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1、SafetyEngineeringNASAs illustration showing high impact risk areas for the International Space StationSafety engineering is an engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety. It is strongly related to industrial engineering/systems engineering, and t
2、he subset system safety engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed, even when components fail.2021/9/241常用术语危险：hazard安全：safe事故：accident风险：risk灾害：disaster系统：system可靠性：reliability安全分析：safetyanalysis安全评价：safetyevaluation2021/9/242Accidentcausationmodels事故致因理论S
3、afetymanagement安全管理Physicalconditions物质条件Lossprevention损失预防Topmanagement高层管理人员Humanerrors人因失误Hazardcontrol危险控制Corporateculture企业文化Riskingtaking冒险行为2021/9/243Safetyofficer安全官员Safetycommittee安全委员会Unionizedcompany集团公司Safetyprinciple安全规则Statusreview状态审查Supervisorylevel监督层Implementplan执行计划Hazardidentific
4、ation危险辨识Safetyperformance安全性能2021/9/244Systemsengineeringisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofengineeringandengineeringmanagementthatfocusesonhowtodesignandmanagecomplexsystemsovertheirlifecycles.Atitscoresystemsengineeringutilizessystemsthinkingprinciplestoorganizethisbodyofknowledge.Issuessuchasrequiremen
5、tsengineering,reliability,logistics,coordinationofdifferentteams,testingandevaluation,maintainabilityandmanyotherdisciplinesnecessaryforsuccessfulsystemdevelopment,design,implementation,andultimatedecommissionbecomemoredifficultwhendealingwithlargeorcomplexprojects.System Engineering2021/9/245System
6、sengineeringdealswithwork-processes,optimizationmethods,andriskmanagementtoolsinsuchprojects.Itoverlapstechnicalandhuman-centereddisciplinessuchasindustrialengineering,mechanicalengineering,manufacturingengineering,controlengineering,softwareengineering,electricalengineering,cybernetics,organization
7、alstudiesandprojectmanagement.Systemsengineeringensuresthatalllikelyaspectsofaprojectorsystemareconsidered,andintegratedintoawhole.2021/9/246Thesystemsengineeringprocessisadiscoveryprocessthatisquiteunlikeamanufacturingprocess.Amanufacturingprocessisfocusedonrepetitiveactivitiesthatachievehighqualit
8、youtputswithminimumcostandtime.Thesystemsengineeringprocessmustbeginbydiscoveringtherealproblemsthatneedtoberesolved,andidentifythemostprobableorhighestimpactfailuresthatcanoccursystemsengineeringinvolvesfindingelegantsolutionstotheseproblems.2021/9/247Systemcharacteristics: Unity整体性Relativity相关性Obj
9、ective,Goal&Function目的性和功能性AdaptabilitytotheEnvironment环境适应性Dynamic动态性Systemhasitsownorder有序性2021/9/248Classificationof systemNaturalandHuman-MadeSystem自然系统和人工系统PhysicalandConceptualSystem实体系统和抽象系统StaticandDynamicSystem静态系统和动态系统ControlandBehaviorSystem控制系统和行为系统OpenandClosedSystem开放系统和封闭系统2021/9/249S
10、ystemengineeringmethodEngineeringlogicEngineeringanalysisStatisticaltheoryandprobabilitytheoryOperationsresearch2021/9/2410Systemengineeringprinciple系统原理整分合原理反馈原理弹性原理封闭原理能级原理动力原理激励原理SystemprinciplePrincipleofintegral-divisionFeedbackprincipleElasticityprincipleClosureprincipleEnergylevelprincipleDyn
