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1、Knowledge and WisdomUnit 3Unit 8Knowledge and WisdomUnit 8Unit4Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.1. Why does the teacher include a painting which is not on their syllabus?Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationShe wants to tea
2、ch her students how to think independently.The new syllabus will be about what art is, what makes it good or bad, and who decides.2. What is the new syllabus for their art of history class?Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBetty Warren: What i
3、s that?Katherine Watson: You tell me. Carcass by Soutine. 1925.An anonymous student: It is not on the syllabus.Katherine: No, its not. Is it any good? En? Come on, ladies! There is no wrong answer. There is also no textbook telling you what to think. Its not that easy, is it?Betty: All right. No, it
4、 is not good. In fact, I wouldnt even call it art. Its grotesque.Connie Baker: Is there a rule against being grotesque?Giselle Levy: I think there is something aggressive about it. And erotic.Video Script1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationFrom Mona Lisa SmileVideo Script2Audiovisual Suppleme
5、ntCultural InformationBetty: To you, everything is erotic.Giselle: And everything is erotic.Katherine: Girls.The anonymous student: Arent there standards?Betty: Of course there are. Otherwise a tacky velvet painting could be equated to Rembrandt.Connie: My uncle Firdie has two tacky velvet paintings
6、. He loves those clones.Betty: There are standards, technique, composition, color, even subjects. So if youre suggesting that rotted side of meat is art, much less good art. Then what are we going to learn?Video Script3Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationKatherine: Just that. You have outlined
7、 our new syllabus, Betty. Thank you. What is art? What makes it good or bad? And who decides? Next slide, please. Twenty-five years ago, someone thought this was brilliant.Connie: I can see that.Betty: Who?Katherine: My mother, I painted it for her birthday. Next slide. This is my Mum. Is it art?The
8、 anonymous student: It is a snapshot.Katherine: If I told you Ansel Adams had taken it, would that make a difference?Video Script4Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBetty: Art isnt art until someone says it is.Katherine: Its art!Betty: The right people.Katherine: Who are they?Giselle: Betty W
9、arren. We are so lucky we have one of them right here.Betty: Screw you.Katherine: Could you go back to the Soutine please?lNumerous studies of college classrooms reveal that, rather than actively involving our students in learning, we lecture, even though lectures are not nearly as effective as othe
10、r means for developing cognitive skills.lCritical thinking the capacity to evaluate skillfully and fairly the quality of evidence and detect error, hypocrisy, manipulation, dissembling, and bias is central to both personal success and national needs. lThe teacher who fosters critical thinking foster
11、s reflectiveness in students by asking questions that stimulate thinking essential to the construction of knowledge.Cultural information 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationCritical ThinkingGlobal Reading - Main idea 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisFor all the things we may learn from the wo
12、rld we are living in, there are three major categories.lThe first category is “information”, which consists of simple facts and direct impressions. lThe second category is commonly deemed as “knowledge”, which is information processed and systemized. lThe third category is “wisdom”, which is the har
13、dest to define. We are quite clear about its superiority to the previous two categories, yet for the realm of wisdom there has never been a sure path. However, in this excerpt, Russell has shown us a way to approach wisdom. Rhetorical FeaturesGlobal Reading - Main idea 2Text AnalysisStructural Analy
14、sisIn a very logical order, he gives four features of wisdom, from which we learn that wisdom is a clever use of knowledge for noble purposes.Rhetorical FeaturesStructural analysis 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisThe text is neatly structured, with the first paragraph introducing the topic and the
15、other four paragraphs elaborating on it. Each of the four paragraphs discusses one factor that contributes to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.The topic sentence of P
16、aragraphs 2-5:Paragraph 2:Rhetorical FeaturesStructural analysis 2Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisThere must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life.Paragraph 3:It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.Paragraph 4:I think the essenc
17、e of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now.Paragraph 5:Rhetorical FeaturesStructural analysis 3Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisFactors that constitute wisdom:l comprehensiveness mixed with a sense of proportion; l a full awareness of the goals of human life
18、; l understanding; l impartiality.Rhetorical FeaturesRhetorical Features 1Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical Features In this essay, parallelism is employed, apart from other rhetoric devices. Here is an example: “But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the o
19、ne hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.” The underlined parts in the quoted sentence constitute equivalent syntactic constructions, thus making the expression more forceful. Parallelism can also be
20、 used to convey ones ideas more clearly and create a sense of order and proportion.Rhetorical Features 2Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical Features Other examples of parallelism in the essay: enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Afri
21、ca. (Paragraph 2)This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. (Paragraph 2)Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling
22、. (Paragraph 3)Rhetorical Features 3Text AnalysisStructural AnalysisRhetorical FeaturesIt is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. (Paragraph 3)It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. (Paragraph 4) Most peop
23、le would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to tea
24、ch it. Bertrand RussellKnowledge and Wisdom(abridged)Detailed reading1Detailed Reading1Detailed reading2Detailed Reading There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a pr
25、oblem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult
26、 and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions2Detailed reading3Detailed Readingmay have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering th
27、e infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybodys m
28、ind at the present time: You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentallyDetailed reading4Detailed Readingplace in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless i
29、t is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge. Detailed reading5Detailed Reading Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the en
30、ds of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it
31、started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year 400AD3Detailed reading6Detailed Readingdown to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in t
32、he world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I call wisdom. Detailed reading7Detailed Reading It is no
33、t only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achie
34、vement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for the philosophers stone and the elixir of life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted. 4Detailed reading8Detailed ReadingTo descend to less
35、 heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr. A and Mr. B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you go to Mr. A and say, “Why do you hate Mr. B?” He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr. Bs vices, partly true, partly false. And now s
36、uppose you go to Mr. B. He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr. As vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr. A and say, “You will be surprised to learn that Mr. B says the same things about you as you say about him”, and you go to Mr. B and make a
37、 similar speech. Detailed reading9Detailed ReadingThe first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the others injustice. But perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the othe
38、r has only the normal share of human wickedness, and that their enmity is harmful to both. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragments of wisdom. Detailed reading10Detailed Reading I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now.
