《unit4professionsforwomen》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《unit4professionsforwomen（61页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、ProfessionsforWomenVirginiaWoolfVirginiaWoolf(1882-1941)AnEnglishnovelist,criticandessayist.Life-longexperiencebeeducatedathomeinherfatherslibraryIn1912marriedLeonardWoolf,acriticandwriteroneconomicsin1917setuptheHogarthPressendedherlifebycommittingsuicideinariverinherhometownRemarksoneofthethreegre
2、atestwritersofstreamofconsciousnessoneofthepioneersofwomensliberationfrompatriarchy.Inhernovel,emphasisisonthepsychologicalrealmofhercharactersandthemoment-by-momentexperienceofliving,whicharedepictedbythetechniquesofinteriormonologueandstreamofconsciousness.Herbooksarealsonotedfortheirpoeticandsymb
3、olicquality,theirsubtlestyleandtheirrichhistoricalandliteraryreference.TextAnalysisParagraph1AccordingtoWoolf,aretheremanypeculiarexperiencesintheprofessionofliteratureforwomen?Why/whynot?Whatkindofoccupationiswritingaccordingtoher?Whatis“thereasonwhywomenhavesucceededaswritersbeforetheyhavesucceede
4、dintheotherprofessions”?Whatisthemainideaofparagraphone?Intheprofessionofliterature,theauthorfindsthattherearefewerexperiencespeculiartowomenthaninotherprofessionsbecausemanywomenwritersbeforeherhavemadetheroadsmooth.thestage:With“the”thewordmeansthetheater,drama,oractingasaprofession.Likeliterature
5、,thestageinvolvesmorewomenthanotherprofessions.theroadwascut:路已开辟出来了。路已开辟出来了。makingthepathsmooth:pavingtheway(for)regulatingmysteps:guidingmeasImovedforward指导我向前进指导我向前进Inmyway:(inones/theway)inaplaceorpositionthatpreventssomeoneorsomethingelsefrommovingfreelyThefamilypeacewasnotbrokenbythescratching
6、ofapen. (1)Herethe“familypeace”hastwomeanings:first:calm,quiet,tranquility;second:harmony,lackofworryandquarrels. (2)scratchingofapen: thesoundmadebyanold-fashionedinkpenwhenitmovesonpaperfamilypurse.“purse”standsformoney,financialconditionsfamilypurse:家庭财力/经济Theword“purse”isusedfiguratively.Thiskin
7、dofspeechiscalledmetonymy换喻、转喻.Metonymyisanotherformofmetaphor,inwhichthethingchosenforthemetaphoricalimageiscloselyassociatedwith(butnotanactualpartof)thesubjectwithwhichitistobecompared.E.g.“thewhitehouse”for“thePresident”,“thecrown”for“theKing”or“theQueen”.Hesucceededbythesweatofhisbrow.“sweatofo
8、nesbrow”standsforoneshardworkPianosandmodels,Paris,ViennaandBerlin,mastersandmistresses,arenotneededbyawriter. (1)mastersandmistresses:teachersortutors;professionalpractitionersofmusicorpainting;greatartists.开业者开业者,实践者实践者 (2)Ifyouwanttobeamusicianorapainter,youmustownapianoorhiremodels,andyouhavetov
9、isitorevenliveinculturalcenterslikeParis,ViennaandBerlin.Andalsoyouhavetobetaughtbymastersandmistresses.However,ifyouwanttobeawriter,youdontneedallthese.Paragraph2WhatdidWoolfbuywithherfirstrewardfromwriting?Whatisthemainideaofparagraphtwo?TheauthorsownprofessionalexperiencesButtoshowyouhowlittleIde
10、servetobecalledaprofessionalwoman,howlittleIknowofthestrugglesanddifficultiesofsuchlives,Ihavetoadmitthatinsteadofspendingthatsumuponbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockings,orbutchersbills.Iwentoutandboughtacat-abeautifulcat,aPersiancat,whichverysooninvolvedmeinbitterdisputeswithmyneighbors. Theimplie
