《肉仔鸡肠道健康攻略》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《肉仔鸡肠道健康攻略（92页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、CONFIDENTIAL1Intestinal health INTESTINAL INTEGRITY IN BROILERS: SHORT CONSIDERATIONS肉仔鸡肠道健康攻略肉仔鸡肠道健康攻略Dr. Enrico BoselliPhibro Animal HealthTeaneck, NJ, USA2013CONFIDENTIALIntestinal tissue in broiler represents about 5% of body weight, but requires: 肉鸡肉鸡肠道组织重量约占其体重的肠道组织重量约占其体重的5%，但需要消耗的是：，但需要消耗的是：
2、15-30% of protein ingested (Gaskins, 2001) 15%-30%蛋白质蛋白质(Gaskins, 2001) 20% of gross energy ingested 20%的的总能总能due to high renewal rate and to the intense cells metabolic activity (McBride & Kelly, 1990) 原因：原因：细胞更新快速细胞更新快速和细胞和细胞新陈代谢活动活跃新陈代谢活动活跃(McBride & Kelly, 1990)Gastro intestinal tract 胃肠道胃肠道2013
3、Intestinal health2CONFIDENTIALSeveral infective and not-infective agents can damage the mucosa layers of the gastro-intestinal tract, thus affecting the digestive and absorption process (Ito et al., 2000) 许许多多传传染染性性和和非非传传染染性性因素损害胃肠道粘膜，从而影响消化和吸收因素损害胃肠道粘膜，从而影响消化和吸收(Ito et al., 2000)MICRO-ORGANISMS微微生物
4、生物Bacteria 细菌细菌Protozoa 原虫原虫Viruses 病毒病毒Fungi 霉菌霉菌FEEDING饲料饲料Phytates植酸盐植酸盐Haemagglutinin血凝素血凝素NSPs非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Tannins单宁单宁Peroxides过氧化物过氧化物Mycotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素Biogenic amines生物胺生物胺Physical form饲料物理形态饲料物理形态MANAGEMENT饲养管理饲养管理Fasting after disclosure 出壳后禁食出壳后禁食Cycling Temperature 舍温舍温Gastro intestinal trac
5、t: the challenges胃肠道面临着挑战胃肠道面临着挑战2013Intestinal health3CONFIDENTIAL4Intestinal healthMANAGEMENT:FASTING AFTER DISCLOSURE饲养管理：出壳后禁食饲养管理：出壳后禁食2013CONFIDENTIALSome practices adopted at first day after hatching can affect chick development, especially the following systems: 实践证明，出壳后第实践证明，出壳后第一天的饲喂方式影响雏鸡
6、生长发育，尤其是以下系统的发育：一天的饲喂方式影响雏鸡生长发育，尤其是以下系统的发育： digestive 消化系统消化系统 immune免疫系统免疫系统 thermo regulatory体温调节系统体温调节系统When chicks in post-hatching period are not properly managed, significant loss in global production can occur. 若雏鸡在出壳后饲喂方式不妥当，会造成整个生产周期的严重损失。若雏鸡在出壳后饲喂方式不妥当，会造成整个生产周期的严重损失。Fasting after disclosu
7、re出壳后禁食出壳后禁食2013Intestinal health5A. Maiorka et al.CONFIDENTIALKey factors are also interactions with: 影响肉仔鸡生产性能的其他因素：影响肉仔鸡生产性能的其他因素：Breeder age繁殖日龄繁殖日龄Post-hatching weight 出壳重出壳重Diet nutrients日粮营养日粮营养Water quality水质水质Management饲养管理饲养管理Temperature温度温度Humidity湿度湿度Fasting after disclosure出壳后禁食出壳后禁食201