11、amicprincipleIncentiveprinciple2021/9/2411Safety System Engineering1.Featuresof safety system系统性开放性确定性与非确定性有序与无序的统一体突变性或畸变性SystematicnessOpennessCertaintyanduncertaintyUnityoforderanddisorderSuddenorabnormaldegeneration2021/9/24122.SafetySystemEngineeringDefinition 安全系统工程是运用系统工程方法，识别、分析、评价系统寿命周期中的危险
12、性，根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素，控制可能发生的事故，使系统处于最佳安全状态。2021/9/2413DefinitionSafetysystemengineeringisamethodofusingsystemengineeringtoidentify,analyzeandevaluatethehazardsinthelifecycleofasystem.Accordingtotheresults,itadjuststheprocess,equipment,operation,management,productioncycle,investmentandothe
13、rfactorstocontrolthepossibleaccidents,sothatthesystemisintheoptimalsecuritystate.2021/9/2414Threesubsystems:HumansubsystemsMachinesubsystemsEnvironmentsubsystem3.Researchobjectofsafetysystemengineering2021/9/2415Thesethreeinterrelated,mutuallyconstrained,interactivesubsystemsconstituteanorganicwhole
14、ofahuman-machine-environmentsystem.Analysis,evaluation,controlhuman-machine-environmentsystemsecurity,canreallysolvethesystemsafetyissues.2021/9/24162021/9/24174.ResearchcontentsofsafetysystemengineeringThebasictaskofsafetysystemsengineeringistopredict,evaluateandcontrolhazards.Theanalysisprocesscan
15、besummarizedasfollows:Systemsafetyanalysis(identificationandforecastinghazards);Risk(safety)evaluation(includinghuman,machine,material,craft,environment,organization,etc);Comparison;Comprehensiveevaluation;Optimizethedecisionoftheplan.Themaintechnicalmeanscanbesummarizedassystemsafetyanalysis,system
16、safety evaluationandsafetydecision-makingandaccidentcontrol.2021/9/2418 System Safety AnalysisSystem Safety Analysis Through the system safety analysis, you can identify the dangerous sources in the system, analyze the possible dangerous states, estimate the probability of the accident, the possible
17、 damage and the severity of the consequences, by modifying the system design or change the control system to run the program.2021/9/2419maincontentInvestigateandanalyzethevariousdangeroussourcesandtheirrelationsinthesystemConductinvestigationandanalysisofsystem-relatedenvironmentalconditions,equipme
18、nt,personnelandotherrelevantfactorsAnalyzemeasuresthatcantakeadvantageofappropriateequipment,procedures,processesormaterials,controloreradicateaparticularhazardsourceInvestigatingandanalyzinghazardcontrolmeasuresandthebestwaytoimplementthesemeasuresInvestigationandanalysisofdangeroussourcesthatcanno
19、tbeeradicatedtoloseorreducethepossibleconsequencesofcontrolInvestigationandanalysisofsafetyhazardsinordertopreventinjuryandlossifthehazardisoutofcontrol2021/9/2420Common method预先危险性分析 （PHA）安全检查表分析（SCA）故障模式及影响分析 （FEMA）危险和可操作性研究(HAZOP) 事件树分析(ETA)事故树分析（FTA)系统可靠性分析（）原因-后果分析（CCA)2021/9/2421PreliminaryHaz
20、ardAnalysisSafetyChecklistAnalysisFailureModeandEffectAnalysisHazardandOperabilityAnalysisEventTreeAnalysisFaultTreeAnalysisSystemReliabilityAnalysisCauseCensequenceanalysis2021/9/2422ClassificationInductionQualitative analysisQuantitative analysisDeduction2021/9/2423 Preliminary Hazard Analysis(PHA
