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1、难治性甲状腺癌靶向治疗 近十年来,新的分子靶向药物不断涌现,已近十年来,新的分子靶向药物不断涌现,已有的分子靶向药物也不断增加新的适应症。其中有的分子靶向药物也不断增加新的适应症。其中比较重要的包括利妥昔单抗治疗淋巴瘤;曲妥珠比较重要的包括利妥昔单抗治疗淋巴瘤;曲妥珠单抗治疗乳腺癌;伊马替尼和达沙替尼治疗白血单抗治疗乳腺癌;伊马替尼和达沙替尼治疗白血病;吉非替尼、厄罗替尼、血管内皮抑素治疗肺病;吉非替尼、厄罗替尼、血管内皮抑素治疗肺癌;尼妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗治疗头颈部肿瘤和癌;尼妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗治疗头颈部肿瘤和大肠癌;索拉非尼治疗肾癌和肝癌;贝伐单抗治大肠癌;索拉非尼治疗肾癌和肝癌;贝伐单
2、抗治疗肺癌、大肠癌;尼妥珠单抗治疗恶性神经胶质疗肺癌、大肠癌;尼妥珠单抗治疗恶性神经胶质瘤;伊马替尼治疗胃肠间质瘤。这类药物单用大瘤;伊马替尼治疗胃肠间质瘤。这类药物单用大多有一定疗效,能明显提高化疗或放疗的疗效,多有一定疗效,能明显提高化疗或放疗的疗效,已经有多种该类药物进入已经有多种该类药物进入NCCNNCCN所制定的常见肿所制定的常见肿瘤治疗规范。分子靶向药物无疑是临床肿瘤学前瘤治疗规范。分子靶向药物无疑是临床肿瘤学前进中新的里程碑。进中新的里程碑。n nThyroid cancer is the most common Thyroid cancer is the most common
3、 malignancy of the endocrine systemmalignancy of the endocrine systemn n5-year disease-specific survival of patients 5-year disease-specific survival of patients with DTC with distant metastases is with DTC with distant metastases is 50% (Shaha et al. 1997, Hundahl et al. 50% (Shaha et al. 1997, Hun
4、dahl et al. 1998).1998).n nLike DTC, patients with metastatic disease Like DTC, patients with metastatic disease do poorly, with a 5 year survival of 50% do poorly, with a 5 year survival of 50% (Hundahl et al. 1998).(Hundahl et al. 1998).n nmedian survival of this group of patients is median surviv
5、al of this group of patients is 1 year. 4 months 30%PR 38% SD 4 months median PFS 18 months median PFS 18 months PTC 27% PR 40%SD PTC 27% PR 40%SD Motesanib(AMG706)n nMotesanib is a multi-targeted tyrosine Motesanib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitorkinase inhibitorn nthat targets the VEG
6、FRs, PDGFR, and c-kitthat targets the VEGFRs, PDGFR, and c-kitn nmulticenter international phase II trial of multicenter international phase II trial of motesanib motesanib 93 patients with radioiodine-resistant, 93 patients with radioiodine-resistant, progressive DTCprogressive DTC orally at a dose
7、 of 125 mg orally daily orally at a dose of 125 mg orally daily (Sherman et al. 2008)(Sherman et al. 2008)Schlumbergeretal.2007n nmulticenter international open label phase II trial of motesanib in MTC, patients with locally advanced or metastatic, progressive or symptomatic MTC 91 patients, 2% PRs
8、,47% SDs 6 months duration. median PFS was 12 months Objectiveresponsen n14% PRs, 67% SD and a 35% SD 6n nmonths durationn nmedian PFS was 10 monthsn n81% had decreased serum Tgn nconcentrations during treatment as compared with baselineSunitinib(SU011248) Sunitinib is approved through the FDA for p