39、 We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his hori
40、zon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, 5Detailed reading11Detailed Readinghe achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone c
41、ould, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impa
42、rtiality that constitutes growth in wisdom. Is there any orthodox definition of wisdom? Detailed reading1-Quesion 1No. There is disagreement over what wisdom is.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1-Quesion 2What does the writer try to illustrate by the examples of research in medicine and study of the
43、atom respectively? In the first place, they are examples of the proposition raised at the very beginning of the text: although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. The problem, according to the essay, is partly due to the fact that i
44、t is now more difficult to acquire a sense of proportion, or the ability to assign different weights to various factors respectively, thus achieving balance. In consequence, breakthroughs in science are likely to bring about corresponding harms to the human race. Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1-Qu
45、esion 3According to the writer, how are feelings related to wisdom? If one harbours narrow feelings, his research and study could be harmful to the society. The research could be done in the interest of a small group; the result of his study could be biased. So knowledgeable as he is, he is not a wi
46、se man. To implant wisdom, one is required to make efforts to restrain the narrow personal feelings and have a more extensive passion for human life. Wisdom consists not only of the ability to judge what is most important but also of a full awareness of the goals of human life.Detailed ReadingDetail
47、ed reading1-Quesion 4Why is wisdom a necessary quality in people and culture? According to Russell, the vices of the lack of wisdom are obvious and palpable, ranging from disturbance to public life, including most notably the upset of world peace, to unpleasant incidents in private life. Meanwhile,
48、there seems to be an imbalance in the growth of knowledge and wisdom, which is very likely to make things even worse. So, wisdom is necessary for both personal and cultural developments. Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1-Quesion 5What, according to Russell, is the essence of wisdom? And how does tha
49、t explain the process to attain wisdom? According to Russell, the essence of wisdom is impartiality, or emancipation from egoistic or temporal concerns. It is naturally difficult for man to attain impartiality, as man is naturally bound up by his own physical states from his birth. As he grows, howe
50、ver, his horizon widens, his concerns get beyond from the limits of time and space, and his feelings become more impersonal, thus the growth of impartiality and wisdom.Detailed Readingsurpass v. exceed, be greater thanDetailed reading1 surpass e.g. The student was surpassing himself in mathematics.T
51、oms performance surpassed all expectations. Detailed ReadingThe amount of petrol a car uses is relative to its speed.e.g.Detailed reading1 correlative 1correlative a.having or showing a relation to sth. elsee.g. Rights, whether moral or legal, can involve correlative duties.Detailed ReadingDerivatio
52、n:correlate (v.) correlation (n.)Comparison:relative (to) a. If sth. is relative to sth. else, it varies according to the speed or level of the other thing. Are these documents relative to the discussion?e.g.Detailed reading1 correlative 2Detailed ReadingComparison:If sth. is relative to a particula
53、r subject, it is connected with it. Detailed reading1- proportion 1proportion n.the correct relation in size, degree, etc. between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole e.g.When a teacher decides upon his students comprehensive score for a course taken, he has to consider the proport
54、ion of examination to coursework.Your legs are very much in proportion to the rest of your body.I think a certain amount of worry about work is very natural, but youve got to keep it in proportion. Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 proportion 2Detailed Readinga sense of proportionthe ability to unde
55、rstand what is important and what is notDetailed reading1 duedue a.proper, adequatee.g. They will surely meet with due punishment.Due care must be taken while one is driving.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 disinteresteddisinterested a.having no personal involvement or receiving no personal advanta
56、ge, and therefore able to judge a situation fairly e.g.a disinterested observer/judgmenta piece of disinterested adviceDetailed ReadingDerivation:interest (v.) interested (a.) interesting (a.)Detailed reading1 spectacularspectacular a.attracting excited notice, gradually unusual e.g. The party suffe
57、red a spectacular loss in the election.Weve had spectacular success with the product.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 lunaticlunatic n.a person who is mad, foolish, or wilde.g. He drives like a lunatic.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 endend n.a goal or desired result e.g. Do you have a particular
58、 end in mind?He wanted science students to take an interest in the arts, and to this end he ran literature classes at his home on Sunday afternoons.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 inculcateinculcate v.fix beliefs or ideas in sb.s mind, especially by repeating them oftene.g. Our football coach has
59、worked hard to inculcate a team spirit in/into the players.They will try to inculcate you with a respect for culture.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 emancipationemancipation n.freedom from political, moral, intellectual or social restraints offensive to reason or justice e.g. womens / female emanc
60、ipationblack emancipationthe emancipation of mankindthe emancipation of the serfsDetailed ReadingSynonym: freeing, liberation, unyoking Detailed reading1 inherentlyinherently ad. existing as a natural or basic part of sth. e.g.Theres nothing inherently wrong with his ideas. Mountaineering is inheren
61、tly dangerous.Power stations are themselves inherently inefficient.Detailed ReadingSynonym: intrinsically, essentially, innately Detailed reading1 the philosophers stone and the elixir of life the philosophers stone and the elixir of life These are two of the major preoccupations of alchemy. The phi
62、losophers stone could convert all metal into what was considered its most refined form, the element gold. The elixir of life would instill perpetual youth.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 confer on confer on / upon give or grant (an official title, degree, honour, right or advantage to someone)e.g.