8、3Intestinal health6A. Maiorka et al.CONFIDENTIALAt hatching the digestive system is complete, but not functional在小鸡出在小鸡出壳时，其消化系统就是完整的，只是不具备任何功能性壳时，其消化系统就是完整的，只是不具备任何功能性Assuring feed and water at hatching will allow a fast and regular development of the intestine structure出壳后立即供给饲料和水，可使肠道出壳后立即供给饲料和水，
9、可使肠道组织快速且规律地发育组织快速且规律地发育The complete adaptation of the gastro intestinal tract to exogenous diet requires 3-4 days胃肠道需要胃肠道需要3-4天才能完全发育至适应外源饲料的状态天才能完全发育至适应外源饲料的状态Disaccharides ？activity during embryo development is extremely limited, due to low carbohydrates reserves, but increases by 4 times in the
10、first two days of life and is extremely susceptible to diet composition 胚胎发育期，二糖酶活性极低，因为碳水化合物的储备低；但是出壳后胚胎发育期，二糖酶活性极低，因为碳水化合物的储备低；但是出壳后2天内活天内活力会提高力会提高4倍，完全可以适应日粮成分倍，完全可以适应日粮成分Fasting after disclosure出壳后禁食出壳后禁食2013Intestinal health7Maiorka, MoranCONFIDENTIALNot all eggs hatch at the same time; delays
11、of 24-36 hours can occur; if transport time is added 48 hours fasting chick will use the yolk sac resources不是不是所有的蛋都在同所有的蛋都在同一时间入孵；一时间入孵；有的会延迟有的会延迟24-36小时；若运输时间增加小时；若运输时间增加 禁食禁食48小时小时 雏鸡会动用卵黄囊内的营养储备雏鸡会动用卵黄囊内的营养储备This can theoretically provide 9 kcal, while the baby chick requires at least 11 kcal, i
12、n the first day negative balance理论上，卵黄囊储备可提供理论上，卵黄囊储备可提供9大卡能量，但大卡能量，但是这段时间雏鸡机体至少需要是这段时间雏鸡机体至少需要11大卡能量，出壳后第一天大卡能量，出壳后第一天 负平衡负平衡Chicks receiving feed at hatch use reserves of yolk sac in a much faster way, compared to chick deprived of feed与雏鸡出壳后禁食相比，立即进食可以使雏鸡以更与雏鸡出壳后禁食相比，立即进食可以使雏鸡以更有效更快速的方式利用卵黄囊储备有效更
13、快速的方式利用卵黄囊储备Using yolk sac nutrients also diverts resources from developing the immune system 动用卵黄囊储备也把用于免疫器官发育的营养转移了动用卵黄囊储备也把用于免疫器官发育的营养转移了Fasting after disclosure出壳后禁食出壳后禁食2013Intestinal health8A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityCONFIDENTIALSmall Intestine villi小肠绒毛小肠绒毛2013Intestinal health9A. Ma
14、iorka, Master Intestine QualitySmall intestine at hatch刚出壳时小肠绒毛刚出壳时小肠绒毛Small intestine at 3 days孵化后第孵化后第3天小肠绒毛天小肠绒毛CONFIDENTIALEffect of fasting after disclosure on small intestine villi出壳后禁食对小肠绒毛的影响出壳后禁食对小肠绒毛的影响2013Intestinal health10A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityFeed available进食进食Fasting禁食禁食
15、CONFIDENTIALAfter disclosure the major part of dietary protein and energy are devoted to the development of the gastro intestinal tract出壳后，出壳后，日粮蛋白质和能量主要用于胃肠道系统的发育日粮蛋白质和能量主要用于胃肠道系统的发育During the first week of life the intestine increases his size by 200%, if chicks are fed at hatch, but only by 60%,
