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1、Review of Unit 41.WhatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureaccordingtotheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?2.Translatethefollowingterms:housewarmingdisinterestedMindonespsandqsAninedayswonder眼红眼红青天青天InterculturalCommunicationUnit5CultureandVerbalCommunication Warm Up Please read the story on page 156. What
2、 may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation? What can we learn from the story?It is often customary for Americans to start their talk with some jokes or humorous anecdotes, but Germans have different ideas and they tend to consider telling jokes inappropriate in talks
3、on serious matters. And in German culture, executives who occupy important positions are usually senior in age, and they had not expected the American manufacturer to send a young man as their representative to start business with them, a reputable German distributor. They may have found it difficul
4、t to trust such a young person.Supplement:VerbalCommunication Verbal communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. In intercultural communication, we use words tocommunicate with the outside world,share the past,exercise some con
5、trol over the present,form images of the future. Supplement:VerbalCommunication VerbalCommunicationStyles(p179-183) :Direct/Indirect Self-enhancement/Self-effacementElaborate/Exacting/SuccinctPersonal/ContextualInstrumental/Affective Supplement:VerbalCommunication 1.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractio
6、nStylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions. Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions. Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor
7、in a more roundabout and implicit way. Supplement:VerbalCommunication 2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement VerbalStylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsom
8、e, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner” The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk. Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very go
9、od-looking, Im willing to try my best.”Supplement:VerbalCommunication 2.Self-EnhancementandSelf-Effacement VerbalStylesCompare the following ways to serve tea:Japanese: This is not very delicious, but American: This is the best I can offer. Supplement:VerbalCommunication 3.Elaborate,ExactingandSucci
10、nctStylesAn elaborate style emphasizesflashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures. An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans. A succinct style is characterized by the
11、 use of concise statements, understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American culturesSupplement:VerbalCommunication 3.Elaborate,ExactingandSuccinctStylesCompare the followings:Arab: #%&$%$*&%#. American: Just the facts!Chinese: Silence is Gol
12、den. Supplement:VerbalCommunication 4.PersonalandContextualStyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you. The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status. Eg. Chinese, German an
13、d French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous). Supplement:VerbalCommunication 5.InstrumentalandAffectiveStyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outc
14、ome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker. An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speake
15、r and the listener. Supplement:VerbalCommunication In verbal communication, LC interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. HC interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the i
16、mportance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Reading I Read the article of “Understanding the Culture of Conversation” (p157-160). What are the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?Conversation is a rich point (a rich point is something in one culture that make
17、s it difficult to be connected with another culture). It isnt any particular word or grammatical construction that produces the rich point; it is something about the way things are going, something about peoples ideas about how to do a conversation. To handle the rich points, old unconscious ways of
18、 doing things are dusted off, new ways are built up. To converse in the new ways, you have to experience culture and manufacture some frames. If you dont figure out the frames, you might speak grammatically correct English, but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.Reading IConvers
19、ation cultures of different countries:Mexican:The conversation may start with one topic, and if another interesting topic seeps in you ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.American:The conversation usually has a topic, and
20、the speaker wants to take a straight line through it from the beginning to end.The Americans expect an answer to the orienting question, that is to lance their conversation with self-promotion - heres who I am, heres why Im good at it, heres why you should pay attention to me.Reading IConversation c
21、ultures of different countries:Swedish:The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a concise manner without elaborating specific details, esp. those for self-promotion. Thus, what causes miscommunication is often the way ideas are put together into an argument, the way some ideas are selected
22、for special emphasis, or the way emotional information about the ideas is presented.Finish Exercises on page 161. What are different conversation cultures between American English speakers and Athabaskans?Fill-in Task (161)Whats confusing to American English Speakers about Athabaskans?They do not sp
23、eak and avoid situations of talking.They 7. keep silent.They only want to talk to 6. close acquaintances.They play down their own abilities.They avoid direct questions.They never 9. start a conversation .They never say anything 1. about themselves.They are 8. slow to take a turn in talking_.They tal