21、)，是在每项工作活动之前，对系统存在的危险类型、来源、出现条件、到事故后果及相关措施，作一概略分析。总之，即在行动之前作一安全分析，以避免考虑不周造成的各种损失。2021/9/24241、Main content of PHA识别危险的设备、零部件并分析其发生的可能性和条件；Identifydangerousequipment,partsandanalyzethelikelihoodandconditionsoftheiroccurrence;分析系统中各子系统，各元件的交接面及其相互关系与影响；Analysisofthesubsystemsinthesystem,thecomponentso
22、ftheintersectionandtheirrelationship&influence;2021/9/2425分析物质危险性（MSDS，相关的检测）；Analysisofmaterialhazards分析工艺过程危险性(含装置存在的危险性) ；Analyzetheprocesshazard(includingthepresenceofthedevice)人、机关系(操作、维修等)Human-machinerelationship环境条件危险性分析；Riskanalysisofenvironmentalconditions防护措施和安全保障分析。Protectionmeasuresands
23、afetyandsecurityanalysis.2021/9/24262、advantages 分析工作在行动之前，可以及早排除、降低和控制危险；Earlyelimination,reductionandcontrolofhazards;系统开发、设计、制造、安装、检修等过程的分析结果，可以作为应遵循的注意事项和指导方针；Guidelines可为制定标准和规范提供必要资料；可以作为安全教育的教材。Safetyeducation2021/9/2427GeneralstepsPreliminaryHazardAnalysisincludingthreestages: preparation,re
24、view,andtheresultssummary2021/9/2428确定系统对象；资料调查收集；系统功能分解；分析辨识危险；确定危险等级；制定措施；实施措施。Determine the system object;Data collection;System function decomposition;Analysis and identification of hazards;Determine the hazard level;Develop measures;Implementing measures.2021/9/2429分析、辩识危险 Dangerous and harmful
25、 factorsInherent riskOccupational diseaseRisk of storage2021/9/24301、SafetyAnalysisofHouseholdWaterHeater热水器用煤气加热，装有温度和煤气开关连锁，当水温超过规定温度时，连锁动作将煤气阀门关小；如果发生故障，则由泄压安全阀放出热水，防止事故发生。为了防止煤气漏出和炉膛内滞留煤气在热水器内设有燃气安全控制系统，由长明火、热电偶和电磁阀组成。由于长明火存在，即使溢出煤气也不会发生爆炸。若长明火灭了，热电偶起作用，通过电磁阀将煤气关闭，防止事故发生。2021/9/2431Waterheaterhe
26、atingbycoalgas. Itequippedwithtemperatureandgasswitchchain,whenthewatertemperatureexceedsthespecifiedtemperature,thechainactionwillclosethegasvalve;Ifthefaultoccurs, accidentsprevented bythehotwaterreleasefrom pressurereliefvalve.Inordertopreventgasleakageandfurnacegasretention, the gas safety contr
27、ol system is located outside the heater.In order to prevent gas leakage and furnace gas retention. Gas safety control system consists of everlasting fire, thermocouple and electromagnetic valve. Due to the existence of everlasting fire, explosion will never happen even if the gas leak . If the fire
28、is off, the thermocouple work and turn off gas by electromagnetic valve for preventing accidents.2021/9/24322021/9/24332021/9/24342021/9/2435FaultTreeAnalysisFaulttreeanalysis(FTA)isatopdown,deductivefailureanalysisinwhichanundesiredstateofasystemisanalyzedusingBooleanlogictocombineaseriesoflower-le
29、velevents.2021/9/2436FaultTreeAnalysisThisanalysismethodismainlyusedinthefieldsofsafetyengineeringandreliabilityengineeringtounderstandhowsystemscanfail,toidentifythebestwaystoreduceriskortodetermine(orgetafeelingfor)eventratesofasafetyaccidentoraparticularsystemlevel(functional)failure.2021/9/2437F
30、aultTreeAnalysisThebasicsymbolsusedinFTAaregroupedasevents,gates,andtransfersymbols.2021/9/2438FailuremodeandeffectsanalysisFailuremodeandeffectsanalysis(FMEA)alsofailuremodes,plural,inmanypublicationswasoneofthefirsthighlystructured,systematictechniquesforfailureanalysis.2021/9/2439RiskisthecombinationofEndEffectProbabilityAndSeverity2021/9/24402021/9/2441