16、when deprived of feed若出壳后进食，第一周雏鸡肠道长度增加若出壳后进食，第一周雏鸡肠道长度增加200%；若禁食，则只；若禁食，则只增加增加60%Chicks receiving feed at disclosure have 11% more live weight at day 40, when compared to chicks deprived of feed与雏鸡出壳后禁与雏鸡出壳后禁食相比，进食雏鸡的食相比，进食雏鸡的40日龄活体重会增加日龄活体重会增加11%Fasting after disclosure出壳后禁食出壳后禁食2013Intestinal hea
17、lth11Noy et al.CONFIDENTIAL122013Effect of fasting on body weight (BW) loose or gain in day old chick禁食对出壳雏鸡体重损失或增重的影响禁食对出壳雏鸡体重损失或增重的影响A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality%出壳后出壳后24小时体重损失小时体重损失出壳后出壳后72小时增重小时增重进食进食禁食禁食CONFIDENTIAL132013Take care of them!悉心照料雏鸡！悉心照料雏鸡！CONFIDENTIAL14Intestinal healthMAN
18、AGEMENT:CYCLING TEMPERATURES饲养管理：舍温饲养管理：舍温2013CONFIDENTIAL152013Effect of cycling temperatures on jejunum flora in broiler舍温对肉舍温对肉 鸡空肠微生态区系的影响鸡空肠微生态区系的影响 Suzuky et al .days38 C# microbes log10/g细菌细菌log10/克克20 C38 C20 C日龄日龄乳酸菌乳酸菌链球菌链球菌+葡萄葡萄球菌球菌CONFIDENTIAL162013Effect of cycling temperatures on duode
19、nal flora in broiler (35 days)舍温对肉仔鸡十二指肠微舍温对肉仔鸡十二指肠微生态区系的影响生态区系的影响 （35日龄）日龄）Suzuky et al. Mean log of bacterial count/g contents菌数菌数log均值均值/g内内容物容物25 C35 CStreptococcus链球菌链球菌3.30 a6.09 bStaphylococcus葡萄球菌葡萄球菌2.73 a6.21 bLactobacillus乳酸菌乳酸菌7.25 a6.96 aClostridium产气荚膜梭菌产气荚膜梭菌2.82 a5.10 bTotal aerobes需
20、氧菌需氧菌4.01 a6.72 bTotal anaerobes厌氧菌厌氧菌7.21 a7.02 aP 0.01CONFIDENTIAL17Intestinal healthFEEDING:饲料饲料Phytates植酸盐植酸盐Haemagglutinin血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Tannins单宁单宁Peroxides过氧化物过氧化物Micotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素Biogenic amines生物胺生物胺Physical form物理形态物理形态2013CONFIDENTIAL18Intestinal
21、healthFEEDING:PHYTATES饲料：植酸盐饲料：植酸盐2013CONFIDENTIALPhytate can constitute up to 2% of weight in cereals and leguminous植酸盐占谷物和植酸盐占谷物和豆科植物重量的豆科植物重量的2%About 70 % of dietary P is present as phytate大约大约70%植物中的磷以植酸盐的形式存在植物中的磷以植酸盐的形式存在Phytate is phytic acid salt, myo-inositol ring, associated with up to 6 p
22、hosphate anions (IP6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate)植酸盐是肌醇六磷酸盐，肌醇植酸盐是肌醇六磷酸盐，肌醇环结合环结合6个磷酸根离子个磷酸根离子(IP6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 六磷酸二氢酯六磷酸二氢酯)Is generated during the maturation process产生于植物成熟时产生于植物成熟时Hydrolysis of bonds phosphate: inositol ring is necessary for absorption硫酸根的水硫酸根的水解：吸收过程必不可少的物质是肌醇环解：
23、吸收过程必不可少的物质是肌醇环Broiler do not posses effective phytase肉仔鸡胃肠道不能分泌有效的植酸酶肉仔鸡胃肠道不能分泌有效的植酸酶Phytates植酸盐植酸盐2013Intestinal health19Cowieson, Nunes, Dari, SelleCONFIDENTIALCan generate complexes with:可与以下物质结合产生复合物：可与以下物质结合产生复合物：- minerals (Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn)矿物质（矿物质（ (Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn)- ami