24、k with a flat tone of voiceThey are 11. too indirect and inexplicit . Fill-in Task (161)Whats confusing to Athabaskans about American English speakers?They talk 12. too much .They always talk first.They often talk to 10. strangers or people they dont know.They 5. brag about themselves.They 4. ask to
25、o many questions _.They always interrupt.They only talk 2. about what they are interested in .They dont give others a chance to talkThey are 3. always getting excited when they talk.They are not careful when they talk about things or people.Fill-in Task (161)Different conversation cultures between A
26、merican English speakers and Athabaskans:Who speaks first (who opens the conversation);Who controls the talk;When its time for a new person to take a turn, such as the length of a pause; (who talks next)How long one should talk;How a conversation should close; (who closes the conversation)Thus, if A
27、merican English speakers and Athabaskans tend to judge the others way of talk according to their own ideas about what is the appropriate way for talking, they would have mostly negative impressions of each other concerning the way they talk.Reading IIApart from differences in grammar, vocabulary, an
28、d pronunciation, what other differences can you find between Chinese and English? Read the article of “The Way People Speak”(p165-169). From the example of the conversation between an Italian and an American, we can see the different conversation patterns in these two cultures. The Americans do not
29、enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else while the Italians welcome them. Reading IIHigh involvement conversation patterns and high considerateness patterns (Deborah Tannen) (p165):High involvement patterns: talk more; interrupt more; expect to be interrupted; talk more loudly at times
30、and talk more quickly. Many enjoy arguments.e.g. Italian, Russian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, and African.High considerateness patterns: speak one at a time; use polite listening sounds; refrain from interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation p
31、artners.e.g. Asian Cultures like Chinese and Japanese, mainstream Americans.Reading IIThere are also significant differences between the various cultures of the same conversation pattern. Even within the United States there are important regional and ethnic differences in conversation styles. The im
32、portant differences in communication create problems of stereotyping and incorrect judgments among members of diverse groups.Cultural beliefs differ as to whether directness or indirectness is considered positive. In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being dir
33、ect rather than indirect. Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness. Reading IIPing-Pong conversational style and Bowling styleIn an American “Ping-Pong” conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game c
34、ontinues. Each part of the conversation follows this pattern: the greeting and the opening, the discussion of a topic, and the closing and farewell. However, in a Japanese “Bowling” conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, t
35、hey know their place in line. In Japanese conversation, long silences are tolerated. For Americans, even two or three seconds of silence can become uncomfortable. ConclusionSo far, we can see that there are the Cultural Relativity of Communication - when to talk, what to say and how to say differ fr
36、om culture to culture. (i) When to talk (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans) Athabaskan Indians consider it inappropriate to talk to strangers. They have negative stereotypes of non-Athabaskans as ridiculously garrulous (talkative in an unfavorable sense) and also hypocri
37、tical.Anglos would consider it awkward to have a long period of silence when having a conversation. They conclude that Indians are uncooperative, even stupid. Conclusion(ii) How to talk (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans) Pacing and pausing Meaning: How fast do you speak
38、? How long do you wait following another speakers utterance, before concluding the other has no more to say? Listenership (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)Mostly it is connected with nonverbal behaviors such as eye contact. Indirectness Meaning: Only a part of meaning
39、resides in the words spoken; the largest part is communicated by hints, assumptions, and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience. Conclusione.g. A Greek wife (or daughter): Can I go to the marketplace? Husband or father: (never say no) If you want, you can go. meaning No. Yes, of cour
40、se, go. meaning Yes. (iii) What to say - topics (See the exercises on p164) Conversation is used as an icebreaker and to create warm memories for everyone attending a social or business function. There are topics you can, and will discuss, with your dearest friends. However, when youre among a group
41、 of acquaintances or business associates keep your conversational topics neutral.(p164)Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations?Weather, Pet, Work, Hobby, Sex, Family, Age, Income, Property, Marital status, Politics, Religious belief, Disease, Death, DisabilitytopicsIn Engl
42、ish-speaking culturesIn Chinese cultureAcceptable topics of conversationWeather PetWork HobbySexFamily AgeIncome PropertyMarital statusUnacceptable topics of conversationAge, especially a ladys ageMarital statusPropertyPoliticsReligious beliefDiseaseDeathSexPregnancyDisabilityGroup Work (p170-172)Re
43、ad the three dialogues on page 170-172, then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems in intercultural communication. Group Work (p170-172)Dialogue1It means that “I agree that there is need for keeping the production line running on Saturday”.The Chinese employee should say: “Id