9、atients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma or imitanib refractory gastrointestinal stromal tumors.Cohenetal.2008an nphase II study of sunitinib 37 patients with iodine-refractory progressive DTCn n PR in 13%, SD in 68%, progressive disease in 10%n nGoulart et al. 2008,Ravaud et al. 2008 Results ar
10、e awaited for other ongoing phase II trials of sunitinib in patients with iodine-refractory DTC and metastatic MTC细胞信号传导通路上的靶点治疗n n吉非替尼吉非替尼Gefitinib(Irassa,ZD1839):Irassa,ZD1839):是一种选择性是一种选择性表皮生长因子受体表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)(EGFR)酪氨酸受体激酶抑制剂,具有酪氨酸受体激酶抑制剂,具有高度选择性,通过阻止高度选择性,通过阻止EGFEGF刺激的刺激的EGFREGFR自磷酸化和自磷酸化和EGFRE
11、GFR介导的下游信号转到而发挥作用。介导的下游信号转到而发挥作用。n n该酶通常表达于上皮来源的实体瘤,对于该酶通常表达于上皮来源的实体瘤,对于EGFREGFR酪氨酸激酪氨酸激酶活性的抑制可妨碍肿瘤的生长、转移和血管生成,并增酶活性的抑制可妨碍肿瘤的生长、转移和血管生成,并增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡,阻断加肿瘤细胞的凋亡,阻断EGFEGF诱导的体外肿瘤的生长,临诱导的体外肿瘤的生长,临床研究显示床研究显示EGFREGFR在正常及恶性甲状腺组织中均有高表达,在正常及恶性甲状腺组织中均有高表达,在分化型甲状腺癌中常提示预后不佳在分化型甲状腺癌中常提示预后不佳n n体外实验已显示吉非替尼的抗甲状腺癌作用,在
12、体外实验已显示吉非替尼的抗甲状腺癌作用,在ATCATC细胞细胞系中可清晰观察到对系中可清晰观察到对EGFREGFR转到的生长刺激抑制作用转到的生长刺激抑制作用吉非替尼二期临床试验结果n n2727例放射性碘抵抗、局部进展以及远处转移的患例放射性碘抵抗、局部进展以及远处转移的患者口服吉非替尼者口服吉非替尼250mg/d,12250mg/d,12月后评估月后评估 32%32%肿瘤体积缩减,肿瘤体积缩减,12%12%保持肿瘤无进展保持肿瘤无进展, ,其中其中5 5例患者甲状腺球蛋白降至基准水平的例患者甲状腺球蛋白降至基准水平的10%10%以上以上并保持并保持3 3月以上月以上n nPennell N
13、A, Daniels GH, Haddad RI, at al. Pennell NA, Daniels GH, Haddad RI, at al. A phase 2 study of gefitinib in patients A phase 2 study of gefitinib in patients with advanced thyoid cancer: follow-up with advanced thyoid cancer: follow-up resultsof an open-label phase 2 tial. Clin resultsof an open-labe
14、l phase 2 tial. Clin oncol, 2007,25(18):6018oncol, 2007,25(18):6018范德他尼n n范德他尼(范德他尼(Vandetanib) ZD-6474Vandetanib) ZD-6474是一种合成是一种合成的苯胺喹啉化合物、口服的多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑的苯胺喹啉化合物、口服的多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,抑制和肿瘤生长转移有关的细胞信号通路制剂,抑制和肿瘤生长转移有关的细胞信号通路的多个因子,如上皮生长因子受体(的多个因子,如上皮生长因子受体(EGFR)EGFR)。血。血管内皮生长因子(管内皮生长因子(VEGF)VEGF)和和RETRET(rea
15、rranged rearranged during transfection)during transfection)酪氨酸激酶酪氨酸激酶n nAstra Zeneca Astra Zeneca 公司的公司的ZD-ZD-6474/vandetanib20066474/vandetanib2006年获欧洲罕见病药品委年获欧洲罕见病药品委员会(员会(COMP)COMP)肯定批准推荐,用于治疗甲状腺髓肯定批准推荐,用于治疗甲状腺髓样癌样癌n n选择性靶向参与肿瘤扩散和生长的关键细胞信号传导途径,包括血管内皮生长因子和表皮生长因子受体信号。n n抑制驱动某些肿瘤生长和存活的RET激酶n n 评价对髓样
