57. ModernCommonwealthisavoluntaryfreeassociationof53independentsovereignstateseachresponsibleforitsownpoliciesbutco-operatingtogetherintheircommoninterests.31membersoftheCommonwealtharerepublics,e.g.India17aremonarchieswithQueenElizabethIIasHeadofState,e.g.Australia,Canada5havenationalmonarchs,e.g.Fiji The CommonwealthVOrigin of the CommonwealthYour Topic Goes HereYoursubtopicgoeshereE