44、love to, but Ive promised my son to celebrate his birthday with him on this Saturday. Im sorry I may not be able to come in.”The American is cultivated in a low-context culture while the Chinese employee comes from a high-context culture. In general, the Chinese mode of communication is often indire
45、ct and implicit while the Western mode of communication tends to be direct and explicit. Group Work (p170-172)Chinese and westerns have different approaches to refusing requestsChineseEnglishIn order to avoid direct conflicts and losing face when confronted with a problem or when refusing a request,
46、 Chinese usually use indirect refusal ways, so as to let the other people withdraw gracefully. British people may respond with an excuse, and those excuses are often called “white lies”, lies told with good intentions.The same purpose: both want to avoid losing ones face or hurting other people by u
47、sing polite expressions when giving refusals.Group Work (p170-172)Dialogue2The boss refuses to tell the employee directly what he actually feels about his work because he thinks that that may make the American employee lose face.It is natural for the employee to press for definite answers to his que
48、stions because he is American and, in his culture, it is usually right to do so even when one is communicating with ones boss. Group Work (p170-172)Dialogue3The American supervisor uses a “straight talk” low-context approach in dealing with the work problem, whereas the Greek subordinate uses a “fac
49、e talk” high-context approach in dealing with the issue. Compliments(p162-163) DifferentWaysofRespondingtoComplimentsChineseEnglishA typical Chinese reaction is to show modesty and humility by saying such words as: buhao (not good) or chadeyuan (far from being good)British people respond by saying “
50、thank you”.Tips:Incross-culturalcommutation,weneedntbetooworriedaboutculturaldifferences.Rememberthererealsosimilarities,mutualadjustment,andtolerancebetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Making Good Introduction Suppose an important client is visiting your corporate headquarters. Youre having a conver
51、sation when the president of your company walks into the room. Its up to you to make the introductions. But whom do you introduce to whom? Which persons name do you state first? Your client is important to you and your company, but certainly the company president is also important. Do you have a dil
52、emma? Not if you understand the background of making introductions, which is basically, “Thepersonwithgreaterimportancetakesprecedence.” Making Good Introduction Sequence of introduction - a useful format:Always state the name of the most important person first;Use words like “May I” or “I would lik
53、e to” or “It is a pleasure to”;Follow with words like “Introduce” or “Present” (“Present” is more formal);Then state the name of the Lower ranking person; Always add a brief sentence about the lower ranking person, such as a job title or project he or she is working on, a recent success, or a common
54、 interest with the senior. This provides the senior with information to begin a comfortable conversation. Making Good Introduction Examples:“Ms. Gold Crown, may I introduce Mr. No Crown. Mr. No Crown just completed a trip to our Asian facilities.”“Mr. Gold Crown, I would like to introduce Ms. No Cro
55、wn. Ms. No Crown is the CEO of our company.”“Ms. Gold Crown, may I present Mr. No Crown, who is an avid sailor.” (The presenter knows that Ms. Gold Crown is also a sailor, so this informs them both of a common interest)If the situation is more casual, you can use first names, “Goldie, Id like you to
56、 meet Silvery. Silvery plays percussion in the Wind Symphony.” Or a very casual introduction of a relative, such as “Goldie, this is my sister Sherrie.” Case StudyCase17(Page176) Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start
57、. In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more c
58、omfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time, he decides to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations. Case StudyCase18(Page176-177) In this case,
59、 he had to say “No” at least three times.Indeed, British recipients of such hospitality sometimes feel that their host is behaving impolitely by forcing them into a bind. Case StudyCase19(Page177) People in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone fro
60、m losing face, and nurturing the relationship. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. C
61、ase StudyCase20(Page178)In the view of the English-speaking people, the opening lines of Chinese requests and some other speech acts do not usually provide a thesis or topic statement which will orient the listener to the overall direction of the communication. Worst of all, the lack of precision an
62、d the failure to address the point directly may lead to suspicions that the Chinese speakers are beating around the bush. To them, the presence of a clear and concise statement of what is to be talked about will make the speech more precise, more dramatic, and more eloquent. Case StudyCase20(Page178
63、) In such a situation, it is usually considered a smart strategy if you carefully delineate the justifications that will naturally lead to your request or argument. Therefore, instead of stating their proposition somewhere in the beginning and then proceeding to build their case, Chinese people ofte
64、n first establish a shared context with which to judge their requests or arguments. Only after carefully prefacing them with an avalanche of relevant details, as if to nullify any opposition, will they present the requests or arguments. HomeworkRead “Preferences in the Organization of Verbal Codes (p184-187)”. What cultural implications are there underlying the difference between speaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?