11、dmeaningisthatinthelivesofprofessionalwomenthereareusuallystrugglesanddifficulties.Whentheymakesomemoney,theywouldspenditonbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockingsorbutchersbills.Allofwhicharebasicdailynecessities. (1)breadandbutter:asetphrase,meansfoodandthemostimportantandbasicthings.rhetoricaldevice
12、-synecdoche提喻提喻breadandbutter-foodsynecdoche:apartisusedforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orthereverseofanyofthese.Agoodsynecdocheisbasedonanimportantpartofthewholeandnotaminorpartand,usually,thepartselectedtostandforthewholeisthepartmostdirectlyassociatedwiththesubjectunderdiscussi
13、on.E.g.1.Weneed50handsforthework.(Handsratherthanfeetareusedtostandforpeople)2.Heisafootsoldier.(footforinfantrynfntri步兵)Moreexamplesforsynecdoche:A.Thepartforthewhole1.head:personHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.2.heart:bravefellowYetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.B.Thewholeforthepart1.Nam
14、eofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountryAustraliabeatCanadaatfootball.(=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam)2.ThepersonforpartofhisbodyThenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain(=cuthisabdomenbdmn腹部腹部open). (2)butchersbills:Butchersbillsstandformeatboughtfromabutcher.Thisismetonymy.but
15、chersbills-meat(metonymy)Para3WasWoolfsfirstarticleeasytowrite?Whatdidshehavetodobattlewithduringthewritingprocess?WhatistheAngelintheHouselike?Whatdidtheauthordowiththeangel?Wastheangelinthehouseeasytokill?DoChinesewomenhavetodothesamebattle?MainideasofPara3Thespeakerfocusesonthefirstobstacletobeco
16、mingaprofessionalwomenwriter.Sheusesafigureofspeech“killingtheAngelintheHouse”indescribingherdeterminationtogetridoftheconventionalroleofwomeninherwriting.WhatcouldbeeasierthantowritearticlesButwaitamoment. (1)Thespeakerbeginsthispartwitharhetoricalquestion,whichexpectsnoanswer.Thequestionimpliestha
17、twritingarticlesandbuyingPersiancatswiththeprofitswereveryeasy. (2)“Waitamoment”callsforasecondthoughtormoreattentionfromtheaudience,signifyingthatthingsmaynotbeaseasyastheyseemtobe,andthatsomethingimportantiscomingup.Thetwosentencesserveasatransitionaldevicelinkinghersimplestorywithadiscussionofamo
18、reseriousnature.AndwhileIwaswritingthisreviewdobattlewithacertainphantom. (1) dobattlewith:toarguewithsomeoneorfightagainstsomeone. (2) phantom:Theword“phantom”iswellchosenforthediscourse.Ithasaliterarymeaningandafigurativemeaning.Literarilyitmeansghostlyimageorfigure;ghost.Figuratively,itmeansunrea
19、lorimaginedthing,asseeninadreamorvision;illusion.Bothmeaningssuitthecontexthere.Inthetext,thephantomappearstothesightintheformofanangel,andalsoitisamentalrepresentationofthestereotypedVictorianwoman.(1)after:(especiallyinBritishEnglish)giventhesamenameassomeoneelse,especiallyanoldermemberofyourfamil
20、y,e.g.HernameisElizabeth,afterhergrandmother.(2)heroine:thecentralfemalecharacterinanovel,play,etc.,withwhomthereaderoraudienceissupposedtosympathize(3)TheAngelintheHouse:seeNote8inthetextbook.CoventryPatmore,theauthorofthepoem,The Angel in the Hose,seeshiswifeEmilyasaperfectVictorianwifeandheadofth
