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1、人教课标版高二选修8Unit1GrammarGrammarLookatthefollowingclausesinthesentencesandthinkaboutwhatroledotheseclausesplayinthesentences.WhatattractspeopletoCaliforniaisitspleasantclimateandrelaxedlifestyle.ThisiswhyeachyearagreatnumberofpeoplefromallovertheworldtrytoimmigratetoCalifornia.However,mostapplicantskno
2、wthattheyhaveverylittlechanceofgettingavisa.主语表语宾语1.概念概念在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句性从句(NounClauses)。名词名词性从句的功能相当于性从句的功能相当于名词词组名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能句中不同的语法功能,名词名词性从句又可分别性从句又可分别称为主语从句称为主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句、表语
3、从句(PredicativeClause)和同位语从句和同位语从句(AppositiveClause)。Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Ibelieve(that)heishonest.Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextspeaker.Thenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheworld.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词连接词/附属连词附属连词that,whether,if不充不充当从句的任
4、何成分当从句的任何成分连接代词连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词连接副词:when,where,how,why3.不可省略的连词：不可省略的连词：1)介词后的连词介词后的连词2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的连引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。词不可省略。Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.SubjectClause(主语从句主语从句)ObjectClause(宾语从句宾语从句)PredicativeClause(表语从句表语从句)
5、Nounclause一、主语从句在复合句中作主语一、主语从句在复合句中作主语,它可它可以位于句首以位于句首,但常见的主语从句多放在但常见的主语从句多放在句末句末,句首那么用形式主语句首那么用形式主语it。1.Thattheearthisroundistrue.=Itistruethattheearthisround.主语从句的用法2.Whetherhewillcomehasntbeendecided.=Ithasntbeendecidedwhetherhewillcome.注意注意:连词连词that,whether在从句中不担任在从句中不担任句子成分句子成分,只起连接作用只起连接作用,不能省略
6、不能省略(注注:if不可用来引导主语从句不可用来引导主语从句二、用二、用it作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(1)Itis名词从句名词从句Itisafactthat事实是事实是Itisanhonorthat非常荣幸非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识是常识(2)Itis形容词从句形容词从句(多用多用should)Itisnaturalthat很自然很自然Itisstrangethat奇怪的是奇怪的是(3)Itis不及物动词从句不及物动词从句Itseemsthat似乎似乎Ithappenedthat碰巧碰巧Itappearsthat似乎似乎(4)Itis过去分词从句过去分
7、词从句Itisreportedthat据报道据报道Ithasbeenprovedthat已证实已证实Itissaidthat据说据说Itiscertainthathewillcome.ItissaidthatsomeAmericanfriendswillvisitourschoolnextweek.Ithappenedthatwewereoutforawalkyesterdayevening.ItdoesntmatterwhetherIstayornot.三、用带-ever的引导词(如whoever,whatever)引导的主语从句一般不后置。Whoeverleavestheroomlasts
8、houldclosethedoor.Whateverwedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.四、四、it作形式主语和作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较it作形式主语代替主语从句作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为主要是为了平衡句子结构了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变主语从句的连接词有变化。而化。而it引导的强调句那么是对句子某一引导的强调句那么是对句子某一局部进行强调局部进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词都可用连词that。被强调局部指人是也可。被强调局部指人是也可用用who/whom。例如。例如:uItisapityt
9、hatyoudidntgotoseethefilm.uItdoesntinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.uItisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.uItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.五、五、what与与that在引导主语从句时的区别在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分子成分,如主语、宾语、表语如主语、宾语、表语,而而that那那么不么不然然,即不担任成分。例如：即不担任成分。例如：Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatshe
10、isstillaliveisaconsolation.句子结构：句子结构：主句主句+连接词连接词(引导词引导词)+宾语从句宾语从句连接词连接词:附属连词附属连词that,whether,if连接代词连接代词who,whom,whose,which,what连接副词连接副词where,how,why,when宾语从句的用法Hehasgotapen.IthinkIthink(that)hehasgotapen.WheredotheystudyEnglish?LilyasksLilyaskswheretheystudyEnglish.Willyouhelpme?IaskIaskifyouwillhe
11、lpme.一、连词一、连词(引导词引导词)1.当宾语从句是陈述句时当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句包括肯定句和否认句和否认句),连词由连词由that引导引导,因为因为that在从句中不作任何成分在从句中不作任何成分,也没有也没有任何具体意思任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。文体中常省略。Hesaid(that)hewouldliketoseetheheadmaster.Janesaid(that)shewasntlateforthemeeting.2.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由特殊由特殊疑问词充当连接词疑问词充当连接词,因为该特殊疑问因为
12、该特殊疑问词词(即连接词即连接词)在从句中担任一定的在从句中担任一定的句子成分句子成分,具有一定的意义具有一定的意义,所以不所以不可以省略。可以省略。Doyouknowwhathesaidjustnow?Idontrememberwhenwearrived.IaskedhimwhereIcouldgetsomuchmoney.Pleasetellmewhowehavetosee.Doyouknowwhattimetheplaneleaves?Marywroteanarticleon_theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.thatIwass