63、 The minister may have exceeded the powers conferred on him by Parliament.An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Peking University.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 appallingappalling a. horrifying, shockinge.g. When will this appalling war end?Prisoners were kept in the most appalling condit
64、ions.The plight of the starving refugees is appalling.Detailed ReadingDerivation: appal (v.) appalled (a.)Detailed reading1 vicevice n.evil or unprincipled conduct, criminal or immoral behavioure.g. Greed, pride, envy, dishonesty and lust are considered to be vices.The chief of police said that he w
65、as committed to wiping out vice in the city.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 admixtureadmixture n.a thing added, esp. as a minor ingredient e.g. green with an admixture of blackDetailed ReadingDetailed reading1 enmityenmity n.a feeling of hatee.g. enmity between Protestants and Catholicsfamily feud
66、s and enmitiesDetailed ReadingSynonym:hostility, animosity, opposition, resentmentDetailed reading1 instill instill v.gradually but firmly establish (an idea or attitude, especially a desirable one) in a persons minde.g. It is part of a teachers job to instill self-confidence into his/her students.D
67、etailed ReadingSynonym:inculcatefairness, justice, objectivity, neutrality, open-mindednessDetailed reading1 impartialityimpartiality n.the condition of treating all rivals or disputants equallye.g.The state must ensure the independence and impartiality of the justice system.His impartiality was hig
68、hly suspect.Detailed ReadingDerivation: partial (a.), partiality (n.), partially (ad.), impartial (a.), impartially (ad.)Synonym:Detailed reading1 Most people Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom
69、. Paraphrase: Most people believe that knowledge is not equal to wisdom as past history has suggested that the acquisition of knowledge does not necessarily lead to the increase of wisdom.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 Of these Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to ta
70、ke account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.Explanation:The whole sentence means that among the contributing factors of wisdom, I should regard a sense of proportion as the top priority. It refers to the ability to get a comprehensive view of a problem,
71、and at the same time, to know which aspect is more important and which is less.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 Many eminent Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions.Paraphrase: Viewpoints of many distinguish
72、ed historians have proved harmful because their opinions were biased and distorted by their narrow feelings. Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 Even an end Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement.Paraphr
73、ase:It would be unwise to pursue a goal that is bound to fail, although it might be noble to do so.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 I think the essence I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. Paraphrase:I think the essence of wisdom i
74、s to get ones horizons free from the confinement of time and space.Detailed ReadingDetailed reading1 I think the essence Class Activity Each student is asked to quote a wise idea from ancient Chinese classics and share with each other why you think it is enlightening. Detailed ReadingConsolidation A
75、ctivities- Vocabulary mainWord DerivationPhrase PracticeSynonym / AntonymVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarConsolidation Activities-Phrase practice 11) benefit v. beneficent a. beneficial a. beneficiary n.VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting
76、GrammarI feel that I have benefited greatly from her wisdom.我感觉自己从她的智慧当中获益良多。我感觉自己从她的智慧当中获益良多。I am lucky to have such a beneficent aunt.我庆幸自己有这样一位慷慨仁慈的阿姨。我庆幸自己有这样一位慷慨仁慈的阿姨。A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health.去乡下待上一阵子对他的健康很有好处。去乡下待上一阵子对他的健康很有好处。e.g.Her husband was the chief benefic
77、iary of her will.她的丈夫是她的遗嘱的主要受益人。她的丈夫是她的遗嘱的主要受益人。Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar2) desire v. desirable a. desirous a. Ant. undesirable a.The hotel had everything you could possibly desire.这家旅馆可以提供你想要的几乎一切服务。这家旅馆可以提供你想要的几乎
78、一切服务。Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim.减小学校的班级规模是一个大家都想实现的目标。减小学校的班级规模是一个大家都想实现的目标。The duke is desirous of meeting you.公爵十分盼望与您会面。公爵十分盼望与您会面。e.g.Houses near industrial sites often do not sell so quickly because they are regarded as undesirable.临近工业区的房子不太受欢迎，所以通常都不好卖。临近工业区的房子不太受欢迎，所以
79、通常都不好卖。Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3) horizon n. horizontal a. horizontally ad.Travelling certainly broadens your horizons.旅行能够拓宽你的视野。旅行能够拓宽你的视野。Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page.请在这一页的最下方划一条水平线。请在这一
80、页的最下方划一条水平线。The head turns horizontally from side to side.头部保持在一个水平面上，从一侧转向另一侧。头部保持在一个水平面上，从一侧转向另一侧。e.g.We should leave our descendants a clean world to live in.Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar4) descend v. descent n. desc
81、ending a. descendant n.The path descended steeply into the valley.这条小路沿着陡峭的山崖向下一直通向谷底。这条小路沿着陡峭的山崖向下一直通向谷底。The plane began to make its final descent into the airport.飞机已经开始进行到达机场前的最后一段降落了。飞机已经开始进行到达机场前的最后一段降落了。Arrange the numbers in descending order.请将这些数字进行降序排列。请将这些数字进行降序排列。e.g.我们应该留给子孙后代一个洁净无污染的居住环
82、境。我们应该留给子孙后代一个洁净无污染的居住环境。In view of more and more college graduates leaving campus every year, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable jobs for everyone.Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar5) increase v. increas
83、ing a. increasingly ad.The cost of the project has increased dramatically since it began.项目自从开始以后，其成本已经大大增加。项目自从开始以后，其成本已经大大增加。Increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute.各方正在为了结束这次争端而付出更多的努力。各方正在为了结束这次争端而付出更多的努力。随着大学毕业生人数的逐年增多，大家想要找到合适的工随着大学毕业生人数的逐年增多，大家想要找到合适的工作变得越来越难了。作变得越来越难了。e.g.Consol
84、idation Activities-Phrase practice 6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar6) philosophy n. philosopher n. philosophical a.Live now, pay later thats many young peoples philosophy of life today!超前消费，活在当下，这是现如今许多年轻人的生活超前消费，活在当下，这是现如今许多年轻人的生活理念。理念。Plato was a Greek philosop
85、her.柏拉图是一位希腊哲学家。柏拉图是一位希腊哲学家。He was philosophical about losing the contract.对于丢掉了合同这件事，他表现得很释然。对于丢掉了合同这件事，他表现得很释然。e.g.Theres no need to be unduly pessimistic about the situation.Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 7VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar7) due a. dul
86、y ad. Ant. undue a. unduly ad. Their first baby is due in January.他们的孩子预产期在一月份，这是他们的第一个孩子。他们的孩子预产期在一月份，这是他们的第一个孩子。He knew he had been wrong, and duly apologized.他知道自己错了，赶紧表示歉意。他知道自己错了，赶紧表示歉意。Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local tax payer.如此大的税收增幅会给当地的纳税人带来过多的负担。如此大的税收增幅会给当地的
87、纳税人带来过多的负担。e.g.对于当前的形势没必要过度的悲观。对于当前的形势没必要过度的悲观。Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar8) standard a. standardize v. standardization n. Most announcers on the BBC speak standard English.英国广播公司的多数播音员说的是英国广播公司的多数播音员说的是“标准英语标准英语”。We
88、use standardized parts in any model of car we make.我们旗下不同型号的汽车使用的均是标准化配件。我们旗下不同型号的汽车使用的均是标准化配件。Standardization of order forms reduces delivery time.定单标准化可以缩短交货时间。定单标准化可以缩短交货时间。e.g.4) You must the fact that they are only children when you consider the case.3) Having decided on the goals, the business
