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1、Progressive WritingProgressive Writingby by Jessie YaoJessie YaoChapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 The ParagraphThe ParagraphThe ParagraphThe ParagraphContentIntroductionThe Topic SentenceThe Concluding SentenceUnityCoherence2024/9/62by Jessie Yao, HUELI. IntroductionQ: What is a paragraph?a ba
2、sic unit of organization in writingadevelops one main idea;astand by itself, or:abe part of a longer piece of writing.ContentForm2024/9/63by Jessie Yao, HUELI. Introduction1. Pretest:Read and answer: page 2, model writing.A: (1) Topic sentence. (2) Concluding sentence. (3) Supporting sentences. (4)
3、Transitional words. (5) One.2024/9/64by Jessie Yao, HUELI. IntroductionConstruction of a paragraph:Transitional wordsOne main idea2024/9/65by Jessie Yao, HUELI. IntroductionFunctions of each element:TWthe main idea of the paragraph: naming & controlingdevelop the ts: reasons, facts, egs. statistics,
4、 quotations etc.signals the end; restates important points to rememberlink ss, show logic2024/9/66by Jessie Yao, HUELI. Introduction5 Elements of a paragraph:1.The topic sentence;2.Supporting sentences;3.The concluding sentence;4.Transitional words, aka cherence;5.The main idea, aka unity.Exercises:
5、 page4 C E A D B2024/9/67by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentence1. Pretest:Read and answer: page 5Topic sentences:2, 5, 8, 9Q: Why and in what ways are the others unfit for topic sentences?Three important characteristics2024/9/68by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentence2. Three important character
6、istics:a)A complete sentence;The importance of communication.Communications is important between family members.b)Contains both a topic and a controlling idea;There are different opinions.There are different opinions about . even among experts.Different opinions arise from different sides people tak
7、e.c)The most general statement in the paragraph.2024/9/69by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic SentenceAmerican food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.American food is terrible.American food is ter
8、rible in two ways.American food is tasteless and greasy.Review: Three essential points1.主题句必须是一个主题句必须是一个完整的句子完整的句子2.由由主题词主题词和和主题思想的表述主题思想的表述两部分两部分构成构成3.只是一种只是一种概括性概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节的陈述而不提供具体的细节2024/9/610by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentence3. Position of Topic Sentencesa)At the beginning of a parag
9、raph;b)At the end of a paragraph;c)Implied.eg: page 6-7Exercises: page 7Para. 1: C A D BPara. 2: B G E A D C FPara. 3: D B E A F CPara. 4: B E F C A D G2024/9/611by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentence4. The Two Parts of a Topic Sentencea)Topic b)Controlling ideato name the subject, or main idea t
10、o make a specific comment about the topic, which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic 2024/9/612by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentenceeg: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit.It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city.Exercises: page 9Topic
11、Controlling IdeaTopicControlling Idea2024/9/613by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic Sentence5. Writing Topic SentencesTwo points:be neither too general nor too specific;avoid too many unrelated ideas.San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions, and its cosmopolitan at
12、mosphere.Exercises: page 112024/9/614by Jessie Yao, HUELII. The Topic SentenceExercises: page 11:Para. 1: American English takes in a lot of foreign words.Para. 2: The educational system in European universities is quite different from that in American universities.Para. 3: People usually use local
13、materials available to build their homes.Para. 4: There are many similarities between doctors and teachers.2024/9/615by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceOptional, not required.Functions:1.signals the end of the paragraph. 2.summarizes the main points of the paragraph.3.gives a final comme
14、nt on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about. 2024/9/616by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceWays of writing a concluding sentence:Eg1:Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, . There
15、fore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.Paraphrasing 同义改写同义改写2024/9/617by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceEg2:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has . Another impor
16、tant characteristic of gold is . In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Summerizing the main points 总结要点总结要点2024/9/618by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceEnd-of-paragraph signals:To sum upIn sumHenceTo concludeIn the endIn a wordAll in all.2024/9
17、/619by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceExercises: page 13:Para. 1: Paraphrasing: In short, you need first be an attentive listener before becoming a good speaker.Summarizing:In summary, good manners in listening, such as attention, not being interruptive, and body language, can be as imp
18、ortant in a conversation as speaking itself. 2024/9/620by Jessie Yao, HUELIII. The Concluding SentenceExercises: page 13:Para. 2: Paraphrasing: Thus, modern corporate workers are constantly under great pressure as a result of the advance in communication technology.Summarizing:Therefore, the corpora
19、te workers often get overworked and feel frustrated in dealing with the overwhelming messages made possible by the modern communication technology. 2024/9/621by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. Unity1. Pretest:Read and answer: page 14Para.1:Topic sentence:Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry
20、.Irrelevant sentence:People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations. 2024/9/622by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. UnityPara.2:Topic sentence:Daredevil sports are also becoming popular.Irrelevant sentence:Soccer is also becoming popular in the United States, where it was not well kno
21、wn until recently.2024/9/623by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. Unity2. Important Points of UnityUnity：1.only one main idea is discussed 2.every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence.eg: page 15-17Best one:Topic sentence:para. 2 The first sentence20
22、24/9/624by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. UnityProblem with para.1:Mothers can give the HIV virus to . 75 to 85 percent of infections.Problem with para.2:1.There is evidence that in the United States, the United Kingdom, . at least among males.2.Although there is no cure for HIV-AIDS, new medicines are availab
23、le that prolong the lives of people with HIV.A new topicIrrelevant sentences2024/9/625by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. UnityExercises：page 17The first sentence of each paragraph:1) Logic, which is basis of rhetoric, .2) English logic and English rhetoric, .3) A type of construction found in Arabic and Persian