13、urprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize_sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which3.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词由连词whether或或if引导引导(口语中常用口语中常用if),因为因为if/whether翻译成是否翻译成是否,具有一定的意具有一定的意义义,所以不能省略。所以不能省略。Lilywantedtoknowif/whetherhergrandmalikedthehandbag.Letsseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationa
14、boutthatcity.注意:关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否的情况如下：A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.B)在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否那么,也只能用whether。如:Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasntbeendecidedyet.Ithasntbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendth
15、emeeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)如:Italldepends(on)whethertheywillsupportus.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：Hedoesntknowwhethertostayornot.E)后面紧接ornot时。如：Wedidntknowwhetherornotshewasready.关联词if,whether均可使用的情况如下：A)引导宾语从句。如：Iwonderif(whether)thenewsistrueornot.B)在“be+形容词之后。如：Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.关联词只能用w
16、hether或if,不能用that的情况如下：假设doubt一词作“疑心解接宾语从句时,主句为肯定句用whether或if,主句为否认句或疑问句用that。如：Idoubtwhetherhewillcomesoon.Idonotdoubtthathewillcomesoon.Doyoudoubtthathewillcomesoon注意:下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能。Idoubtthathewillcome.4.跟在介词后的宾语从句:宾语从句放在介词后作介词的宾语,在使用这种结构时不能丢掉介词。Thereisnonewsaboutwhetheranewbridgewillbeb
17、uilt.Weareconsideringofwherethesetreesshouldbeplanted.二、语序二、语序:连接词陈述句连接词陈述句合成一个句子：合成一个句子：Hewouldbebackinanhour.HesaidHesaid(that)hewouldbebackinanhour.DotheyspeakEnglish?WewanttoknowWewanttoknowif/whethertheycanspeakEnglish.Whatishername?HeasksmeHeasksmewhathernameis.三、时态：三、时态：如果主句是过去的时态如果主句是过去的时态(包
18、括一般过包括一般过去时去时,过去进行时过去进行时),那么从句的时态那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。WhenwillProfessorLigiveusatalk?WewantedtoknowWewanttoknowwhenProfessorLiwouldgiveusatalk.Jimisagoodstudent.TheteachersaidTheteachersaid(that)Jimwasagoodstudent.HasMr.GreenbeeninBeijingforfiveyears?HeaskedHeaskedif/whetherMr.Gree
19、nhad beeninBeijingforfiveyears.四、在四、在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词之后等动词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否宾语从句中谓语的否认常转移到主句的谓语上。认常转移到主句的谓语上。Idontthinkhewillseeyou.Idontbelievehewillgo.Wedontexpectheiscoming.Idontthinkhecandoit,canhe?注注:此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称称I或或we，而且它的反意疑问句的，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。助动词由从句的助动词来定。I
20、dontthinkhecandoit,canhe?Idontthinkyouareright,areyou?在在suggest,insist,demand,order,require等表示建议等表示建议,命令命令,要求的动词要求的动词后后,从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如:Iinsistedthathe(should)doitatonce.Shesuggestedthatthework(should)befinishedatonce.注意注意:1.当从句是客观真理当从句是客观真理,定义定义,公理公理,定理定理时用一般现在时。时用一般现在时。2.如果主句的谓语动词是如
21、果主句的谓语动词是ask时时,连词不连词不可能是可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是如果主句的谓语动词是say时时,连词用连词用that。1)Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.2)HeasksifIlikeplayingthepiano.3.如果从句中含有如果从句中含有or或或ornot时时,只能用只能用whether而不用而不用if。Doyouknowwhetherheisrightornot?Idontcarewhetherhellstayhereornot.Idontknowwhetheritisgoingtorainornot.五、在
22、接复合宾语的句子中,为了保持句子平衡,用it作形式宾语,将从句放于句尾,常接复合宾语的动词有:make,find,see,hear,feel,think.Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.Ithinkitapitytowastethefood.1.Heasked_foraviolin.(MET1992)A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid2.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_heorshewa
23、nts.(NMET1997)A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词表语从句位于连系动词后后,有时用有时用asif引导。其根本结构为引导。其根本结构为:主语主语+系动词系动词+that从句。从句。Thatswhatweshoulddo.ThatswhyIwanttoseeyou.表语从句的用法ThereasonformyabsencewasthatIwasill.1
24、.be,seem,look等动词后均可跟表语等动词后均可跟表语从句：从句：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgoshopping.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.2.asif,because也可引导表语从句。也可引导表语从句。Itlooksasifitsgoingtorain.ItwasbecauseIgotuplate.3.在非正式文体中在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的引导表语从句的that可以省略。如可以省略。如:Thetroubleis(that)heisill.注意注意:在表语从句中在表语从句中,当当reason做主语时做主语时,引导词只能用引导词