21、ehome,thuscomparinghertoanangel.Icalledheraftertheheroineofafamouspoem,TheAngelinthehouse.To be continued(4)angel:Theoriginalmeaningoftheword“angel”isamessengerofGodandasupernaturalbeingtowhomareattributedgreaterthanhumanpower,intelligence,etc.Theconventionalizedimageofanangelisoneofawhite-robedfigu
22、reinhumanformwithwingsandahalo.Whenusedfiguratively,thewordmeansapersonregardedasbeingasbeautiful,good,andinnocent,etc.asanangel,especiallysaidofwomenandchildren.Sinceanangelissupernaturalandoftenfemale,itisappropriatefortheauthortocallthephantomanangel.QualitiesoftheangelinthehouseIntenselysympathe
23、tic-strongemotion,firm,seriousImmenselycharming-limitless,vastandhugeUtterlycharming-totally,completely,unconditionallyShewassoconstitutedthatsheneverhadamindorwishofherown.Paraphrase1:Shewasmadeuporformedinsuchawaythatsheneverhadanopinionorwishofherown.Paraphrase2:thetraditionalvaluesthatweresodeep
24、lyrootedinherminddeprivedherofamindofherown.usealltheartsandwilesofoursexArtsandwiles:thetwowordsmeansthesamething“theslyandcunningtricks”.Theauthorisurgedtousethetricksofthefemalesexbecauseawomanhastodosoinordertobesuccessfulinamen-dominatedprofessionHeretheword“arts”(inthepluralform)issynonymofthe
25、word“wiles”.wile:wailn.诡计theuseoftrickstodeceivesomeoneAndshemadeasiftoguidemypen:Shemovedinawaythatitseemthatsheisgoingtoguidemywriting.Makeasiftodosomething:moveinawaythatmakesitseemthatyouaregoingtodosomething.e.g.Fred,stillgrinningme,madeasiftohitme.弗莱德，一直抓着我，似乎要打我。弗莱德，一直抓着我，似乎要打我。Inowrecordtheo
26、neactforwhich下面我要说说多少是我自己决定的一个事情，当然此事的功下面我要说说多少是我自己决定的一个事情，当然此事的功劳主要应归功于我的了不起的祖先，是他们给我留下了一笔劳主要应归功于我的了不起的祖先，是他们给我留下了一笔财产财产比如说每年五百英镑比如说每年五百英镑这样我就不必完全靠女人这样我就不必完全靠女人的魅力去某生了。的魅力去某生了。credit:praise;approvalforanact,abilityoraquality.Iturneduponherandcaughtherbythethroat.turneuponsb:attacksbviolentlycatchsb
27、bythethroat:扼住某人的喉咙扼住某人的喉咙ifIweretobehadupinacourtoflaw,Havesb.up:takesbto(inf.):takesbtocourt.Eg.Lastyearhewashadupfordrunkendriving.HadInotkilledhershewouldhavekilledme.Shewouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.Tokilltheangel:togetridofthoseVictorianattitudesandvaluescompletely-ifshehadnotdoneso,t
28、heseconventionalideaswouldhavedestroyedher.Itisalife-to-deathstruggle.theVictorianconventionsofbeingawomanwilltaketheessenceofherwriting,whichis,asexplainedinthenextsentence,havingamindofyourown,expressingwhatyouthinktobethetruthabouthumanrelations,morality,andsex.Thesentencemeansthoseconventionalat
29、titudeswouldhavetakenawaythemostimportantpartofherwriting,thatis,theessenceofherwriting.pluck:v.摘摘,猛拉猛拉,拔拔.pullorpulloutsharplyheart:n.essenceShediedhard.Shedidntdieeasily.Shehadtobekilled.theimpliedmeaningisthatonehadtofightagainsttheVictoriantraditionsbravelyandresolutelyinordertogetridofthem.Thou
30、ghIflattermyselfthatkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevere;.Greekgrammar,roamingtheworldinsearchofadventuresToillustratebycomparison:-AlthoughImademyselfbelievethatIkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevereandittooksomuchmoretimethanhadbeenexpectedthatonewouldratherspendallthattimeinlearningGreekgramma
31、rortravelingintheworldinsearchofadventures.roam:v.漫游漫游,闲逛闲逛,徜徉徜徉moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestination,ofteninsearchoffoodoremploymentMainideasofPara4AftertheAngelwasdead,thequestionwhichremainstobeansweredis“Whatisawoman?”ItisatransitionallinkbetweentheauthorsfirstandsecondexperiencesImean,whati
