《托福阅读十大题型课堂PPT》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福阅读十大题型课堂PPT（122页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、TOEFLREADINGFinal十大题型解题方法1认识托福阅读认识托福阅读考什么？考什么？2托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。3认识托福阅读认识托福阅读怎么考？怎么考？词汇词汇句子理解句子理解句间关系句间关系文章结构文章结构 托福阅读是以托福阅读是以句子句子为核心的考试为核心的考试 (单词单词+句法句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简
2、化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点考查重点十大题型十大题型4词汇题词汇题出题方式出题方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto考查关键考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！词汇题做法5背单词！背单词！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆Paleontologist PaleontologySkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataDinosaurTrilo
3、biteArthropodJurassicCretaceousCambrianSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-bloodedPotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln6词汇题解题技巧词汇题解题技巧认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应7认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoc
4、hangeddebatedcreatedsupported8认识褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtochangeddebatedcreatedsupported9认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon10认识贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinm
5、eaningtoincreasesproportionallydifferslosessignificanceiscommon11词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurround12词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtocoverchangeseparatesurroundover在上面lie躺着覆盖13同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepass
6、ageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.14同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtonaturalfinalspecificcomplexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.15反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausi
7、ble”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.16反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoflexiblebelievabledebatablepredictableAnotherseem
8、inglyplausibleexplanationthatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopmentalsoisincorrect.17指代题指代题出题方式出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto考查关键考查关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧应对技巧往前找，两个一致1.数量单、复数2.性质动作发出者的特性18非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglac
9、iersthehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles19非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagereferstofastriversglaciersthehugevolu
10、mesofwatercreatedbyglacialmeltingtheparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particlessandgrainsandtinypebbles20代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsocietythes
11、eparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs21代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagereferstotheactingoutofritesthedivorceofritua
12、lperformersfromtherestofsocietytheseparationofmythsfromritesthecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroupsoraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs22细节题细节题出题方式出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichof
13、thefollowingistrueofX?TheauthorsdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,X occursbecauseAccordingtotheparagraph,X didY becauseAccordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系23细节题细节题考查关键考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非
14、所问做题技巧做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干题干 原文原文 选项选项24Example1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyafterma
15、jordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.25Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconside
16、redthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,s
17、incetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CC26Example1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable27Example1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.（信息杂糅）Theycanbeconsideredbothth
18、emostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.（直接相反）Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.（直接相反）28Example2.TPO8-2-1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheLateCretaceousclimate?Summerswereverywarmandwinterswe
19、reverycold.Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.29Example2.定位LCclimateParagraph1:Paleontologistshavearguedforalongtimethatthedemiseofthedinosaurswascausedbyclimaticalterationsassociated