24、no acids氨基酸氨基酸- carbohydrates 碳水化合物碳水化合物Negative effect on:对如下过程产生不利影响：对如下过程产生不利影响：- enzymatic activity (amylases , proteases)酶活（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）酶活（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）- energy and protein metabolism/availability能量和蛋白代谢能量和蛋白代谢/利用率利用率- Ca+ phytate complex + fatty acids not soluble soaps钙钙+植酸盐复合植酸盐复合物物+脂肪酸脂肪酸 不溶性的脂肪酸盐不溶性
25、的脂肪酸盐Phytates植酸盐植酸盐2013Intestinal health20Cowieson, Nunes, Dari, SelleCONFIDENTIALCrop 嗉囊嗉囊Proventriculus腺胃腺胃Gizzard肌胃肌胃Proteins and Phytates in diet日粮中的蛋白和植酸盐日粮中的蛋白和植酸盐Low pH = formation of complex phytates+protein低低pH=形成植酸盐形成植酸盐+蛋白复合物蛋白复合物High secretion of HCl and pepsine HCl和胃蛋白酶大量分泌和胃蛋白酶大量分泌Extr
26、a secretion of mucine 粘液蛋白的过量分泌粘液蛋白的过量分泌Duodenum十二指肠十二指肠Jejunum空肠空肠leum回肠回肠Low pH secretion of NaHCO3 pancreatic enzymes低低pH- NaHCO3 分泌分泌 胰蛋白酶胰蛋白酶Increase of Na in intestine小肠小肠Na浓度提高浓度提高Reduced activity of Na-K-ATPase降低降低Na-K-ATP酶活性酶活性Reduced transport of nutrients (glucose and AA)降低降低营养物质（葡萄糖和氨基酸）
27、的转运速度营养物质（葡萄糖和氨基酸）的转运速度Increased production of mucine in intestine增加肠内增加肠内粘液蛋白分泌量粘液蛋白分泌量Increased flux of endogenous AA, minerals and energy提高内源氨基酸，矿物质和能量分泌量提高内源氨基酸，矿物质和能量分泌量Increase in loss of endogenous nutrients 内源营养素流失增加内源营养素流失增加Growth of micro organisms (increased protein in intestine)细菌细菌增殖（肠内
28、蛋白质含量增加）增殖（肠内蛋白质含量增加）Cowieson et al., 2009Phytates植酸盐植酸盐Colon结肠结肠2013Intestinal health21CONFIDENTIALSialic acid are compounds of the oligosaccharide units of glycoproteins and mucins唾液酸是由糖蛋白和粘蛋白这类低聚糖复合而成的唾液酸是由糖蛋白和粘蛋白这类低聚糖复合而成的Mucins play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the gastro-intestin
29、al tract粘蛋白在维持胃肠道完整性方面起着至关重要的作用粘蛋白在维持胃肠道完整性方面起着至关重要的作用Glycoproteins containing sialic acid are constituent of plasma membrane组成唾液酸的糖蛋白是胞浆膜的成分组成唾液酸的糖蛋白是胞浆膜的成分No sialic acid was fed to birds in study indication of excess endogenous production of mucins 在研究中，禽类不饲喂唾液酸在研究中，禽类不饲喂唾液酸 内源内源粘蛋白产生过量粘蛋白产生过量Phyt
30、ates植酸盐植酸盐2013Intestinal health22Cowieson et al.CONFIDENTIAL232013Sialic acid mg唾液酸唾液酸mgCowieson et al. Effect of IP6 on sialic acid excretionIP6对唾液酸分泌的影响对唾液酸分泌的影响+185%- 54%P0.01aabcb对照组对照组植酸酶植酸酶IP6植酸酶植酸酶+IP6CONFIDENTIAL242013mg/kg DM intake mg/kg摄入摄入DMCowieson ,Ravindran ,SelleEffect of phytic acid
31、 (PA) and bacterial enzyme on ileal endogenous flow of some amino acids植酸（植酸（PA）和细菌酶对回肠内源性氨基酸流的影响）和细菌酶对回肠内源性氨基酸流的影响P0.05abcabcabcabc对照组对照组PAPA+酶酶异亮氨酸异亮氨酸亮氨酸亮氨酸苯丙氨酸苯丙氨酸赖氨酸赖氨酸CONFIDENTIALDietary phytate has the capacity to influence secretion and absorption dynamics in the gastro - intestinal tract 饲料