32、sawoman?Imean,whatistheidentityofawoman?Theseeminglysimplequestionofwhatisawomanaddressedtheverybasicquestionabouttheidentityandtheroleofawomaninsociety.Whentraditionalvaluesarecriticized,ittakestimefornewvaluestobeshapedandaccepted.Itisalongprocess.Idonotbelievethatanybodycanknowuntilhumanskill-Ibe
33、lievethattoknowwhatisawoman,wewomenhavetoparticipateinalltheartsandprofessionsopentohumanknowledgeandunderstandingandtogiveexpressionstoourfeelingsincreativeforms.Translation:我相信，只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文学我相信，只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文学艺术和专业领域用创造形式表达自己的情感后，艺术和专业领域用创造形式表达自己的情感后，她们才知道她们才知道什么是妇女。什么是妇女。Expressherself:tost
34、ateonesthoughts;togiveexpressionstoonesfeelings,imagination,etc,increativeorartisticactivityHumanskill:here,“skill”meansknowledge,understanding,judgment.Thedefinitionisnolongerinuse.Para5WhydidWoolfwanttobecomeanovelist?Whatisanovelistschiefdesire?Whydoesanovelistwantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquieta
35、ndregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Accordingtowoolf,whatrousesawomanwriterfromhertrance?Domenallowwomenwritertotalkabouttheirbodyandpassion?mainideaofParagraph5As unconscious as possible the 2nd experiencewoolftalksabouthersecondexperienceinherprofessionoflitera
36、ture.Asanovelist,shewishedtoremainasunconsciousaspossiblesothatnothingmightdisturbordisquiettheimagination.Butshewasfacedwiththeconflictbetweenherownapproachtoartandtheconventionalapproachexpectedofherbymalecritics.Shebelievedthatsex-consciousnesswasagreathindrancetowomenswriting.Toillustratethispoi
37、nt,sheemploysasecondfigureofspeech,theimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplake.proceeds:收益theincomeorprofitarisingfromsuchtransactionsasthesaleoflandorotherpropertyastillstrangerthing:更奇怪的事情Heretheword“still”isanadverb,whichissimilarinmeaningto“even”.giveaway:Togiveawayiscolloquial,me
38、aningtoexpose,reveal,orbetray.Whyasunconsciousaspossible?Unconscious?Firstlevelofinterpretation:Freudianconcept,whichreflectstheancientangersandanxietiesSecondlevel:dissatisfiedwithHenryJamesrealisticideasonfictionin“theArtofFiction”,sheexploredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Asforwoolf,sheexp
39、loredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Thedescriptionoftheimmediateflowofhercharactersthoughtsandtheirfeelingsofthemomentwasmoreimportantthantherealisticdepictionoftheirphysicalbehavior.Hehastoinduceinhimselfastateofperpetuallethargy.Induce:v.引诱,招致,感应(formal)tocauseaparticularphysicalcondition.L
40、ethargy:n.昏睡,瞌睡,无力气aconditionofabnormaldrowsiness;agreatlackofenergy;sluggishness,dullnessParaphrase:hehastocauseinhimselfaparticularconditioninwhichhewillremainabnormallybn:mlidrowsyandsluggishforalongtime.Hewantslifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularitytheimaginationdisquiet:disturbnosingabout:
41、Thephraseissimilarinmeaningto“feeinground”,whichreallymeans“tosearchfor”.dart:adartisasudden,quickmovementinaparticulardirectiondashes:adashisasudden,swiftmovement,similartoadart.Paraphrasing:Hewantslifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularitysuddendiscoveriesofthatveryshyandillusivespirit,theimagin