89、 executives the particulars. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar1) What are the qualifications a website designer?required of_2) We have never interfere in the internal affairs of your country.sought to_descended to_put fi
90、rst_Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar5) It was considered inappropriate for a former Prime Minister to commerce.engage in_6) The sense of humour is mysteriously national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might fin
91、d it hard to laugh at a Russian joke.bound up with_Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarrequire sth. of sb.: regard an action, ability, or quality as due from (someone) by virtue of their positione.g.作为受托人，他必须要谨慎而且勤奋。作为受托人，他
92、必须要谨慎而且勤奋。Care and diligence were required of him as a trustee.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarseek to: try to or attempt to do (sth.) e.g.发电厂正在力图减少石油的用量。发电厂正在力图减少石油的用量。Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of
93、oil.教师们一直致力于废除填鸭式教学。教师们一直致力于废除填鸭式教学。Teachers have been seeking to reject the teaching method of spoon-feeding.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammardescend to: act in a shameful way that is far below ones usual standardse.g.我
94、真没想到她会堕落到去偷窃。我真没想到她会堕落到去偷窃。I never thought she would descend to stealing.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarput sth. first: regard sth. as more important than any other thingse.g.职业女性往往会将工作放在首位。职业女性往往会将工作放在首位。Career women
95、tend to put their work first.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarengage in: take part in sth. e.g.两国政府同意进行全面的对话来解决该问题。两国政府同意进行全面的对话来解决该问题。The two governments have agreed to engage in a comprehensive dialogue to resolve the
96、problem.这个城市中的一部分警察正在参与犯罪。这个城市中的一部分警察正在参与犯罪。Some policemen in the city are engaged in crime.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarbound up with: closely connected or involvede.g.鲸鱼的生存与海洋水质密切相关。鲸鱼的生存与海洋水质密切相关。The survival of w
97、hales is intimately bound up with the health of the ocean.enhance, advance Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym11. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.Antonym: following, subsequent, succ
98、eeding 2. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it.Synonym: VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybodys mind at the present time impressive, sensational
99、 Synonym: Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym24. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life.Antonym: unawareness, ignorance, unconsciousness5. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year 400AD down to his own time Germany had be
100、en the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world.Synonym: instill, indoctrinateVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarConsolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym36. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from per
101、sonal prejudice.Antonym:confinement, restriction, restraint VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar7. He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr Bs vices, partly true, partly false.Antonym: virtue 8. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if any
102、one could, he would hardly be able to remain alive.Synonym: fairness, indifference, neutralityConsolidation Activities- Grammar mainVocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingitthere Conjunctions Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.1itVocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated S
103、killsOral ActivitiesWriting You can use it as the subject of a link verb such as “be”. Usually it refers to something that has just been mentioned. You can also use it as the subject of be to say what the time, distance or weather is. You can use it with a link verb and an adjective to describe an e
104、xperience. After the adjective, you use an “-ing” form or a “to” infinitive. You can use it with a link verb and an adjective to describe the experience of being in a particular place. After the adjective, you use an adjunct of place. You can use it with an adjective or noun group to comment on aCon
105、solidation Activities- Grammar1.2VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingwhole situation. After the adjective or noun group, you use a “that” clause. You can sometimes use a “wh” clause instead of a “that” clauseFor example:I like your British accent. I think its quite at
106、tractive. (something just mentioned)Its seven oclock. (time)It was terribly cold. (weather)Its nice hearing your voice again. (an experience)Its important to know your own limitations. (an action)Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.2VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting
107、For example:It was cozy in the car. (a place)It is lucky that I am going abroad. (a situation)Its funny how people change. (a situation)Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.3Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with It. VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIt is no
108、 good getting annoyed.1. Getting annoyed is no good. It was far from clear where the sound was coming from.2. Where the sound was coming from was far from clear. It is impossible to make a living from her painting.3. To make a living from her painting is impossible.Consolidation Activities- Grammar1
109、.4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIt is obvious that you already know my secret.4. That you already know my secret is obvious.It will be surprising if the two countries dont reach an agreement. 5. If the two countries dont reach an agreement soon will be surprisin
110、g. It is a wonder that losses are not much greater.6. Losses are not much greater is a wonder. there When you want to say that something exists, or when you want to mention the presence of something, you can use “there” followed by “be” and a noun group. The noun group is usually followed by an adju
111、nct, a wh-clause, or one of the adjectives “available”, “present”, or “free”.Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral activitiesWritingGrammarVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarFor example:Theres a lot of traffic on this road to
112、night. There will be no one to help you.1. freezing very hard. ice on the lake tomorrow.2. a garage behind the hotel? Yes, but rather full. I dont think room for your car.3. going to be a bus strike tomorrow. all right if a fine day; but if wet, long queues on the underground.Consolidation Activitie
113、s- Grammar2.4Insert it + be or there + be in the following sentences.VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIt is_There will be_Is there_it is_there is_There is_It will be_it is_it is_there will be_Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated Skil
114、lsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar4. foolish to drive fast when foggy. 5. a knock at his door. “ me. Are you in?” Somebody said urgently. 6. a revolver lying there. borrowed from my neighbour.It is_it is_There was_It is_There was_It was_Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which links two clauses, grou
115、ps, or words. There are two kinds of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. If you are simply linking clauses, you use a coordinating conjunction. When you are adding a clause in order to develop some aspect of what you are saying, you use a subordinating conjunction.
