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1、GrammarGrammarVerbsandtheMembersofaSentence动词的种类和句子成分1.动词的种类英语的动词按大类分为助动词、表意动词和系动词。助动词不能单独做谓语，只能与表意动词一起做谓语。它分为时态助动词和情态助动词两种。时态助动词本身没有含义，用来帮助构成动词的时态、语态、语气和否定式。如：be; do; have; shall; will等。情态助动词本身有一定的含义，用来表示愿望、可能等，但词意不完整，须与表意动词一起使用才能表达完整的意思。如 ： can; may; must; have to; ought; should; would等。表意动词,也称为行为
2、动词，能够完整地表达动作的意思，可以单独做谓语，系动词可以和它的表语一起构成谓语，它们对构成句型起决定性的作用。在这里重点对表意动词和系动词做介绍。(1)表意动词：表意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。 (2)不及物动词： 不及物动词所表示的动作不要求有动作的承受者，它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语。如： The airplane flew. The price is rising. (3)及物动词：一般及物动词所表示的动作要求有动作的承受者。它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语+宾语。 如以下例句（黑体字为谓语，划线部分为宾语）：如以下例句（黑体字为谓语，划线部分为宾语）： ItIt wil
3、l involve a a variety variety of of affordable and innovative appliances.affordable and innovative appliances.有有些些及及物物动动词词要要求求直直接接宾宾语语和和间间接接宾宾语语。直直接接宾宾语语表表示示动动作作的的承承受受者者或或结结果果，间间接接宾宾语语表表示示动动作作的的方方向向或或目目标标（对对谁谁或或为为谁谁做做的的）。这这样样的的动动词词也也叫叫双双宾宾动动词词。它它做做谓谓语语时时构构成成的的句型是：主语句型是：主语+ +谓语谓语+ +间接宾语间接宾语+ +直接宾语。直接
4、宾语。如：Passmethehammer.（hammer是直接宾语，me是间接宾语）如果想强调间接宾语，可将间接宾语移后，宾在其前面加上介词to，如: Passthehammertome.常见的双宾动词有：give,show,send,bring,offer, read, pass, hand, tell, return, write, pay,allow,wish,promise,award,grant,buy,save（节省）等等。有些及物动词除要求直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子完整。这类动词称为“带补动词”或叫做“使动词”。宾语和宾语补足语一起叫做复合宾语，它们之间有逻辑上
5、的主语和谓语的关系。它做谓语时构成的句型是：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。如：（斜体部分是宾语补足语） Electricity can make a machine run. We consider the answer (to be) correct. We found everything in the lab in good order. 常常用用的的这这类类动动词词有有：make,make, consider,consider, cause,cause, see,see,find,find,call,call,get,get,have,have,hear,hear,watch,watc
6、h,notice,notice,feelfeel，let,let,keep,think,preferkeep,think,prefer等等。等等。 当当make,make,let,let,have,have,see,see,hear,hear,watch,watch,notice,notice,feelfeel等等动动词词后后面面的的宾宾语语补补足足语语是是不不定定式式短短语语时时，不不定式应省略定式应省略“ “to”to”。 当当宾宾语语比比较较长长，而而宾宾语语补补足足语语又又相相对对比比较较短短时时，可可用用做做形形式式宾宾语语，将将真真正正的的宾宾语语放放到到补补语语之后。如：之后。如
7、： TheyTheythoughtthoughtititrightright totododothisthistesttest. .（it it是是形形式式宾语）宾语）3.系动词系动词不能单独做谓语，需要和表语一起构成复合谓语。几乎所有的系动词都含有或者潜在含有一个“是”的含义。它构成的句型是：主语+系动词+表语。如：(划线部分是表语) The textbook is on the desk. I seem unable to solve it right now. It fees cold outside.在英语中，系动词为数屈指可数。常用的有：be, become, seem, look,
8、 get, feel, mean等等。Grammar 2 tensesThe Tenses 动词的时态英语动词因所表示的动作发生（存在）的时间不同，有时态的变化。动词各种时态的构成请见下表：（以write为例）1.动词时态的构成（现在）肯定例词一般write;writes进行am(is,are)writing完成have(has)written完成进行have(has)beenwriting否定例词一般do(does)notwrite进行am(is,are)notwriting完成have(has)notwritten完成进行have(has)notbeenwriting动词时态的构成（过去）
9、肯定例词一般wrote进行was(were)writing完成hadwritten完成进行hadbeenwriting否定例词一般didnotwrite进行was(were)notwriting完成hadnotwritten完成进行hadnotbeenwriting动词时态的构成（将来）肯定例词一般shall(will)write进行shall(will)bewriting完成shall(will)havewritten完成进行shall(will)havebeenwriting否定例词一般shall(will)notwrite进行shall(will)notbewriting完成shall(
10、will)nothavewritten完成进行shall(will)nothavebeenwriting动词时态的构成（过去将来）肯定例词一般should(would)write进行should(would)bewriting完成should(would)havewritten完成进行should(would)havebeenwriting否定例词一般should(would)notwrite进行should(would)notbewriting完成should(would)nothavewritten完成进行should(would)nothavebeenwriting2.2.动词各种时态的
11、用法及区别动词各种时态的用法及区别(1) 一般现在时：表示经常发生的动作或状态，表示客观真理或习惯性动作。如：It also monitors against attacks from hostile programs. 它还监视着恶意程序的攻击。(2)一般过去时：表示过去一次性动作或过去经常反复的动作或状态。如：Mr.Guthriesaidthattheymadethedecisiontolisttheaddressesinmachinecode.格思里先生说，他们当时决定用机器码编写名单。(3)一般将来时：表示将来的动作或状态。如：Itwilldefendagainstthedenialo