20、withslowchangesinthepositionsofcontinentsandseasresultingfromplatetectonics.OffandonthroughouttheCretaceous(thelastperiodoftheMesozoicera,duringwhichdinosaursflourished),largeshallowseascoveredextensiveareasofthecontinents.Datafromdiversesources,includinggeochemicalevidencepreservedinseafloorsedimen
21、ts,indicatethattheLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderthantodays.Thedayswerenottoohot,northenightstoocold.Thesummerswerenottoowarm,northewinterstoofrigid.Theshallowseasonthecontinentsprobablybufferedthetemperatureofthenearbyair,keepingitrelativelyconstant.30Example2.读懂原文theLateCretaceousclimatewasmilderth
22、antodaysmilder更温和31Example2.选出答案Summerswereverywarmandwinterswereverycold.（直接相反）Shallowseasonthecontinentscausedfrequenttemperaturechanges.（答非所问）Theclimatewasverysimilartotodaysclimate.（信息杂糅）Theclimatedidnotchangedramaticallyfromseasontoseason.didnotchangedramatically=milder32定位定位 &. 转化转化定位定位1)好找原则2
23、)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词转化转化1)同意转化2)侧面转化3)概括转化选选项项33Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500yearsago10,000yearsago34Example3.通过选项特征定位Paragraph5:Thecoastalhypothesishasgainedincrea
24、singsupportinrecentyearsbecausetheremainsoflargelandanimals,suchascaribouandbrownbears,havebeenfoundinsoutheasternAlaskadatingbetween10,000and12,500yearsago.Thisisthetimeperiodinwhichmostscientistsformerlybelievedtheareatobeinhospitableforhumans.Ithasbeensuggestedthatiftheenvironmentwerecapableofsup
25、portingbreedingpopulationsofbears,therewouldhavebeenenoughfoodresourcestosupporthumans.FladmarkandotherbelievethatthefirsthumancolonizationofAmericaoccurredbyboatalongtheNorthwestCoastduringtheverylateIceAge,possiblyasearlyas14,000yearsago.Themostrecentgeologicevidenceindicatesthatitmayhavebeenpossi
26、bleforpeopletocolonizeice-freeregionsalongthecontinentalshelfthatwerestillexposedbythelowersealevelbetween13,000and14,000yearsago.35Example3.TPO9-1-11.Accordingtoparagraph5,themostrecentgeologicresearchprovidessupportforafirstcolonizationofAmericadatingasfarbackas16,000yearsago14,000yearsago12,500ye
27、arsago10,000yearsago定位原则补充定位原则补充通过选项一致性定位36选非题选非题与细节题直接相反考查关键考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化表述正确的三个选项对原文的转化选项特征选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问37选非题选非题出题方式出题方式以NOT和EXCEPT为标志1.NOTtrue一般直接相反2.allEXCEPT答非所问，信息杂糅，直接相反3.NOTmentioned无中生有，信息杂糅38Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtru
28、eofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.39Example4.根据题干找CCParagraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonth
29、especifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaid
30、tochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechangesinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.40Example4.NOTtrueTPO3-3-2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.T
31、heylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.（直接相反）Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.41Example4.根据选项定位原文Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm
32、“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechange
33、sinplantnumbersandthemixofspeciesarecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.42Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.Ceramicsprod
34、ucedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.43Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcentu
35、ryB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthChinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1
36、279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Cera
37、micproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,andMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.44Exampl
38、e5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearliesthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSon
39、gdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.45Example5.根据选项定位原文Paragraph3:Theearliestceramicswerefiredtoearthenwaretemperatures,butasearlyasthefifteenthcenturyB.C.,high-temperaturestonewarewerebeingmadewithglazedsurfaces.DuringtheSixDynastiesperiod(AD265-589),kilnsinnorthC
40、hinawereproducinghigh-firedceramicsofgoodquality.WhitewareproducedinHebeiandHenanprovincesfromtheseventhtothetenthcenturiesevolvedintothehighlyprizedporcelainsoftheSongdynasty(AD.960-1279),longregardedasoneofthehighpointsinthehistoryofChinasceramicindustry.Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsover
41、mosthistoricalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatofstonewareorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomofearthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.Ceramicproductsalsoincludelead-glazedtombmodelsoftheHandynasty,three-colorlead-glazedvesselsandfiguresoftheTangdynasty,a
42、ndMingthree-colortempleornaments,inwhichthemotifswereoutlinedinaraisedtrailofslipaswellasthemanyburialceramicsproducedinimitationofvesselsmadeinmaterialsofhigherintrinsicvalue.46Example5.EXCEPTTPO10-1-5.Paragraph3supportsallofthefollowingconcerningthehistoryoftheceramicindustryinChinaEXCEPT:Theearli
43、esthigh-firedceramicswereofpoorquality.CeramicsproducedduringtheTangandMingdynastiessometimesincorporatedmultiplecolors.EarthenwareceramicswereproducedinChinabeforestonewarewere.TheSongdynastyperiodwasnotablefortheproductionofhighqualityporcelainceramics.47Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12Whichofthefol
44、lowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer48Example6.根据题干定位Paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpr
45、edatorsofdeerwolves,cougar,andlynxhavebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthefateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealf
46、eedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgr
47、owninclearings.49Example6.NOTmentionedTPO4-1-12WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?AreductioninthenumberofpredatorsRestrictionsonhuntingTheeffectsofloggingandfireLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer（无中生有+信息杂糅）50选非题选非题 TIPs选项较短，针对原文某一句话中的列举出题，通过题干定位。
48、当题干关键词太宽泛，例如是文章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整的长句或很有特点，通过选项定位。当题干问及某事原因或结果（factors，consequences，results）时，注意观察原文的逻辑词（cause，also，and，moreover，further）及分号51定位方法小结定位方法小结1)好找原则2)手比眼快3)题干中的X4)有特点的词，例如时间、大写字母开头的词5)选项有特点，通过该特点定位6)题干关键词太宽泛，通过选项定位7)当一句话中存在多个定位词，选取限制性最强的词，或采取两点定位方法方法是固定的，题目是多变的，头脑是灵活的。是固定的，题目是多变的，头脑是灵活的。52句
49、子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.53句子简化题句子简化题出题方式出题方式Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinth
50、epassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.54句子简化题句子简化题考查关键考查关键长难句理解应对技巧应对技巧1.观察原句，通过逻辑词、连接词、标点符号划分句子层次，抓主干2.修饰成分先不看3.抓选项主干，四个选项都必须看只有一项相符，直接选两项以上相符，先分析选项不同部分，就该部分（通常为原因或目的）回原句分析，找出答案55句子简化题句子简化题错误特征错误特征1.信息杂糅，即错误表达了原句信息，经常可能是逻辑关系错误2.遗漏原句主要信息3.本末倒置，原句修饰成分变
51、成选项主要意思做题时，能判断出主要意思的句子，一定先只看主要意思，因为修饰成分往往也是错误选项混淆视听的手段。56Example1.FladmarkshypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,it
52、alsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.FladmarkshypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmarkshypothesis.AccordingtoFladmark,N
53、ativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.57Example1.原句分析FladmarkshypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportfromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.主干：Fladmarkshypothes
54、isreceivedsupportformthefact58Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.FladmarkshypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestc
55、oastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmarkshypothesis.AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.59Becausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.FladmarkshypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheA
56、mericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmarkshypothesis.AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.60Example2.UnlikeintheAmericas
57、,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces,Africanironmake
58、rscontinuedusingearliertechniques.AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans,inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems.IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAmericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore.BothAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly,butAfri
59、canmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate.61Example2.原句分析UnlikeintheAmericas,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developingingeniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformaking
60、iron.主干：Africanshadironearlier（thanAmericas）62Example2.选项分析WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces,Africanironmakerscontinuedusingearliertechniques.AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans,inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems.IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAm
61、ericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore.BothAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly,butAfricanmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate.63Example2.分析原句修饰成分UnlikeintheAmericas,wheremetallurgywasaverylateandlimiteddevelopment,Africanshadironfromarelativelyearlydate,developingin