16、癌患者抗肿瘤疗效和安全性的2期临床试验正在进行中n n 30例可评价的病例20%获得PRn n 30%SD6月 其中23例患者血浆肿瘤标记物降钙素至少下降50%并保持6周以上n nAnother phase II clinical trial evaluated Another phase II clinical trial evaluated efficacy of vandetanib in patients with efficacy of vandetanib in patients with hereditary MTC(Haddad et al.2008) hereditary M
17、TC(Haddad et al.2008) n n19 patients, 2 (10%) PRs and 6 (42%) SD 19 patients, 2 (10%) PRs and 6 (42%) SD 6 months6 monthsn ninternational phase III trial of vandetanib international phase III trial of vandetanib in sporadic and hereditary MTC was in sporadic and hereditary MTC was recently completed
18、 and therecently completed and the results are eagerly awaited. results are eagerly awaited.XL-184n nXL-184 is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor XL-184 is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor targeting RET,MET and VEGFR2. In a targeting RET,MET and VEGFR2. In a phase I clinical trial of XL-184,phase I clinic
19、al trial of XL-184, 14 patients with MTC were enrolled (Salgia 14 patients with MTC were enrolled (Salgia et al. 2008).et al. 2008).n nThree PRs were noted among tenThree PRs were noted among tenn nevaluable MTC patients, 56evaluable MTC patients, 56 96% 96% reductions inreductions inn nserum calcit
20、onin and 5serum calcitonin and 5 80% reductions in 80% reductions in serum CEA were noted in all ten evaluable serum CEA were noted in all ten evaluable MTC patientsMTC patients放射性同位素90Y标记的奥曲肽(90Y-DOTATOC)n n甲状腺癌组织中含有丰富的生长抑素受体甲状腺癌组织中含有丰富的生长抑素受体(somatostatin receptor, SSTR)somatostatin receptor, SSTR
21、),应用与这些受体具,应用与这些受体具有亲和力的生长抑素的类似物奥曲肽,用合适的放射性核有亲和力的生长抑素的类似物奥曲肽,用合适的放射性核素加以标记,则可作为诊断和治疗相关肿瘤的药物素加以标记,则可作为诊断和治疗相关肿瘤的药物n n奥曲肽具有奥曲肽具有8 8个氨基酸,在体内相对稳定,应用放射性核个氨基酸,在体内相对稳定,应用放射性核素标记后可作为有价值的显像剂和治疗药物,这种肽螯合素标记后可作为有价值的显像剂和治疗药物,这种肽螯合物的化合物进入体内后,通过靶细胞的特异性受体进入细物的化合物进入体内后,通过靶细胞的特异性受体进入细胞内,经过细胞内的溶酶体内化作用(胞内,经过细胞内的溶酶体内化作用
22、(intemalisation)intemalisation)将肽降价,使之离开靶细胞进入血液循环内,而与将肽降价,使之离开靶细胞进入血液循环内,而与DTPADTPA或或DOTADOTA结合的放射性金属螯合仍然留在靶细胞内,使靶结合的放射性金属螯合仍然留在靶细胞内,使靶细胞内的放射性远高于周围正常组织,此即为诊断和治疗细胞内的放射性远高于周围正常组织,此即为诊断和治疗的原理的原理n n甲状腺髓样癌细胞含有与生长抑素高亲和力的受体,放射甲状腺髓样癌细胞含有与生长抑素高亲和力的受体,放射性标记的生长抑素可安全的用于甲状腺髓样癌的治疗性标记的生长抑素可安全的用于甲状腺髓样癌的治疗21例SST显像为阳
23、性的转移性甲状腺髓样癌治疗结果n n应用90Y-DOTATOC治疗2-8个周期内给予7.5-19.2GBq剂量n n2例(10%)完全缓解n n12例(57%)病情稳定n n7例(33%) 治疗无效n n缓解期达3-40个月n n如测定生化指标(降钙素、癌胚抗原)评价疗效如测定生化指标(降钙素、癌胚抗原)评价疗效 1 1例(例(5%5%)完全缓解,)完全缓解,5 5例(例(24%24%)病情缓解,)病情缓解,3 3例(例(14%14%)病情稳定,)病情稳定,1212例(例(57%57%)病情稳定)病情稳定n nBodei L, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Grana C, et