42、ation.-Meetingpeople,readingbooksanddoingthingsaresomeoftheexternalfactorsoftheauthorslife,theroutine,andthepredictablesocialevents.Wantingtoseethesamepeople,toreadthesamebooksanddothesamethingsfurtherexplainsherideaaboutlifewiththeutmostquietandregularity.Reducingeverydaylifetounchangingroutinesavo
43、idshavingtopaymuchattentiontothepeopleandtheevents.Thisorientationhasledtotheestablishmentofsomewriterscoloniesorretreatcenterswhereforatimewritersdonothavetoworryaboutmeals,childrenorhousecleaningbutonlywrite.Chinesetranslation:他希望在写作时，他每天见到的人，读的他希望在写作时，他每天见到的人，读的书，做的事都是相同的，这样任何事物都书，做的事都是相同的，这样任何事物
44、都不会打破他生活的幻想，也不会搅乱不会打破他生活的幻想，也不会搅乱他他的的四处探求以及对那令人难以琢磨的东西四处探求以及对那令人难以琢磨的东西想象力的突然发现。想象力的突然发现。Whydoeshewantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Torespondtothisquestion,wehavetousesomeFreudian(佛洛伊德学说的)terms:theegoandtheid.Freudpostulated(
45、假定假定)theexistenceofthreeinternalforcesthatgovernapersonspsychic(sakk心灵的心灵的)life(1)id(Identity本我本我）theinstinctualforcesoflife，unconscious,uncontrollable,andisolated;(2)theego(自我）自我）theexternalforcethathascontactwiththerealworld;（3）thesuper-ego(超我）超我）thegoverningforce,ormoralconscience,thatseekstocont
46、rolandirecttheegointosociallyacceptablepatternsofbehavior.IntheFreudiansense,woolfisaskingthattheegomanagetheexternalfactorsofherlife-theroutine,thepredictablesocialevents,etc.-sothattheid(orunconscious)wouldbeunrestrained.Inotherwords,sheseekstranquilitytrkwlt平静;安静;安宁inhersurroundingsinordernottodi
47、stractherimagination/unconsciousaway.Therefore,inordernotbedistractedfromhercreativeworkofwriting,awritershouldreducehiseverydaylifetounchangingroutinetoavoidpayingmuchattentiontothepeopleortheevents.Iwantyoutoimaginemewritinganovelinastateoftrance.Iwantyoutofiguretoyourselvesagirlsittingwithapeninh
48、erinherhand,whichforminutes,andindeedforhouses,sheneverdipsintotheinkpot.Bothsentencesechotheideaexpressedearlierthatanovelistschiefdesireistobeasunconsciousaspossible.trance:tr:nsn.梦幻之境,恍惚,apsychologicalstateinducedby(orasifinducedby)amagicalincantation我请你想象我在迷睡的状态中写小说。Theimagethatcomestomymindwhen
49、Ithinkofthisgirlistheimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplakewitharodheldoutoverthewater.Dreamsisfunctionallyequalto“trance”-asunconsciousaspossibleTranslation:当我想到这女孩当我想到这女孩时时，脑海中浮现出一个形象：一脑海中浮现出一个形象：一个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者，他手握鱼竿，沉浸在梦境中。个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者，他手握鱼竿，沉浸在梦境中。Shewaslettingherimaginationsweep
50、uncheckedourunconsciousbeingcranny:n.裂缝,裂隙asmallopeningorcrevice(especiallyinarockfaceorwall)Thedepthsofourunconsciousbeing:无意识的最深层being:生存；存在stateorfactofexistingorliving,existence,life;fundamentaloressentialnatureThesentencemeans:Shewaslettingherimaginationexplorefreelyeverycornerofherinnerworldth
51、atlieshiddeninthedeepestpartsofourunconsciousexistence.Translation:她正让她的想象自由地掠过淹没在我们无意识她正让她的想象自由地掠过淹没在我们无意识的最深层的世界里每一个岩石和裂缝。的最深层的世界里每一个岩石和裂缝。TospeakwithoutfigureshehadthoughtofsomethingwouldbeshockedTospeakwithoutfigure:不用修辞手段，直接了当的说Theword“passion”impliesastrongemotionsuchaslove,sexualdriveordesire