116、 The coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, nor, or, then, yet. Some of the most frequent subordinating conjunctions are:although, despite, though, when, as, if, unless, whenever, because, in spite of, whereas, while.Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated skillsOral a
117、ctivitiesWritingGrammarVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarConsolidation Activities- Grammar2.2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarFor example:Her son lives at home and has a steady job. (coordinating conjunction)Visit your local dealer
118、 or phone for a brochure. (coordinating conjunction)He had cancer although it was detected at an early stage. (subordinating conjunction)If he had had a gun, he would have killed the man. (subordinating conjunction)1. in doubt, most drivers apply the brakes.2. Mary wrote down the address she should
119、forget.3. I will come, you asked me.4. Did you buy your curtains do you make your own?5. she was eighteen, her mother didnt like her to stay out late. 6. Make sure you get plenty of rest, you dont fall asleep at work. Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.4Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctio
120、ns.VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarWhen_lest_since_or_Although_so that_Consolidation Activities- Translation11. 我们应该充分考虑这个项目的费用和可能遇到的困难。我们应该充分考虑这个项目的费用和可能遇到的困难。 (take account of)We should take full account of the cost of the project and the difficulties we might e
121、ncounter.VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingIf you take account of something or take something into account, you consider or remember something when judging a situation.Consolidation Activities- Translation2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritin
122、gGrammarPractice： 我刚好在考试前生病了，希望老师改卷子时能够考虑到我的我刚好在考试前生病了，希望老师改卷子时能够考虑到我的情况。情况。好的建筑师在进行建筑设计时，会将周边的环境也考虑在好的建筑师在进行建筑设计时，会将周边的环境也考虑在内。内。I hope my teacher will take account of the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper.A good architect takes account of the buildings surroundings.
123、Consolidation Activities- Translation32. 好天气是这次远征科学考察成功的原因之一。好天气是这次远征科学考察成功的原因之一。 (contribute to)VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe fair weather contributed to the success of the scientific expedition.If something contributes to an event or situation, it helps to
124、 cause or bring about it.Consolidation Activities- Translation4Practice： 吸烟是导致他早死的原因之一。吸烟是导致他早死的原因之一。飞涨的地价是造成住房建筑成本高的原因之一。飞涨的地价是造成住房建筑成本高的原因之一。VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarSmoking contributed to his early death.Soaring land prices contribute to the high cost of
125、 housing.Consolidation Activities- Translation53. 巴西球星罗纳尔多巴西球星罗纳尔多（Ronaldo）在在2002年世界杯足球赛中年世界杯足球赛中射进好几个精彩的球。射进好几个精彩的球。(spectacular)VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarRonaldo, one of the football stars from Brazil, scored several spectacular goals in 2002 FIFA World Cu
126、p.Something that is spectacular is beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way. Consolidation Activities- Translation6Practice：在泰山之巅，我们可以一览其壮丽景色。在泰山之巅，我们可以一览其壮丽景色。郭晶晶的这一跳再次令人惊叹。郭晶晶的这一跳再次令人惊叹。VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarFrom the top of Mount Tai, we can enjoy
127、spectacular mountain scenery.It was another spectacular dive from Guo Jingjing.Consolidation Activities- Translation74. 摆脱坏习惯需要耐心和毅力。摆脱坏习惯需要耐心和毅力。(emancipation from )VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPatience and perseverance are required in emancipation from bad ha
128、bits.Emancipation is the process of giving people social or political freedom and rights.Consolidation Activities- Translation8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPractice：并不是所有的人都赞同女性应该从父权与夫权中解放出来。并不是所有的人都赞同女性应该从父权与夫权中解放出来。即使是西方的媒体也没有完全实现摆脱国家的政治控制。即使是西方的媒体也没有完全实现摆脱国家
129、的政治控制。Not all people are in favor of female emancipation from the domination of fathers and husbands. Even the press in the West does not realize complete emancipation from state controls.Consolidation Activities- Translation75. 他们努力将这些新观念灌输到学生的头脑中去。他们努力将这些新观念灌输到学生的头脑中去。(instill)VocabularyTranslatio
130、n Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThey tried to instill such new ideas into students minds.If you instill into somebody something, you put a feeling, idea or principle gradually into someones mind, so that it has a strong influence on the way they think or behaveConsolidation Activitie
131、s- Translation8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPractice：所有的家长都必须让他们的孩子知道在面对危险时提高警所有的家长都必须让他们的孩子知道在面对危险时提高警惕和保持理智的重要性。惕和保持理智的重要性。我们正在努力为客人们营造一种舒适，高品质以及安全的我们正在努力为客人们营造一种舒适，高品质以及安全的感受。感受。Every parent must instill into their children the need to be vigilant and sensib
132、le in face of danger.We are trying to instill into our guest a feeling of comfort, quality, and safety.Consolidation Activities- Integrated skillsVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarDictationClozeConsolidation Activities- Integrated skills1VocabularyTranslation Integr
133、ated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarDictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third readin
134、g, you should check what you have written down.Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarScience, especially twentieth-century science, / has provided us with a glimpse of something / we never really knew before, / the revelation
135、of human ignorance. / We have been used to the belief, / down one century after another, / that we more or less comprehend everything, / and that we have never lacked for explanations / of the world and its ways. / Now we are being brought up short, / and this has been the work of science. / We have
136、 a wilderness of mystery / to make our way through in the centuries ahead, / and we willDictation Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarneed science for this / but not science alone. / We shall also need minds at work from all
137、 sorts of brains / outside the fields of science, / most of all the brains of poets, of course, / but also those of artists, musicians, philosophers, historians, writers in general. We need a revolution in the aims and methods of academic inquiry. Instead of giving priority to the search for knowled
138、ge, academia needs to devote itself to seeking and promoting wisdom by rational means, wisdom being the capacity to realize what is (1) value in life, for oneself and (2) . A basic task ought to be to help humanity learn how to (3) a better world. Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills4Vocabula
139、ryTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarof_Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.others_create_Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Acquiring scientific knowledge dis