12、fserviceattacks.它将能防御“拒绝服务”的攻击。(4)过去将来时：表示过去某一时刻以后将发生的动作和状态。如：YesterdaywedecidedthatweshouldgotoShanghainextweek.昨天，我们决定下周去上海。(5) 现在进行时：表示此刻或目前一段时间正在进行或不断进行的动作。如：These changes are coming not over night or out of the blue, rather they are the outgrowth of a steady series of changes that encompass muc
13、h of our history. 正在发生的变化不是一个晚上或突然间就可以实现的，而是在经历了一系列重大变化的基础上产生的结果。6) 过去进行时：过去某一时刻或某一阶段内正在进行的动作。如：At ten this morning, I was working in the open. 今晨十点，我正在露天作业。 (7) 将来进行时：表示将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 如：At this time tomorrow we shall be waiting for you here. 明天这个时候，我们在这儿等你。(8) 现在完成时：表示过去发生而对现在有影响的动作或过去一直继续到现在的动作
14、或状态。如：Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software. 现在赛门铁克公司说，他们已经创立了一类新的消费者软件。(9) 过去完成时：在过去某时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。如：By the end of last week, I had studied English here for a year and a half. 到上周末为止，我在这儿已经学了一年半英语了。(10)将来完成时：表示将来某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。如：When you come tonight at 8 oclock, I sh
15、all have reviewed ten lessons. 你今晚十点回来时，我已复习完十课书。 (11)现在完成进行时：表示从过去的某一时刻始，一直延续到现在的动作。强调延续过程。如：He has been working at the school for 30 years. 他一直在这个学校工作了三十年。(12)过去完成进行时：表示动作在过去某一时刻之前开始并延续到过去的这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能停止。如：Hetoldmethathehadbeenwaitingformefortwohours.他告诉我，他等了我两个小时。此外，还有将来完成进行时和过去将来完成进行时，两个时
16、态很少使用，在此不作介绍。1.现在完成时和过去时的比较：Hecamelastweek.他上周来的。（句中有表示过去时间的状语，着重表示过去发生的动作。至于他现在是否还在，并不考虑。）Hehascome.他已经来了。（着重过去动作的现状，或者说过去动作对现在的影响。即：他现在仍在，没走。）2.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成时着眼于过去发生或开始的动作与现在的联系，而现在完成进行时则着眼于现在以前一段时间内动作一直在进行的过程本身。 I have been reading the book for the whole day. 我整天一直在读这本书。（一直不停地读，没有说明是否读完。）
17、I have read the book. 我读过这本书了。（说明读过或读完了。）Grammar 3 passive voiceThePassiveVoice动词的被动语态英语主动语态表示句子的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者。1.被动语态的构成：被动语态的构成如下表：（以tell为例）现在时现在时 一般式一般式 ： I am told He is told I am told He is told We (you, they) are told We (you, they) are told 进行式：进行式： I am being told He is being t
18、oldI am being told He is being told We (you, they) are being told We (you, they) are being told 完成式：完成式： He has been told He has been told I (you, we, they) have been toldI (you, we, they) have been told过去时一般式：I (he) was told We (you, they) were told进行式： I was being told We (you, they) were being to
19、ld完成式：I (he, you, we, they )had been told将来时一般式：I (we) shall be told He (you, they) will be told进行式：没有将来进行时 完成式：I (we) shall have been told He (you, they) will have been told过去将来一般式：I (we) should be told He (you, they) would be told进行式：没有过去将来进行时完成式：I (we) should have been told He (you, they) would h
20、ave been told2. 被动语态的用法：当不知道或不关心动作的执行者时，当只知道或只想将注意力放在动作的承受者身上的时候使用被动语态。据说，在科技英语中几乎1/3的句子使用被动语态。Grammar 4条件句真实条件句If+从句主语+一般现在时,主句主语+will/wont动词原形Ifwewinthebid,itwillencouragehugeeconomicgrowthsubjunctive moodTheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气英语动词有陈述语气、疑问语气和虚拟语气之分。陈述语气和疑问语气就是由动词的时态的各种形式来表示，而虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中、用在某些表示方式
21、、目的、让步等状语从句中和用在某些宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。它的表现形式与陈述语气的表现形式不同。1. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的使用和构成虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的构成请看下表（条件从句以know为例；主句以go为例）时间条件从句: If I (you; he) 主句: I (you; he)与现在事实相反条件从句:Knew (如果是be的话，不论人称，一律变为were)主句:should (would ) go与过去事实相反条件从句: had known 主句: should ( would ) have gone 与将来事实相反条件从句:shouldknow(were+to+动词