52、andlust.Thesentencemeansherimaginationwasexploringfreelyuntilshethoughtofsomething,somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions.Butsherealizedthatitwasunfittingforherasawomantotellthetruthaboutthebodyandaboutpassionsbecausemenwouldbeshocked.Theconsciousnessofwhatmenwillsayofawomanherartistsstateofunconsci
53、ousness.-sherealizedthatmendidnotapproveofawomandaringtotellthetruthaboutthebodyandherpassions.Theywouldsurelysaybadthingsaboutsuchawoman.Thisrealizationinterruptedherimaginationandrousedherfromthestateofunconsciousness,inwhichanartistdesiredtobe.Translation:她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激情真话
54、的女人，这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。情真话的女人，这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。Theywereimpededbytheextremeconventionalityoftheothersex:impede:v.妨碍,阻碍,阻止beahindranceorobstacletoconventionality:n.陈规陋习,因袭传统theextremeconventionalityoftheothersex：男性极端的因循守旧Idoubt.:Idontthinkseverity:n.严格,严重,严厉.-Theprogressofwomenwriterswashinderedbymens
55、extremelyconventionalthoughtsandbehaviors.Para6Whyisthesecondobstaclemoredifficulttosolve?WhatisthemainideaofPara6Thisparagraphsumsuptheauthorstwoexperiences,pointingoutthatthesecondobstacleismoredifficulttoovercomethanthefirst.Womenhavemanyprejudicestoovercomeintheprofessionofliteratureandespeciall
56、yinnewprofessionsthatwomenareentering.OutwardlyVsinwardlyTheauthorismakingcontrastbetweentheoutwardandtheinward.Outward:apparent,observable,andvisible,inward:ontheinsideof,orbelongingtotheinnernatureofaperson,mentalandspiritual.Inwardly,Ithink,thecaseisverydifferent;shestillhasmanyghoststofight,many
57、prejudicestoovercome.Theword“ghost”issimilarinmeaningto“phantom”usedinParagraph3.从内心世界讲，情况颇为不同。妇女还要与许多鬼怪做斗从内心世界讲，情况颇为不同。妇女还要与许多鬼怪做斗争，还有许多偏见需要克服。争，还有许多偏见需要克服。WhatisthemainideaofPara7Inthelastparagraph,Woolfconcludesherspeechbyraisingsomeimportantquestionsconcerningthenewroleofwomenandthenewrelationsh
58、ipbetweenmenandwomen.Evenwhenthepathisnominallyopenloominginherway:-evenwhenthepathisopentowomeninnameonly,whenoutwardlythereisnothingtopreventawomanfrombeingadoctor,alawyer,acivilservant,inwardlytherearestillfalseideasandobstaclesimpedingawomansprogress.nominally:ad.有名无实地,名义上地,名称上innameonlyloom:n.织
59、布机v.朦胧地出现,隐约可见,atextilemachineforweavingyarnintoatextile;comeintoviewindistinctly,oftenthreateninglyTodiscussanddefinethemisIthinkofgreatvalueandimportance;forthusonlycanthelabourbeshared,thedifficultiesbesolved:ends:Thewordinthepluralformmeansanoutcome,resultorconsequence.formidable:a.强大的,可怕的1.extr
60、emelyimpressiveinstrengthorexcellence2.inspiringfear讨论和界定这些障碍是十分必要的，因为只有如此我们才能共讨论和界定这些障碍是十分必要的，因为只有如此我们才能共同努力克服困难。同努力克服困难。aroomofonesownAroomofonesowninthehouse:the3rdmetaphorWoolfusesinthisspeech.aroom:notonlyspaceforliving,butalsospaceforcreativeactivity.Here,itiscomparedtofreedom.Thehouse:thepatr
61、iarchalsocietythroughfightingagainsttheangelinthehouse,throughgreatlaborandeffort,somewomenhavegainedapositionorcertainfreedominasocietywhichhasbeenuptonowdominatedbymen.“notwithout”isdoublenegative.Thesentencecanbeunderstoodinthisway:Youareabletopaytherent,thoughyouhavetodothisthroughgreatlabourandeffort.uponwhatterms：onwhatconditions,agreementdoyoushareyourlifewithamen