24、Bodei L, Handkiewicz-Junak D, Grana C, et al. Receptor radionuclide therapy with al. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-DOTATOC in patients with medullary 90Y-DOTATOC in patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Bioth thyroid carcinomas. Cancer Bioth Radioph,2004,19:65Radioph,2004,19:65
25、抗血管生成化合物CA4Pn nCA4P(Combretastatin A4 PHOSPHATE) CA4P(Combretastatin A4 PHOSPHATE) 由美国由美国OXIGENEOXIGENE公司开发的新型抗肿瘤前体药物,与其他血管公司开发的新型抗肿瘤前体药物,与其他血管生成抑制剂不同,其原药为从非洲灌木生成抑制剂不同,其原药为从非洲灌木Combretum Combretum CaffrumCaffrum的树皮中分离得到的一种多羟基二苯乙烯类天然的树皮中分离得到的一种多羟基二苯乙烯类天然产物。产物。n nCA4PCA4P是微管蛋白结合剂,能干扰肿瘤血管内皮的有丝分是微管蛋白结合剂
26、,能干扰肿瘤血管内皮的有丝分裂过程,具有很强的抗血管效应,抑制癌细胞增长。抑制裂过程,具有很强的抗血管效应,抑制癌细胞增长。抑制微管蛋白聚集及放化疗增敏作用,微管蛋白聚集及放化疗增敏作用,CA4PCA4P还因其前体化设还因其前体化设计而具有适合临床应用的良好药代动力学性质并对瘤体呈计而具有适合临床应用的良好药代动力学性质并对瘤体呈现靶向性,现靶向性,CA4PCA4P对所有癌症模型均显示体内活性,被誉对所有癌症模型均显示体内活性,被誉为血管靶向剂(为血管靶向剂(Vascular Targeting Agent,VTAVascular Targeting Agent,VTA)中的)中的佼佼者,是全
27、球范围内第一个进入临床研究的血管靶向剂佼佼者,是全球范围内第一个进入临床研究的血管靶向剂n n目前目前CA4PCA4P正在美国和欧洲进行正在美国和欧洲进行2 2期临床试验,且已获得美期临床试验,且已获得美国国FDAFDA快通道审批,有望为快通道审批,有望为ATCATC患者带来生存的希望。患者带来生存的希望。n na phase II trial was conducted in 18 patients with a phase II trial was conducted in 18 patients with metastatic ATC, good performance status,
28、and nometastatic ATC, good performance status, and no prior therapy for disseminated disease (Cooney et prior therapy for disseminated disease (Cooney et al.al. 2006). 2006). Six patients had SDs while rest of the patients Six patients had SDs while rest of the patients progressed. Median PFS was 1.
29、8 monthsprogressed. Median PFS was 1.8 months 28% of patients progression free 3 months. 28% of patients progression free 3 months. Median survival was 5 months. Median survival was 5 months. phase III study of paclitaxel and carboplatin phase III study of paclitaxel and carboplatin with or without
30、combretastatinwith or without combretastatin is ongoing. is ongoing.其他研究中的甲状腺癌的靶向治疗药物n n组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂(组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂(histone decacetylase,hdac inhibiter) histone decacetylase,hdac inhibiter) 组蛋白脱乙酰基酶可使胞核染色体处于压缩状态主要与控制细胞生长组蛋白脱乙酰基酶可使胞核染色体处于压缩状态主要与控制细胞生长及分化的基因转录抑制有关及分化的基因转录抑制有关n nSAHA(suberoylanilide hydrox
31、amic acid)SAHA(suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid)是继六亚甲基双乙酰胺是继六亚甲基双乙酰胺HMBA(Hex amethylene bisacetamide)HMBA(Hex amethylene bisacetamide)之后的第二代羟肟酸类的之后的第二代羟肟酸类的组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂n n组蛋白的乙酰化状态可以影响基因的表达,当组蛋白处于乙酰化状态组蛋白的乙酰化状态可以影响基因的表达,当组蛋白处于乙酰化状态时,由组蛋白与时,由组蛋白与DNADNA双链构成的核小体结构变得更为开放,有利于各双链构成的核小体结构变得更为开放,有利