22、原形)主句:should (would ) go例：(1) If he were here, he would help us. （非真实条件句表示与现在事实相反）(2) Had we known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even better. （非真实条件句表示与过去事实相反, 条件从句省略if，主语、谓语部分倒置Grammar 4 gerund1.动名词的构成动名词是一种非谓语动词，有时态和语态的变化。以及物动词do为例，请见下表：主动语态被动语态一般式doing being done完成式h
23、aving done having been done动名词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：Im thinking of going to the Industrial Exhibition this afternoon. 我打算今天下午去看工业展览。2.动名词的用法动名词在句中可做主语、宾语、表语和定语。(1)做主语Sending signals back and forth is a bit ofhassle.(2)做宾语It will begin trying to assimilate thatinformation.（动名词短语做及
24、物动词begin的宾语）Byimplantingacomputerchipintohisarm,oneman hopes to establish the most direct link yetbetweenmanandmachine.（动名词短语做介词by的宾语）Examples:Seeingisbelieving.PreparingfortheOlympicGamesisahugeundertaking.Talkingtoomuchisnouse.Itisnousetalkingtomuch.2.Doyoulikewatchingfootballgames?Withoutpreparin
25、gaverystrongbid,acitywillnotwinthecompetitiontohostthegames.3.Hishobbyisswimming.注意：有些及物动词要求动名词做宾语adviseadmitavoidconsiderdelayenjoydelayexcusefinishdenyforgivemindkeepmisspractisepreventresistriskcanthelpdoingsthgiveup有些要求不定式做宾语，如：want, wish, hope, promise, decide, expect, manage, pretend等等；还有一些既可以
26、要求动名词又可以要求不定式做宾语，如：begin, start, hate, continue, prefer, forget, try等等 。l注意区别下列动词的不定式和动名词的意义区别：lRememberlForgetlRegretlstop动名词的语法功能(1)做表语 Our aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible. (2)做定语 Steel is one of the best building materials.动名词做定语修饰名词，用来说明它所修饰 的 名 词 的 用 途 。 如 上 例 ， building
27、materials建筑材料，有“建筑用的材料”意3. 分词与动名词做定语时的区别分词做定语时，与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。动名词与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，只表示它所修饰的名词的用途和功用。例如：分词做定语：sleeping girl = a girl who is sleeping developed country = a country that has beendeveloped动名词做定语：swimmingpool（swimming仅仅用来说明pool的用途）reading material （reading仅仅用来说明material的用途）Grammar 5 a
28、djective clauseAdjectiveClause定语从句 1. 定语从句的构成 定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引起。关系代词和关系副词在从句中都充当句子成分。当关系代词引起定语从句时，特别要注意人称应与它所修饰的先行词一致。(1)关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but a. 在从句中做主语 Hackers are often young people who are obsessed by computers. b. 在从句中做宾语 He is the man whom we all respect. c. 在从句中做定语 Teleco
29、m media communications manager Glen Sowry says that when it comes to security of credit cards, the Internet offers a higher standard than many others whose honesty is taken for granted.注意:先行词前面有限定词all,any,every,afew,no,only,some,very或序数词、形容词最高级时，后面的关系代词通常用that，不用which。如：Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.(
30、2)关系副词：when, where, why 在从句中做状语表示时间、地点、原因等。如： That is the period when he lived here. （表示时间） That is the place where he was born. （表示地点） That is the reason why he spoke. （表示原因）例句Do you know the man who(that) came to see xiaowang this morning.He is the man whom we should learn fromDo you know the girl
31、 I am meeting tonight?I remembered the door which(that) had been green.This is the school which (that)I remembered so well.I have found the key I lost.So I started looking after other children whose parents went out to work.2. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。下面看两个例子： The travelers who (that) knew ab
