科研方法与论文写作科研方法与论文写作科研方法与论文写作科研方法与论文写作 研究研究研究研究结果及其结果及其结果及其结果及其表述表述表述表述 卢宝荣卢宝荣卢宝荣卢宝荣 教授教授教授教授 第六讲第六讲第六讲第六讲 怎样撰写文章的怎样撰写文章的结果结果 Results! Why, man, I have Results! Why, man, I have gotten a lot of results, I know gotten a lot of results, I know several thousand things that several thousand things that won’t work.won’t work.-- Thomas A. Edison-- Thomas A. Edison The “Results” is the core of the paperìThe results are data from the experimentìThe results are summarized data from the experiment, presented by text, tables, figures, graphs, and photos The content of the results Two ingredients:ìGiven an overall description of the experiment, providing “big picture” without repeating the experimental detailsìPresent the “data” from different parts of the experiments How to present data?ìThe simple transfer of “raw” data from notebooks is not rightìPresent representative dataìPresent pre-digested dataìPresent data in an effective and interesting way Remember:ìIf you try to include everything, you will have noting in the result! ì“The fool collects facts, the wise man selects them” A few more things to note How to handle number:ìSmall amount of data could described in the textìRepetitive data should be given in tables, figures or graphsìData should be meaningfulìState the condition under which you obtained the results Strive for clarityìThe results should short and sweet without verbiage ìThe Results part is most important part, but it is often shortestìThe Results must be clearly & simply stated, because it contains the new knowledgeìYour contribution to the world Strive for clarityìThe earlier parts of the paper (Introduction, M&M) are designed to tell why and how you got the resultsìThe later part of the paper (Discussion) is designed to tell what they meanìThe whole paper must stand on the basis of the ResultsìThe Results must be presented with crystal clarity Avoid redundancyìThe most common fault is the repetition in words of what is already showed in Tables & FiguresìEven worse is actual presentation, in the text, of all and many data shown in Ts & FsìDon’t be verbose in citing Fs&Ts, e.g. Ø“It is clearly shown in Table 1 that wild rice is of great diversity in China”Ø“Wild rice is of great diversity (Table 1) in China” Headings in the ResultsII. PCR products and electrophoresisII. PCR products and electrophoresis A great genetic variation of was A great genetic variation of was detected by electrophoresis of … (Table detected by electrophoresis of … (Table 1) …1) …III. Variation patterns III. Variation patterns Statistic analysis show that …… Statistic analysis show that ……I. An effective DNA extraction methodI. An effective DNA extraction method DNA samples are usually difficult to DNA samples are usually difficult to be collected from……be collected from…… 。