32、于各种转录因子与种转录因子与DNADNA的结合,启动基因的表达。的结合,启动基因的表达。n n当组蛋白处于低乙酰化状态时,可出现转录抑制,并介导肿瘤的发生。当组蛋白处于低乙酰化状态时,可出现转录抑制,并介导肿瘤的发生。因此因此HDACiHDACi已成为一类新型的抗肿瘤制剂。已成为一类新型的抗肿瘤制剂。n n目前目前SAHASAHA已经在美国进入已经在美国进入2 2期临床试验。期临床试验。n nSAHA SAHA 可选择性诱导细胞周期负调控子可选择性诱导细胞周期负调控子p21p21的表达,从而阻滞细胞周的表达,从而阻滞细胞周期,同时可以诱导多种肿瘤细胞的分化和凋亡。期,同时可以诱导多种肿瘤细胞的
33、分化和凋亡。热休克蛋白n nHeat Shock Proteins(HSPs)Heat Shock Proteins(HSPs)是从细菌到哺乳动是从细菌到哺乳动物中广泛存在一类热应激蛋白质。当有机体暴露物中广泛存在一类热应激蛋白质。当有机体暴露于高温的时候,就会由热激发合成这种蛋白,来于高温的时候,就会由热激发合成这种蛋白,来保护机体自身。保护机体自身。n n热休克蛋白分五类热休克蛋白分五类:HSP100:HSP100、HSP90HSP90、HSP70HSP70、HSP60HSP60、小分子热休克蛋白(、小分子热休克蛋白(small Heat small Heat Shock Proteins
34、).sHSPsShock Proteins).sHSPs能够对抗正常的细胞死能够对抗正常的细胞死亡,从而调节细胞的生成和死亡的平衡。亡,从而调节细胞的生成和死亡的平衡。n n研究发现研究发现Hsp90Hsp90可在癌细胞中过度表达,目前以可在癌细胞中过度表达,目前以其为靶点的药物正在研究中及进行临床前试验。其为靶点的药物正在研究中及进行临床前试验。17-AAGn n17-AAG is a heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor 17-AAG is a heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitor thathas been ide
35、ntified as a potential therapeutic thathas been identified as a potential therapeutic agent in thyroid cancer. Hsp 90 specifically has agent in thyroid cancer. Hsp 90 specifically has been found to be important to the signaling been found to be important to the signaling kinases Akt and RAF as well
36、as formation of the kinases Akt and RAF as well as formation of the PTC1 protein, which is the most common PTC1 protein, which is the most common RET/PTC chimeric oncoprotein seen in PTC RET/PTC chimeric oncoprotein seen in PTC (Smida et al. 1999). In preclinical studies,17-AAG (Smida et al. 1999).
37、In preclinical studies,17-AAG was found to reduce RET/PTC1 proteinlevels, was found to reduce RET/PTC1 proteinlevels, induce cell death and increase the uptake of induce cell death and increase the uptake of radioactive iodine into thyroid cancer cellsradioactive iodine into thyroid cancer cells小结n
38、n索拉非尼治疗晚期甲状腺乳头状癌索拉非尼治疗晚期甲状腺乳头状癌n n羟胺类口服组蛋白去乙酰酶抑制剂羟胺类口服组蛋白去乙酰酶抑制剂SAHASAHA治疗晚期甲状腺治疗晚期甲状腺癌均取得一定疗效癌均取得一定疗效n n小分子多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂范得他尼治疗晚期甲状腺小分子多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂范得他尼治疗晚期甲状腺髓样癌髓样癌n n选择性选择性COX-2COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布治疗晚期分化性甲状腺癌未抑制剂塞来昔布治疗晚期分化性甲状腺癌未取得满意疗效取得满意疗效n n更多的临床试验如更多的临床试验如MotesanibMotesanib AMG706 AMG706治疗分化型甲状治疗分化型甲状腺癌和甲状腺髓样癌以及伊马替尼治疗甲状腺未分化癌的腺癌和甲状腺髓样癌以及伊马替尼治疗甲状腺未分化癌的临床试验正在进行中临床试验正在进行中n n甲状腺癌分子靶向治疗显示出良好的前景,有望成为治疗甲状腺癌分子靶向治疗显示出良好的前景,有望成为治疗的发展方向之一的发展方向之一