62、geniousfurnacestoproducethehighheatneededforproductionandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironorenecessaryformakingiron.developingingeniousfurnacestoproduceandtocontroltheamountofairthatreachedthecarbonandironore64Example2.对应选项WhileAmericanironmakersdevelopedthelatestfurnaces,Africaniro
63、nmakerscontinuedusingearliertechniques.AfricansproducedironmuchearlierthanAmericans,inventingtechnologicallysophisticatedheatingsystems.IronmakingdevelopedearlierinAfricathanintheAmericasbecauseofthereadyavailabilityofcarbonandironore.BothAfricaandtheAmericasdevelopedthecapacityformakingironearly,bu
64、tAfricanmetallurgydevelopedataslowerrate.65推断题推断题出题方式出题方式以infer、suggest或imply为标志WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutX?TheauthorofthepassageimpliesthatXWhatdoesparagraph#suggestaboutX选项特点选项特点不会是原文明确表述的内容，但是通过原文信息一定一定可以被推断出来66推断题推断题考查关键考查关键通过结合原文信息，在理解字面意思的基础上，弄清句间的逻辑性暗示两类逻辑：顺承&.对比应对技巧应对技巧1.通过题干定位原文2
65、.读定位句，可推断直接推，并对应选项3.定位句不可推结合上下文信息合理推断67Example1. 顺承推断TPO8-1-7.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?Itwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.ItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.Itemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.Itseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.68Example1.定位原文Parag
66、raph3:ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacnsrise.Priorto200B.C.,anumberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,thelargestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilc
67、oeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumberofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentralMexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotihuacnwasthecenterthatdidariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.69Example1.原文分析Cuicuilco,was
68、seriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylavaWithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival农田被毁+结果C城被灭农田对C城重要70Example1. 对应答案TPO8-1-7.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?Itwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.ItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.Itemer
69、gedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.Itseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.（对推测内容的概括转化）71Example2.对比反推TPO4-1-2.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditionscausesomedeertohibernatemakefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeermakeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplantspreventdeerfr
70、ommigratingduringthewinter72Example2.定位原文Paragraph2:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeersdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salal,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepsthebl
71、ack-taileddeeraliveintheharsherseasonsofplantdecayanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofceda
72、r,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.73Example2.原文分析Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.推不出上下文往前看Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.冬天低地有植物冬天低地有植
73、物+鹿从高地到低地鹿从高地到低地 冬天高地冬天高地没吃的没吃的74Example2.对应选项TPO4-1-2.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussioninparagraph2thatwinterconditionscausesomedeertohibernatemakefoodunavailableinthehighlandsfordeermakeiteasierfordeertolocateunderstoryplantspreventdeerfrommigratingduringthewinter75修辞目的题修辞目的题出题方式出题方式例子类例子类Theauthor
74、discussesXinordertoWhydoestheauthormentionX?TheauthorusesXasanexampleof段落类段落类WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?HowisparagraphXrelatedtootherpartsofthepassage?考查作者意图考查作者意图76例子类出题套路例子类出题套路问问“作者为什么说某事作者为什么说某事” 把作者说的把作者说的“某事某事”通通理解为例子通通理解为例子 找观点找观点根据题干定位回出题点观点所在位置的五种情况：观点所在位置的五种情况：1.观点直接在前半句或者前一句；2.例子的前一句不是观
75、点，只是描述性fact或explanation，那么观点很可能是段首句；3.如果例子的后一句话以代词、或者表示结果的连接词如therefore，thus，so，consequently开头，或者例子之后有冒号，那么观点很可能是后一句；4.并列例子，例子的前一句是另外一个例子，那么观点在段首，或者前一个例子之前；TPO12-1-95.相反观点的举例，段落中出现两个相反的观点，例子用来支持后一个观点，那么在选项中很可能表现为第一个观点的反例（counterexample/alternative）TPO23-3-40先读懂观点，然后看例子是如何证明观点，对应选项77段落类出题套路段落类出题套路段落类
76、题目考查对段落主旨、段落结构及段间关系的段落类题目考查对段落主旨、段落结构及段间关系的理解理解五种类型：1.段落目的，一般直接看段首主旨句，并通过抓每句主干的方式快速浏览段落TPO12-1-122.段落结构(organizationoftheparagraph)，一般用抓主干读句子的方法浏览，通常为观点对比或例子支持观点的结构3.具体某两段关系：两段衔接处，前一段段末和后一段段首4.某一段和整个文章其他段落的关系：首先弄清楚该段大意，再看它之前和之后那两段的段首5.文章整体结构(organizationofthepassage)，只可能在倒数第三题出现，前面题目已经做完，对文章结构应该有印象，