140、sociated (4) a more basic concern for (5) , as we do at present, is dangerously and damagingly irrational. Natural science has been extraordinarily successful in increasing knowledge. This has been of great (6) to humanity. But new knowledge and technological know-how increase our power to act which
141、, (7) wisdom, may cause human suffering and death as well as human benefit. (8) our modern global problems have arisen in this way: global warming, the lethal character of modern war and terrorism, vast from_wisdom_benefit _without_All _inequalities of wealth and power round the globe, rapid increas
142、e in population, rapid extinction of other species, even the aids epidemic (aids being spread by modern travel). All these have been (9) possible by modern science dissociated from the rational pursuit of wisdom. If we are to (10) in this century the horrors of the last (11) wars, death camps, dicta
143、torships, poverty, environmental damage we urgently need to learn how to acquire more wisdom, which in (12) means that our institutions of learning become devoted to that end.Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarmade_avoid_on
144、e_turn_Consolidation Activities- Hints1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarInstead of using the adjective “valuable” as the complement of is, you can sometimes use “of” and a noun, here value to describe the same meaning. This is a rather formal use. Consolidation Act
145、ivities- Hints2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIn view of the coordinating conjunction and, we need a pronoun to parallel with oneself, which refers to those not already mentioned. Consolidation Activities- Hints3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Activit
146、iesWritingGrammarHere following to -infinitive, the basic form of a verb is expected. And it has to be a transitive one, which can collocate with a better world. A verb which means to “build up” is a possible choice.Consolidation Activities- Hints4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Activiti
147、esWritingGrammarAfter the noun group scientific knowledge, there is a clause beginning with a past participle dissociated, which means “disconnected or separated”. And this clause serves as a condition. A very similar structure is repeated in the coming part, which goes as modern science dissociated
148、 from the rational pursuit of wisdom.Consolidation Activities- Hints5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarHere we need an object for preposition for, which is directed at the topic of this passage. The same idea is repeated in the next paragraph, which goes as modern s
149、cience dissociated from the rational pursuit of wisdom. Consolidation Activities- Hints6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarHere after has been, a complement is needed. Instead of using an adjective and a grading adverb, we use of and a noun to comment on the fact men
150、tioned in the last sentence. The word we need here must have a positive meaning as the phrase as well as human benefit indicates in the coming sentence. Consolidation Activities- Hints7VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarBut is used to introduce a clause contrasting w
151、ith what has already been mentioned, a negation is naturally expected to mean “not having the benefit of wisdom”. Consolidation Activities- Hints8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarSeemingly, this sentence is perfectly complete. In front of the possessive determiner
152、our, a pre-determiner is the most probable choice here. The subject of the next sentence all these can be a hint of this blank.Consolidation Activities- Hints9VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarHave been and by hint at a passive verb, which at the same time can be us
153、ed with possible as object complement to mean “cause to become”. Consolidation Activities- Hints10VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarTo -infinitive phrases are used after “be” to indicate that something is planned to happen. And the context indicates that we try to p
154、revent the horrors from happening again.Consolidation Activities- Hints11VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIn view of this century, we need a pronoun referring to the last century. Consolidation Activities- Hints12VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Activiti
155、esWritingGrammarThe relative clause led by which, is a consequence of the idea mentioned in the previous sentence. We need a phrase beginning with in to indicate such a result.Consolidation Activities- Oral activitiesVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarGiving a TalkMa
156、king a DialogueConsolidation Activities- Oral activities11. Giving a TalkTopic: National pride or ethnocentrism?Viewpoints for reference:VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarlThe belief that the state is of primary importance.lThe belief that one state is naturally sup
157、erior to all other states.lA promotion of expansion into new territories, usually with the claim that the existing territory is too small or is not able to physically or economically sustain the nations population.lAn expression of intense support for ones nation, often characterized by authoritaria
158、nism. A responsibility to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of peoples health, the nations, the world, nature or industries.Consolidation Activities- Having a discussion22. Making a DialogueViewpoints for reference1) My interests and responsibilities as a scientistVocabularyTranslation Inte
159、grated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarA strong curiosity about reality.A desire to understand why the world is as we see it and how it came to be.A desire to introduce a new understanding of the natural world.Consolidation Activities- Having a discussion3VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated S
160、killsOral ActivitiesWritingA desire to use logic toward a more comprehensive understanding of intangible aspects of reality that lack a direct connection to nature, focusing on the realm of thought itself.An interest in the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with exis
161、tence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.2) My interests and responsibilities as a philosopherConsolidation Activities- Having a discussion4VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingA responsibility to instill the nature of the good life and the importance of un
162、derstanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems.Consolidation Activities- Writing mainVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarEssay Writing: How to Write a Process EssayPurpose: To d
