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1、Disorders of Fluid and eletrolyte Metabolism2021/4/261Water and Sodium MetabolismControl of water excretionControl of sodium excretionHyponatremia and hypernatremia2021/4/262Control of Water ExcretionRegulation of thirstAntidiuretic hormone2021/4/263Control of Sodium ExcretionNephron segmental reabs
2、orptionRegulation of sodium balance2021/4/264Nephron Segmental reabsorptionGlomerulotubular balanceProximal tubuleHenles loopDistal convoluted tubuleCollecting tubule2021/4/265Regulation of Sodium BalanceExtrarenal mechanismsintrarenal mechanisms2021/4/266Extrarenal mechanismsRenal nervesRenin-angio
3、tensin SystemAtrial natriuretic peptideVasopressinEndogenous Na-K-ATPase inhibitors2021/4/267intrarenal mechanismsRenal hemodynamicsPhysical factorsProstaglandinsKallikrein-kinin systemEndothelium-derived factors2021/4/268HyponatremiaEtiology and classificationClinical featuresTreatment2021/4/269Eti
4、ology and ClassificationIsotonic hyponatremiaHypertonic hyponatremiahypotonic hyponatremia2021/4/26109、 人的价值，在招收诱惑的一瞬间被决定。2024/9/62024/9/6Friday, September 6, 202410、低头要有勇气，抬头要有低气。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/2024 5:27:33 AM11、人总是珍惜为得到。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/6Sep-2406-Sep-2412、人乱于心，不宽余请。2024/9/62024/
5、9/62024/9/6Friday, September 6, 202413、生气是拿别人做错的事来惩罚自己。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/202414、抱最大的希望，作最大的努力。06 九月 20242024/9/62024/9/62024/9/615、一个人炫耀什么，说明他内心缺少什么。九月 242024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/202416、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2024/9/62024/9/606 September 202417、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/6
6、2024/9/6Isotonic hyponatremiaPseudo-hyponatremiaHyperlipidemiahyperproteinemia2021/4/2612Hypertonic hyponatremiaHyperglycemiaHypertonic infusion2021/4/2613hypotonic hyponatremiaHypovolemic hyponatremiaHypervolemic hyponatremiaIsovolemic hyponatremia2021/4/2614Hypovolemic hyponatremiaGI lossSkin loss
7、3rd spaceRenal lossAdrenal insufficiency2021/4/2615Hypervolemic hyponatremiaCHFLiver damagenephrosis2021/4/2616Isovolemic hyponatremiaWater intoxRenal failureSIADHReset osmostat2021/4/2617Clinical FeaturesNeurologic manifestationHeadacheNauseaVomitingWeaknessSeizurescoma2021/4/2618Treatment Increase
8、 serum sodium by 1-2mM/hDiuretic-people unable to excrete dilute urine2021/4/2619hypernatremiaEtiology and classificationClinical featuresTreatment2021/4/2620Etiology and ClassificationHypovolemic hypernatremiaHypervolemic hypernatremiaIsovolemic hypernatremia2021/4/2621Hypovolemic hypernatremiaGI l
9、ossSkin lossRenal lossAdrenal insufficiency2021/4/2622Hypervolemic hypernatremiaIatrogenicMineralocort excess2021/4/2623Isovolemic hypernatremiadiabetReset osmostatIatrogenicSkin loss2021/4/2624Clinical FeaturesNeurologic manifesttationhypertoniahyperreflexiaIntracranial bleedinghigh feverSeizuresco
10、ma2021/4/2625Treatment decrease serum sodium by 0.5mM/hDiuretic2021/4/2626potassium MetabolismControl of potassium excretionHypokalemia and hyperkalemia2021/4/2627Control of potassium ExcretionRenal potassium handlingExtrarenal control of potassium2021/4/2628Renal Potassium HandlingPotassium-aldoste
11、rone feedback systemPlasma pHVolume expansion-increased urinary flow rateAntidiuretic hormone2021/4/2629Extrarenal Control of PotassiumInsulinCatecholaminesAldosteroneParathyroid hormoneAcid-base balanceDrugs2021/4/2630hypokalemiaEtiologyClinical featuresTreatment2021/4/2631EtiologyHypokalemia secon
12、dary to transcellular redistributionHypokalemia with potassium depletion2021/4/2632Hypokalemia With Potassium depletionRenal lossInadequate intakeSweat lossGastrointestinal tract loss2021/4/2633Clinical FeaturesFatigue, weakness, myalgiaArrhythmiasConstipationPolyuriaECG changes2021/4/2634TreatmentO
13、ral replacementTherapy for specific causes2021/4/26359、 人的价值，在招收诱惑的一瞬间被决定。06-9月-2406-9月-24Friday, September 6, 202410、低头要有勇气，抬头要有低气。*9/6/2024 5:27:37 AM11、人总是珍惜为得到。06-9月-24*Sep-2406-Sep-2412、人乱于心，不宽余请。*Friday, September 6, 202413、生气是拿别人做错的事来惩罚自己。06-9月-2406-9月-24*06 September 202414、抱最大的希望，作最大的努力。06
14、九月 2024*06-9月-2415、一个人炫耀什么，说明他内心缺少什么。九月 24*06-9月-24*06 September 202416、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。*9/6/202417、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。*06-9月-24谢谢大家谢谢大家2021/4/26369、 人的价值，在招收诱惑的一瞬间被决定。2024/9/62024/9/6Friday, September 6, 202410、低头要有勇气，抬头要有低气。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/2024 5:27:37 AM11、人总是珍惜为得到。2024/9/62024/9/62024/
15、9/6Sep-2406-Sep-2412、人乱于心，不宽余请。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/6Friday, September 6, 202413、生气是拿别人做错的事来惩罚自己。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/202414、抱最大的希望，作最大的努力。06 九月 20242024/9/62024/9/62024/9/615、一个人炫耀什么，说明他内心缺少什么。九月 242024/9/62024/9/62024/9/69/6/202416、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2024/9/62024/9/606 September 202417、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。2024/9/62024/9/62024/9/62024/9/6谢谢大家谢谢大家2021/4/2637