32、out the floods took another road. (限制性定语从句)知道涨大水的旅客走另一条路。（指部分旅客） The traveler, who knew about the floods, took another road. (非限制性定语从句)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别在于：(1) 意义上的区别；(2)非限制性定语从句要用“，”把它和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用；(3)非限制性定语从句不用关联词that,只能用who, whom, whose和 which引起。3. 关联词在定语从句中的省略（1）which, that, whom 在限制性定语从句中做宾
33、语是常省略。如：The lawyer (whom/ who/ that) I consulted gave me some useful advice. (2) that 可用于表示方式、时间、地点的词后面，取代 in which, when, where 常被省略。如：This the house (where/ in which/ that) my father lived for 30 years.Grammar 6 adverbial clauseAdverbialClauses状语从句状语从句由从属连词引起，用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步、条件等。1.时间状语
34、从句：表示时间的从属连词有：when,while,as,after,before,since,till(until),once,assoonas,hardlywhen(before),nosoonerthan,themoment等等。(2)Wellstayheretillitstopsraining.(3)Hardlyhadhebeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.(4)Onceyouunderstandthisrule,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.原因状语从句：表示原因的从属连词有：because, as, si
35、nce, now (that)等等。As Mary is not ready, we must go without her. Now that the weather has improved, well be able to enjoy the game.5.目的状语从句：表示目的的从属连词有：that, so that, lest, in order that, for fear that等。 (1)We climbed high so that we might get a better view. (2)People evacuated the building lest the w
36、all should collapse.其他语法点总结lHasbeento/hasgoneto的区别MorganReeshasalwaysbeenagoodbusinessman.HehasgonetoJapan将来时态的表达方式：begoingtoImgoingtostaywithmyparentsinJuly.现在进行时代替一般将来ImstayingwithmyparentsinJuly.I plan to buy a new house this year.Im looking forward to meeting you again.Id like to be a manager.I
37、want to go abroad this winter.I hope to go to university.I might apply for this job,I dont know yet. lUsedto/would/beusedtoWeusedtobefriends.WeareusedtolearningEnglisheverymorning.whatdidsheusetododuringtheweek?mymotherdidntusetoworkduringtheweek.Didyouusetoseeherverymuch?lPrefertodo/preferdoing/pre
38、ferAtoBIpreferEnglishtolaw.Iprefergoingouttostayingathomenever/not often/hardly ever occasionally/now and again/ regularly/sometimes/from time to time/ usually/ always/ often表示趋势的方法Thepopulationdecreasedslightlyfrom6million(6,000,000)to5.5million(5,500,000)from1990to1995.Therehasbeenarapidriseininfl
39、ationfrom6%in1995to7%today.NounsArise/anincreaseVerbsTogoup/toincrease/toriseNounsAdecline/adecrease/afallVerbsTodecline/todecrease/tofall/togodownslowslowly/slightslightlysteadysteadily/rapidrapidlysharpsharply/significantsignificantlyInflationfellfrom8%in1992to6%in1995.Unemploymenthasgoneuprapidly
40、from4%in1977to8%now.Inflationfellby2%between1992and1995.Until/already/since/for/before/just/stillUntil/already/since/for/before/just/stillWhenwearrived,hehadalready/justleft.Hisfatherhaddiedbeforehegotback.Hewaiteduntilshehadstoppedtalking.HehadlivedinFrancesinceheleftuniversity.Thetrainstillhadntco
41、mebytenoclock.Shehadalwayslikedclassicalmusic.Wehadlivedthereforfiveyearsbeforeweboughtaflat.TheyhadjustgothomewhenwephonedlHave(get)sthdoneIcleanedthewindowpanes.Irepairedtheroof.Ihadthewindowframescleaned.Ihadtheroofrepaired.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.Hehadhisbikerepairedlastweek.lNeeddoinglNeedtodoTh
42、eroofneedsrepairing.Myhairneedscutting.WeneedtostudyEnglish.Heneedstorepairthebike.HeneedntstudyEnglish.HedoesntneedtostudyEnglish.NeedhestudyEnglish?DoesheneedtostudyEnglish?Its+adj+doingGood/better/convenient/easy/easier/nice/nicer/safe/saferItisnoteasystudyingEnglish.表示谈话人语气lForever/alwayslHeisforevertellinglies.lTheyarealwaysborrowingbooksfromme.连词的用法预祝大家顺利过关！