163、escribe a definite process through a series of steps or stagesThe structure of a process essay: lIntroduction: the basic aim of the process;lBody: a guide to how to carry out the whole procedure;lConclusion: the result of the process.Consolidation Activities- Writing1VocabularyTranslation Integrated
164、 SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarGiving Blood Every hospital needs large supplies of blood for transfusions. It is given by donors. Before giving blood, the donor is given tests to determine his blood type and to make sure he is not suffering from certain diseases. Only when this has been done ca
165、n his blood be taken. First he lies down with his arm on a pillow. Next the nurse puts the cuff of the sphygmomanometer around his upper arm, and inflates it to compress the veins. Sample: A Process Essay Consolidation Activities- Writing2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting
166、GrammarAt this stage she cleans his skin with ether and inserts the needle into a vein. As she does this, blood begins to flow into a plastic bag. Meanwhile the donor opens and closes his hand to increase the flow. As soon as the required amount of blood is taken, the nurse removes the sphygmomanome
167、ter and withdraws the needle. Finally, she puts a dressing on the donors arm. The blood is immediately labeled and refrigerated. Paragraph raises an issue and briefly mentions the source of blood in hospitals.Paragraphs- introduce the process of blood donation. Procedural indicators are in red.Conso
168、lidation Activities- Writing3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarSample AnalysisConsolidation Activities- Writing11VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar2. PracticeWrite a process essay on the given topic: How to make a fruit salad. Fruit
169、 salad is a healthy and tasty treat that can serve as an appetizer, snack or dessert. It is easy and quick to prepare. Here is our step-by-step procedure to enable you to make a fruit salad at home. To make the fruit salad, begin by gathering a variety of different fruits. All fruits taste good in a
170、 salad, however if you are using fruits with a tough skin, ensureSampleyou peel them before you use them in a salad. Then wash all the fruits thoroughly and chop them to medium-sized pieces. Next you just assemble these fruits in a serving blow and serve it. Isnt it easy? If you do want to add extra
171、 flavor to your fruit salad, a dressing made of honey and lemon juice will taste great when poured over the fruit salad. Another choice is adding a scoop of vanilla flavored ice-cream over the fruit salad makes it a delicious tasting dessert. You can also garnish your fruit salad with chopped nuts s
172、uch as walnuts, almonds, etc. to give your salad a nice crunchy texture.SampleConsolidation Activities- Writing12VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarSection Five Further EnhancementText IIMemorable QuotesLead-in QuestionsTextQuestions for DiscussionDo you know any big
173、 names widely recognized as a genius? Whats his or her story of becoming a genius?Lead-in questionsText IIMemorable Quotes If there are among my readers any young men or women who aspire to become leaders of thought in their generation, I hope they will avoid certain errors into which I fell in yout
174、h for want of good advice. When I wished to form an opinion upon a subject, I used to study it, weigh the arguments on different sides, and attempt to reach a balanced conclusion. I have since discovered that this is not the way to do things. A man of genius knows it all without the need of study; h
175、is opinions are pontifical and depend for their persuasiveness upon literary styleText1Text IIHow to Become a Man of GeniusBertrand Russell1Memorable QuotesText2Text IIrather than argument. It is necessary to be one-sided, since this facilitates the vehemence that is considered a proof of strength.
176、It is essential to appeal to prejudices and passions of which men have begun to feel ashamed and to do this in the name of some new ineffable ethic. It is well to decry the slow and pettifogging minds which require evidence in order to reach conclusions. Above all, whatever is most ancient should be
177、 dished up as the very latest thing.Memorable QuotesText3Text II There is no novelty in this recipe for genius; it was practised by Carlyle in the time of our grandfathers, and by Nietzsche in the time of our fathers, and it has been practised in our own time by D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence is considere
178、d by his disciples to have enunciated all sorts of new wisdom about the relations of men and women; in actual fact he has gone back to advocating the domination of the male which one associates with the cave dwellers. Woman exists, in his philosophy, only as something soft and fat to rest the hero w
179、hen he returns from his labors. Memorable Quotes2Text4Text IICivilized societies have been learning to see something more than this in women; Lawrence will have nothing of civilization. He scours the world for what is ancient and dark and loves the traces of Aztec cruelty in Mexico. Young men, who h
180、ad been learning to behave, naturally read him with delight and go round practising cave-man stuff so far as the usages of polite society will permit. One of the most important elements of success in becoming a man of genius is to learn the art of denunciation. You must always denounce in such a way
181、 that your reader thinks that it is the other fellow who is being denounced and not himself; in that case he will be impressed by your noble scorn, whereas if he thinks that Memorable Quotes3Text5Text IIit is himself that you are denouncing, he will consider that you are guilty of ill-bred peevishne
182、ss. Carlyle remarked: “The population of England is twenty million, mostly fools.” Everybody who read this considered himself one of the exceptions, and therefore enjoyed the remark. You must not denounce well-defined classes, such as persons with more than a certain income, inhabitants of a certain
183、 area, or believers in some definite creed; for if you do this, some readers will know that your invective is directedMemorable QuotesText6Text IIagainst them. You must denounce persons whose emotions are atrophied, persons to whom only plodding study can reveal the truth, for we all know that these
184、 are other people, and we shall therefore view with sympathy your powerful diagnosis of the evils of the age. Ignore fact and reason, live entirely in the world of your own fantastic and myth-producing passions; do this whole-heartedly and with conviction, and you will become one of the prophets of