77、直接选即可；如果印象不清楚，可以通过看段首句的方式理清段落间关系78Example7.后半句例子TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMarsoutflowchannelsToindicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMa
78、rsoutflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplains79Example7.例子证明观点Judgingfromthewidthanddepthofthechannels,theflowratesmusthavebeentrulyenormousperha
79、psasmuchasahundredtimesgreaterthanthe105tonspersecondcarriedbythegreatAmazonriver.80Example7.对应选项TPO8-3-5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthat105tonsofwaterflowthroughtheAmazonriverpersecond?ToemphasizethegreatsizeofthevolumeofwaterthatseemstohaveflowedthroughMarsoutflowchannelsToi
80、ndicatedatausedbyscientiststoestimatehowlongagoMarsoutflowchannelswereformedToarguethatflashfloodsonMarsmayhavebeenpowerfulenoughtocausetear-shaped“islands”toformToarguethattheforceoffloodwatersonMarswaspowerfulenoughtoshapethenorthernvolcanicplains81Example8.独立的例子TPO4-1-5.Theauthortellsthestoryofth
81、eexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.TherewasmoregameforhuntingintheEastoftheUnitedStatesthanintheWest.Individualexplo
82、rerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.82Paragraph3:ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Famousexpl
83、orersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember14,1805,innearlystarvedcircumstances.TheyhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150
84、elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudsonsBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexpl
85、orerofthe1830s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregonein1832,huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops.83Exampl
86、e8.对应选项TPO4-1-5.TheauthortellsthestoryoftheexplorersLewisandClarkinparagraph3inordertoillustratewhichofthefollowingpoints?ThenumberofdeerwithinthePugetSoundregionhasvariedovertime.（variedfluctuated）MostoftheexplorerswhocametothePugetSoundareawereprimarilyinterestedinhuntinggame.Therewasmoregameforhu
87、ntingintheEastoftheUnitedStatesthanintheWest.Individualexplorerswerenotassuccessfulatlocatinggamesaswerethetradingcompanies.84思考思考托福阅读文章的行文特点/段落结构85思考思考托福阅读文章的行文特点如果答案是例子信息，通常不选86Example9.段落目的TPO9-1-7.Theauthorspurposeinparagraph4istoindicatethatanumberofrecentgeologicstudiesseemtoprovidesupportfort
88、hecoastalhypothesisindicatethatcoastalandinlandmigrationsmayhavehappenedsimultaneouslyexplainwhyhumansmayhavereachedAmericasnorthwestcoastbeforeanimalsandplantsdidshowthatthecoastalhypothesismayexplainhowpeoplefirstreachedAlaskabutitcannotexplainhowpeoplereachedareaslikemodernBritishColumbiaandWashi
89、ngtonState87Paragraph4:Morerecentgeologicstudiesdocumentedde-glaciationandtheexistenceofice-freeareasthroughoutmajorcoastalareasofBritishColumbia,Canada,by13,000yearsago.ResearchnowindicatesthatsizableareasofsoutheasternAlaskaalongtheinnercontinentalshelfwerenotcoveredbyicetowardtheendofthelastIceAg
90、e.Onestudysuggeststhatexceptfora250-milecoastalareabetweensouthwesternBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState,theNorthwestCoastofNorthAmericawaslargelyfreeoficebyapproximately16,000yearsago.Vastareasalongthecoastmayhavebeende-glaciatedbeginningaround16,000yearsago,possiblyprovidingacoastalcorridorforthemo
91、vementofplants,animals,andhumanssometimebetween13,000and14,000yearsago.88Example9.对应选项TPO9-1-7.Theauthorspurposeinparagraph4istoindicatethatanumberofrecentgeologicstudiesseemtoprovidesupportforthecoastalhypothesisindicatethatcoastalandinlandmigrationsmayhavehappenedsimultaneouslyexplainwhyhumansmayh
92、avereachedAmericasnorthwestcoastbeforeanimalsandplantsdidshowthatthecoastalhypothesismayexplainhowpeoplefirstreachedAlaskabutitcannotexplainhowpeoplereachedareaslikemodernBritishColumbiaandWashingtonState89Example10.段落关系TPO5-3-6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenparagraph2andpara
93、graph3?Paragraph2putsforwardseveralscientificclaims,oneofwhichisrejectedinparagraph3.Paragraph2posesseveralquestions,andparagraph3offersapossibleanswertooneofthem.Paragraph2presentsoutdatedtraditionalviews,whileparagraph3presentsthecurrentscientificconclusions.Paragraph2introducesageneralizationthat
94、isillustratedbyspecificexamplesinparagraph3.90Paragraph2:Scientistshaveaskedimportantquestionsaboutthisexplosionformorethanacentury.WhydiditoccursolateinthehistoryofEarth?Theoriginofmulticellularformsoflifeseemsarelativelysimplestepcomparedtotheoriginoflifeitself.Whydoesthefossilrecordnotdocumentthe