25、只能用that,不能用不能用because,如如:他他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathedidntcatchtheearlybus.4.主句的主语是名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement时,表语从句应用虚拟语气,即:(should)+v.Mysuggestionisthatweshouldhaveadiscussionaboutthismatterinsteadofjustsettingitaside.1.Whatthedoctorsrea
26、llydoubtis_mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon上海上海2001年春季招生年春季招生A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why2.-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.-Isthat_youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where1.Notuntilnoondiditstopraining._notuntilnoon_itstoppedraining.I.每空填一词,使该句与所给句子的意思相同或相近。Itthatwas2.Peopl
27、ebelievethatthismedicinewillcurehisdisease._thatthismedicinewillcurehisdisease.3.SoonwearrivedattheplacewecalledtheFairyIsland.Soonwearrivedat_wecalledtheFairyIsland.Itisbelievedwhat1.正是因为恶劣的天气,足球赛才推迟了。2.据说他去过美国的很多地方。II.将以下句子翻译成英语。Itwasbecauseofthebadweatherthatthefootballmatchhadtobeputoff.Itissaid
28、thathehasbeentomanyplacesintheUSA.3.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。4.他给我们提出了一条建议:我们应该用省下的钱在乡下买个房子。Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Hehasgivenusasuggestionthatweshouldbuyacottageinthecountrywiththemoneywehavesaved.5.计算机只能做你指示它做的事情。6.他没有去参加会议似乎是个事实。Itseemedtobeafactthathedidntgotoattendthemeeting.Acomputercanonlydowhaty
29、ouhaveinstructedittodo.7.毫无疑问她胜任这项工作。8.问题是谁会被派去执行这个任务。Theproblemiswhocanbesenttheretocarryouttheproject.Thereisnodoubtthatsheisqualifiedforthejob.Host:Inthishour,welltalkabout_ourlifewillbelikeinthefuture.LetswarmlywelcomeDr.Smart,aprofessorfromFutureUniversity!Helltellus_hethinksaboutourfuture.III.
30、用适当的连接词完成以下短文。whatwhatProfessorSmart,manyofyourpredictionsmade30yearsagoaboutourlifeinthefuturehavemostlycometrue.Peoplewanttoknowmore.Therearemanyhighschoolstudentsherewhoarecurioustoknow_newpredictionsyouwillmakeaboutthefuture.whatDr.Smart:Societyisdevelopingfastandtherewillbemanynewthingsthatwill
31、makeourlivesmuchmoreconvenient,butatthesametimemanynewproblemswillthreatenthequalityoflife.Whatsimportantisnot_mypredictionscometrueornot,but_theyhelpusmakebetterdecisionsaboutourfuture._welivetodaywillinfluencethefuture.whetherwhetherHowIV.改错改错1).Iwanttoknowthatwhatitis.Iwanttoknowwhatitis.2).Icant
32、understandthattheteachersaid.Icantunderstandwhattheteachersaid.3).Idontknowthisiswhosebike.Idontknowwhose bike this is.4).HeaskedmewherewasMary.HeaskedmewhereMary was .5).Doyourememberhowmuchdidyoupayforthebook?Doyourememberhowmuchyoupaidforthebook?1._acertaindoubtamongthepeopleastothepracticalvalue
33、oftheproject.09安徽A.IthasB.TheyhaveC.ItremainsD.Thereremains2.Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenpreparedtodo_ittakestosaveherlife.09湖南A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whoeverDC3.Thefacthasworriedmanyscientists_theearthisbecomingwarmerandwarmertheseyears.09江西A.whatB.whichC.thatD.though4.CouldIspeakto_isincha
34、rgeofInternationalSalesplease?09海南A.whoB.whatC.whoeverD.whatever5.Thebow-tobookcanbeofhelpto_wantstodothejob.(09陕西)A.whoB.whomeverC.nomatterwhoD.whoeverDCC6.Oneofthemostimportantquestionstheyhadtoconsiderwas_ofpublichealth.09海南A.whatB.thisC.thatD.which7.Asanewdiplomat,heoftenthinksof_hecanreactmorea
35、ppropriatelyonsuchoccasions.09上海A.whatB.whichC.thatD.howCD8.Newscamefromtheschooloffice_WangLinhadbeenadmittedtoBeijingUniversity.09四川A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where9.Itisobvioustothestudents_theyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.09天津A.asB.whichC.whetherD.thatCD10.Isthereanypossibility_youcouldpickmeup
36、attheairport?(09浙江)Noproblem.A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.what11.Weshouldconsiderthestudentsrequest_theschoollibraryprovidemorebooksonpopularscience.09重庆A.thatB.whenC.whichD.whereBA12.ManyyoungpeopleintheWestareexpectedtoleave_couldbelifesmostimportantdecisionmarriagealmostentirelyuptoluck.09江苏A.asB.thatC.whichD.what13.Thelittlegirlwhogotlostdecidedtoremain_shewasandwaitforhermother.09山东A.whereB.whatC.howD.whoADHomeworkAskthestudentstofinishActivities1-3onpage48intheworkbook.