185、your age. 28 December 1932 Memorable Quotes4Text2 About the Author and the TextText IIAbout the author and the text: This essay was targeted at D.H. Lawrence, English novelist, poet, and essayist, whose work is characterized by its condemnation of industrial society and by its frank exploration of s
186、exual relationships. His major works include Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920), and Lady Chatterleys Lover (1928). Russell once thought they had a great deal in common and had planned to collaborate with him on a book but later realized that each typified what the othe
187、r most despised.Memorable Quotespontifical (Paragraph 1): pompous, never wrongText2 pontifical Text IIMemorable QuotesIt is essential to appeal to prejudices and passions of which men have begun to feel ashamed and to do this in the name of some new ineffable ethic. (Paragraph 1): In Russells view,
188、Lawrence and his followers appealed to prejudice and passion for support, which is totally irrational.Text3 It is essential Text IIMemorable QuotesText4 pettifoggingText IIpettifogging (Paragraph 1): paying too much attention to unimportant, boring detailsMemorable QuotesText4 Above allText IIAbove
189、all, whatever is most ancient should be dished up as the very latest thing. (Paragraph 1): Russell in this sentence mocks Lawrence and his followers literary exploration of the sexual relationship between men and women, which was thought to be primitive by Russell.Memorable QuotesText4 Carlyle Text
190、IICarlyle (Paragraph 2): Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), Scottish historian and political philosopher. He established his reputation as a historian with his History of the French Revolution (1837). Influenced by German Romanticism, many of his works, including Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), celebrate the
191、force of the “strong, just man” as against the degraded masses.Memorable QuotesText4 NietzscheText IINietzsche (Paragraph 2): Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900), German philosopher. He is known for criticizing Christianitys compassion for the weak, glorifying the “will to power”, and formulatin
192、g the idea of the Ubermensch (superman), who can rise above the restrictions of ordinary morality.Memorable QuotesText4 He scours the world Text IIHe scours the world for what is ancient and dark and loves the traces of Aztec cruelty in Mexico. (Paragraph 2): This sentence refers to Lawrences trip t
193、o some “wild” countries like Australia, Mexico, and New Zealand during the post-war period. The Aztec were the American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century.Memorable QuotesText4 I have since Text III have since discovered that this is not the way to do th
194、ings (Paragraph 1): Things that happen in this world are contrary to his belief, and that is what he denounces ironically. Memorable QuotesText4 Lawrence is 1Text IILawrence is considered by his disciples to have enunciated all sorts of new wisdom about the relations of men and women; in actual fact
195、 he has gone back to advocating the domination of the male which one associates with the cave dwellers. (Paragraph 2): In fact, thats one of the many things concerning which Russell disagreed with Lawrence. Russell proposed a decent Christian sexual ethic which he believed is quite difficult in the
196、modern world due to various primitive forces. Nevertheless, he maintained, in Our Sexual Ethics in 1936, that “it would be well if men and women could remember, in sexualMemorable QuotesText4 Lawrence is 2 Text IIrelations, in marriage, and in divorce, to practise the ordinary virtues of tolerance,
197、kindness, truthfulness, and justice. Those who, by conventional standards, are sexually virtuous, too often consider themselves thereby absolved from behaving like decent human beings.” Memorable QuotesText4 You must 1Text IIYou must denounce persons whose emotions are atrophied, persons to whom onl
198、y plodding study can reveal the truth, for we all know that these are other people, and we shall therefore view with sympathy your powerful diagnosis of the evils of the age. (Paragraph 3): Ironically, Russell is “denouncing” the master minds, as they were believed to be, who loved to denounce peopl
199、e. They are men of genius partly because they knew the art of denunciation. They knew who can be denounced and who else must not be denounced. Equally apparently, Russell is denouncing those people who believed that “it is the other fellow whoMemorable QuotesText4 You must 2 Text IIis being denounce
200、d and not himself”, implying that such people are callous and stupid. Therefore, the denunciation was aimed at the right targets and was justified in some sense. Memorable QuotesThe sentence means one should be biased so as to be passionate, and passion is a proof of his strength. Russell here mocks
201、 this belief of Lawrences implicitly.Questions for discussion11. How do you interpret the statement, “It is necessary to be one-sided, since this facilitates the vehemence that is considered a proof of strength” (paragraph 1)?Text IIMemorable Quotes2. In the second paragraph, Russell seems to warn t
202、he youth against something. What is the warning? In the second paragraph, Russell warns the youth against Lawrences influence that saw women as passive and physical, and that encouraged men to behave in a primitive and dominant way.Questions for discussion2Text IIMemorable Quotes3. What is Russells
203、opinion about some peoples technique of criticism? Refer to Paragraph 3. Russell despises those writers that were slippery, those that did not specify their targets clearly.Questions for discussion3Text IIMemorable QuotesRussell stands for the rational and intellectual side while Lawrence for the em
204、otional, physical side. Russell despises Lawrence for his primitive mans understanding of the relationship between men and women and his reliance on passion and desire for emancipation. And Lawrence criticizes the cold and impotent nature of rationality. Each of them is just the opposite of the othe
205、r.Questions for discussion4Text II4. What is the major conflict between Russells and Lawrences philosophies as is exemplified by the text? Memorable QuotesMemorable Quotes1Text IIMemorable QuotesThe good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. Bertrand RussellQuestions for discussion1T
206、ext IIA question for discussionWhat is the nature of a good life? Memorable QuotesAbout Bertrand RussellBertrand Arthur William Russell (18721970), was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. Questions for discussion2Text IIMemorable QuotesIn 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.”Notation type here