95、seriesofevolutionarychangesduringtheevolutionofanimals?Whydidanimallifeevolvesoquickly?Paleontologistscontinuetosearchthefossilrecordforanswerstothesequestions.Paragraph3:Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydi
96、dnotfossilize.Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsincludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironmentthatdiscouragesdecomposition.Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalsha
97、vebeenknownformanyyears.91Example10.对应选项TPO5-3-6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenparagraph2andparagraph3?Paragraph2putsforwardseveralscientificclaims,oneofwhichisrejectedinparagraph3.Paragraph2posesseveralquestions,andparagraph3offersapossibleanswertooneofthem.Paragraph2present
98、soutdatedtraditionalviews,whileparagraph3presentsthecurrentscientificconclusions.Paragraph2introducesageneralizationthatisillustratedbyspecificexamplesinparagraph3.92句子插入题句子插入题出题方式出题方式93句子插入题句子插入题考查关键考查关键句子之间的衔接，段落结构做题原则做题原则1.插入句子与上下文衔接紧密2.同时不破坏原文已有的衔接3.概括信息插入具体信息之前94句子插入题句子插入题应对技巧应对技巧1.读懂待插入句，划分句意2
99、.找待插入句子关键词：代词，逻辑词，句子代词，逻辑词，句子主要信主要信息息3.找关键词在原文中的对应点，通常前半部分句意与前文衔接，后半部分句意与后文衔接95Example1.TPO4-1-13Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleb
100、erry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas
101、in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Eur
102、opeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on
103、 November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. There food is available and accessible throughout the winter. 96Example1.通过there指代地点排除Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants
104、, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer
105、may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have
106、fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arr
107、ived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. There food is available and accessible throughout the winter. 97Example1.通过后面句意选出答案Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where the forest inhibits the
108、growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating
109、 is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
110、 Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north
111、 American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. There food is available and accessible throughout the winter. 98Example2.TPO7-1-12Paragraph2AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginof
112、thedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltben
113、eaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.99Example2.通过thus逻辑排除 Paragraph2AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterranea
114、nseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Thus, scientists h
115、ad information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.100Example2.通过原文已有衔接排除Paragraph2AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearl
116、ierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpenetratedinthecourseofdrilling.WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but n
117、ot about their chemical composition and origin.101Example1.待插入句子对应Paragraph2AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallengersscientistswastotrytodeterminetheoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenpen
118、etratedinthecourseofdrilling. Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin. WeretheysaltdomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?102
119、Example3.TPO6-1-12Paragraph3:Wattssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperanddeepermining.ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewform
120、ofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthenewcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithousesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturers,whichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoal,alsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesof
121、coal:blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.SteambecamethemotiveforceoftheIndustrialRevolutionascoalandironoreweretherawmaterials.The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories103Example3.通过主要信息定位Paragraph3:Wattssteame
122、nginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperanddeepermining.ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredina
123、millenniumandahalf.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthenewcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithousesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturers,whichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoal,alsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal:blastfurnaceswithsteam-poweredbello
124、wsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.SteambecamethemotiveforceoftheIndustrialRevolutionascoalandironoreweretherawmaterials.The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories104文章小结题文章小结题出题方式出题方式Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassage
125、isprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.This question is worth 2 points.六选三，全对得两分，错一个得一分，错两六选三，全对得两分，错一个得一分，错两个
126、不得分个不得分105Most important ideas全文主旨某一段主旨，即 Argument某几段主要内容Minor ideas用以支持段落主旨的examples段落中细节性的fact or explanation非比较类文章中的细节性比较 TPO20-3106文章小结题文章小结题三个提示三个提示1.文章标题TPO15-1冰川2.题目中的总起句TPO15-2暖龟TPO21-3自传式记忆TPO17共生关系3.选项，尤其是选项的主句 四个四个注意注意1.细枝末节不选，例子不选，细节性对比通常不选；2.通过前面的做题印象，带着提示看选项，不要花费太多时间；3.没有印象的选项要回原文对应；TP
127、O16-24.实在选不出，看首段和各段首句，把握文章架构。107TPO 6-1-13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because
128、they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.Answer ChoicesIn the early eighteen
129、th century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s Ja
130、mes Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transp
131、ortation problem.108文章标题：Powering Industrial Revolution总起句：The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.之前做题的印象：瓦特蒸汽机很有用 预判：本题应该找说瓦特蒸汽机如何驱动工业革命的选项109In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen di
132、scovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficien
133、t steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.110In the early e
134、ighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1
135、700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major
136、 transportation problem.111In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds maj
137、or producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the devel
138、opment of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.112In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Un
139、til the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of stea
140、m engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.113In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increas
141、ing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and street
142、s using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.114In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine
143、 played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch develope
144、d a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem.115图表题图表题出题方式出题方式7选选5，全对，全对3分，错一个分，错一个2分，错两个分，错两个1分分116图表题图表题文章特点文章特点对比型文章题型实质题型实质针对全文出题的对比型细节题而选项考查的细节通常是段落主旨解题
145、方法解题方法1.看选项，有印象的直接选2.没印象或者模糊的在草稿纸上记下关键词，即对比点，回原文定位，如果是段落主旨，找段落中两个对比对象同时出现的句子，判断选项正误117Example1.TPO 16-3-10. Directions: From the seven answer choices below, select the two phrases that correctly characterize the terrestrial planets and the three phrases that correctly characterize the Jovian planets
146、. Drag each phrase you select into the appropriate column of the table. Two of the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.118Example1.选项关键信息SizePlutoIce%TemperatureDensityVs.waterEscapevelocitiesComposition草稿纸上记下关键词，去原文定位119Example1.定位结果Pluto is not included in either categoryThe
147、most obvious difference between the terrestrial and the Jovian planets is their size. Hence, the Jovian planets are often called giants. Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density
148、 of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water.The Jovian planets, because of their greater masses and thus higher surface gravities, have higher escape velocities (21-60 kilometers per second) than the terrestrial planets. the low temperatures
149、of the Jovian planets unlike Jupiter, the terrestrial planets today are nearly void of light gases and icesBy comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best. 120Example1. 对应选项Have relatively small sizes （T）Are grouped in the same category as Pluto （None）Contain relatively high p
150、roportions of ices（J）Have relatively high temperatures （T）Have densities that are generally lower than the density of water（None）Have relatively high escape velocities（J）Have a composition closer to that of the cloud from which they condensed terrestrial（J）121托福阅读常见问题及解决办托福阅读常见问题及解决办法法单词句法做太慢通过定位做题无法整体把握文章想太多背！长难句练习多练习灵活娴熟运用定位用定位省下的时间读各段首尾句非推断题千万不要推断！推断题严格按照原文提供信息，或正反对比或顺承推断，不要过度推断！122