32、中的植酸盐影响胃肠道分泌和吸饲料中的植酸盐影响胃肠道分泌和吸收功能收功能This is most probably due to the reactive nature of phytate and electrostatic aggregation of dietary protein主要是由于植酸盐和饲料中的蛋白主要是由于植酸盐和饲料中的蛋白质发生静电聚集质发生静电聚集1 g of phytate can bind 10 g of protein up to 50% of dietary protein level can be negatively influenced by the p
33、hytate: protein complex formation 1g植酸盐可以结合植酸盐可以结合10g蛋白质蛋白质 植酸盐：蛋白质的复合物对植酸盐：蛋白质的复合物对50%以上的日粮蛋白质产生不良影响以上的日粮蛋白质产生不良影响The loss of endogenous protein has a direct effect on the digestible energy value of the diet内源蛋白质损失直接影响日粮消化能内源蛋白质损失直接影响日粮消化能Phytates: effect on endogenous loss植酸盐：对内源损失的影响植酸盐：对内源损失的影响
34、2013Intestinal health25Cowieson & RavindranCONFIDENTIAL26Intestinal healthFEEDING:HEMAGGLUTINS饲料：血凝素饲料：血凝素2013CONFIDENTIALBorges et al.Cheeke, MaenzHemagglutins (lectins) are glycoprotein present in many vegetables, especially in Phaseolus spp. 血凝素（植物凝集素）是一种糖蛋白，存在于多种血凝素（植物凝集素）是一种糖蛋白，存在于多种植物，特别是菜豆中植物
35、，特别是菜豆中The definition “hemagglutin” is due to the capacity to agglutinate erytrocites of various spp.“血凝素血凝素”-各种豆科植物使血细胞凝结的能力各种豆科植物使血细胞凝结的能力They react with the intestine mucosa, causing severe damage, impaired nutrient absorption and poor growth与肠粘膜反应，导致严重的粘膜损伤，影与肠粘膜反应，导致严重的粘膜损伤，影响营养物质吸收、引起生长受阻响营养物质
36、吸收、引起生长受阻60% of soybean lectins get intact into small intestine link with carbohydrates of cell membrane micro villi distruction and increased turnover of intestine cells 60%大大豆豆凝凝集集素素可可以以完完整整到到达达小小肠肠 与与细细胞胞膜膜上上的的碳碳水水化化合合物物结结合合 微微绒绒毛毛损损伤伤，小小肠肠细细胞胞周周转转率率加快加快Hemagglutins (lectins) 血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）
37、2013Intestinal health27CONFIDENTIALThey can also link with carbohydrates present in the intestine mucosa :凝集素也能与小肠粘膜上的碳水化合物结合：凝集素也能与小肠粘膜上的碳水化合物结合：Breaking of the intestinal ephytelium reduced villi height/ surface破坏小肠上皮细胞破坏小肠上皮细胞 降低绒毛高度降低绒毛高度/表面积表面积Changes in the enzymatic activity of the mucosa of
38、the brush border刷状缘粘膜上的酶活性改变刷状缘粘膜上的酶活性改变Hyper secretion of endogenous protein hyperplasia in small intestine内源蛋白质过度分泌内源蛋白质过度分泌 小肠增生小肠增生Increase of the number of caliciform cells increased mucus production and reduced absorption of nutrients 杯状细胞数量增加杯状细胞数量增加 粘液增加，降低营养物质吸收粘液增加，降低营养物质吸收 Hemagglutins (l
39、ectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）2013Intestinal health28Borges et al.CONFIDENTIALAccumulation of nutrients in GI tract胃肠道营养物富积胃肠道营养物富积Loss of endogenous protein内源蛋白损失内源蛋白损失Cells fusion细胞融合细胞融合 Cells lesions细胞病变细胞病变Hemagglutins in feed饲料中的凝集素饲料中的凝集素Link with enterocytes与肠细胞结合与肠细胞结合Digestion消化消化 Absorption吸