24、 writing.4) Some Asian writers, .5) Spanish rhetoric .6) In summary, .2024/9/626by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. UnityExercises：page 18para. 1:Topic sentences:1) The question iswhich language? 2) That day is decades away, however, because .Irrelevant sentences:1) His company spends $200 million .2) Computer s
25、pelling checkers .2024/9/627by Jessie Yao, HUELIV. Unitypara. 2:Topic sentences:1) Even when you try to be polite, . 2) Although Americans are usually very direct in social matters, .Irrelevant sentences:1) American meals are usually more informal .2) Idioms are often difficult .2024/9/628by Jessie
26、Yao, HUELV. Coherence1. Pretest:Read and compare: page 19Translation 2 is better because:a)the use of transitional words;b)the use of grammatical structure words;c)the use of logic words (pronouns and nouns);d)the use of proper tense/ mood.2024/9/629by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherence2. Comparison Betwe
27、en English and Chinese Writing in CoherenceCoherence ：being connected naturally and logically by a common principleCoherence inEnglishChineseEmphasizesAchieved byNatureformmeaningtransitional, structural, logic wordscontext, no explicit wordshypotaxisparataxis2024/9/630by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherenc
28、eThree ways to achieve coherence in English:1. Repeating key nouns.2. Using pronouns that refer back to key nouns.3. Using transition signals. 2024/9/631by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherence3. Repetition of Key NounsConsecutive use of key nouns and pronouns.Read and count: Model 1_ gold_ it_ itsExercise:
29、Read and repalce, page 2172312 words refering to gold2024/9/632by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceEnglish has almost become an international language. Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language. Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more countries hav
30、e it as their official or unofficial second language. More than 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in it. It is the primary language on the Internet. 2024/9/633by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceIn international business, it is used more than any other language, and it is the language of airline p
31、ilots and air traffic controllers all over the world. Moreover, although French used to be the language of diplomacy, it has displaced it throughout the world. Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know.2
32、024/9/634by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceExercise: Read and repalce, page 22Dolphines are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. For example, they display the human emotions of joy and sadness. During training, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race
33、 toward their trainer. When they make a mistake, however, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. Furthermore, they help each other when they are in trouble. 2024/9/635by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceIf one is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. They push i
34、t to the surface of the water so that it can bearthe. They stay with it for days or weeks until it recovers or dies. They have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. They are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the US Navy is training them to become u
35、nderwater bomb disposal experts.2024/9/636by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherence4. Use of Consistent PronounsTwo donts:a)Dont change from you to he or she (change of person)b)Dont change from he to they (change of number).Exercise: Read and repalce, page 222024/9/637by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceOlympic a
36、thletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong. Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years. For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week
37、, for ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong, he or she must also be mentally tough. 2024/9/638by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceThis means that you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and social life. Being mentally strong also means
38、that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so they must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.2024/9/639by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherence5. TransitionsTransitions are sign
39、als used to show the precise relationship between ideas.GoSlowStopSimilar IdeaOpposite IdeaConclusion similarlymoreoverfurthermorein additionon the other handhoweverin contrast in conclusionto sum up2024/9/640by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceOther types of transitional words/phrases:example:for exampl
40、e;for instance;take . as an example; .result:as a result;consequently;thereby; .Remember: never too many, nor too few.2024/9/641by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceExercise: Read, compare and underline, page 23The more coherent one:para.2Transitional signals:Another, For example, First of all, therefore,
41、 consequently, Furthermore2024/9/642by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherence6. Types of Transitional SignalsThree groups by grammatical function:a)Sentence connectors;b)Clause connectors;coordinating conjunctions;subordinating conjunctions.c)Others. Further categorized in meaning/function. See page24-252024/
42、9/643by Jessie Yao, HUELV. CoherenceRead and study:Learn more about the usage of each type and finish the exercise 4 on page 29：The “womens lib” movement toward greater equality for women has produced some permanent changes in the vocabulary of English. New words have been added. The words feminist,
43、 sexist, and male chauvinist have become common during the past thirty-five years or so. Another new word is the title Ms., Firstly,For example,2024/9/644by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherencewhich is often used in place of both Miss and Mrs. A change is that sexist title of many occupations have been neut
44、ralized. A Chairman is now a chairperson (or sometimes simply chair), a waiter/waitress is now a waitperson and a high school or college freshman is now a first-year student. A mailman is now a mail carrier, and an airline stewardess is now a flight attendant. In time English pronouns may also chang
45、e as a result of womens desire for sencondFor instance,Moreover,Finally,2024/9/645by Jessie Yao, HUELV. Coherenceequality. Attempts to give equal treatment to masculine and feminine pronouns in English have led to the search for a new pronoun form to replace he (such as he/she or she/he) when referr
46、ing to neutral nouns like student and manager. Some of the new words such as Ms. are quite useful; you can use Ms. to address a woman when you dont know if she is married. The lack of a clear neutral pronoun can lead to awkward sentence construction.Nevertheless,2024/9/646by Jessie Yao, HUELThank you!