40、收吸收Performance生产性能生产性能Hemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）2013Intestinal health29A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality吸收细胞隐窝杯状细胞固有层粘膜肌层内分泌细胞CONFIDENTIALRaw soybean mealfed for 3 days饲喂生豆粕饲喂生豆粕3天天Raw soybean mealfed for 10 days饲喂生豆粕饲喂生豆粕10天天Processed soybean meal fed for 10 days饲喂加工后的豆粕饲喂加工后的豆粕1
41、0天天Durigan, by Borges et al.Hemagglutins (lectins): effect on small intestine villi血凝素（植物凝集素）：对小肠绒毛的影响血凝素（植物凝集素）：对小肠绒毛的影响2013Intestinal health30CONFIDENTIALIntestinal lesions caused by hemagglutins凝集素引起小肠病变凝集素引起小肠病变VI = Normal villi VI=正常绒毛正常绒毛VE = Damaged villi extrudedVE=受损绒毛受损绒毛-倒伏的倒伏的VEAB = anti
42、nutritional factorB=抗营养因子抗营养因子A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Giachetto)A = normal A=正常正常VIHemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）2013Intestinal health31CONFIDENTIALSoybean meal豆粕豆粕TIA (mg/g)Lectin(mg/g)凝集素凝集素Weight gain (g)增重增重Raw Conventional生的传统的生的传统的30.308.375 dRaw low TIA 生的低生的低TIA的的0.
43、048.3134 bRaw low lectin生的低凝集素的生的低凝集素的28.400.093 cCommercial商业性的商业性的199 aPerssonAntinutritional effect of soybean on broiler performance (day 8-17 of age) 大豆对肉仔鸡生产性能的不良影响（大豆对肉仔鸡生产性能的不良影响（8-17日龄）日龄）Hemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）2013Intestinal health32TIA = Trypsin Inhibitory ActivityTIA=胰
44、蛋白酶抑制因子胰蛋白酶抑制因子P0.05CONFIDENTIAL33Intestinal healthFEEDING:NON STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES饲料：非淀粉多糖饲料：非淀粉多糖2013CONFIDENTIALLong chain carbohydrates, mainly present in the cell wall of vegetables长链碳水化合物，主要存在于植物细胞壁中长链碳水化合物，主要存在于植物细胞壁中All cereals used in broiler diets contain NSPs用用于于肉肉仔仔鸡鸡饲饲料料中中的的所所有谷物都含有有谷
45、物都含有NSPsNon Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖2013Intestinal health34Souza, Cousins, YeganiCONFIDENTIALCATEGORY类别类别MONOMERIC RESIDUES残基残基SOURCES来源来源Cellulose纤维素纤维素Glucose葡萄糖葡萄糖Most cereals & legumes大部分谷物和豆类大部分谷物和豆类Mixed linked glucans 葡聚糖葡聚糖Glucose葡萄糖葡萄糖Barley, oats, rye大麦，燕麦，黑麦大麦，燕麦，黑麦Arabinoxylans阿拉
46、伯木聚糖阿拉伯木聚糖Xylose, arabinose木糖，阿拉伯糖木糖，阿拉伯糖Rye, wheat, barley黑麦，小麦，大麦黑麦，小麦，大麦Arabinogalactans阿拉伯半乳聚糖阿拉伯半乳聚糖Galactose, arabinose半乳糖，阿拉伯糖半乳糖，阿拉伯糖Cereals & by products谷物及其副产品谷物及其副产品Xyloglucans木葡聚糖木葡聚糖Glucose, xylose葡萄糖，木糖葡萄糖，木糖Cereal & cereal flours谷物以谷物以及谷物面粉及谷物面粉Rhamnogalacturans鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖Uro
47、nic acids, rhamnose糖醛酸，鼠李糖糖醛酸，鼠李糖Pea hulls豌豆壳豌豆壳Galactans半乳聚糖半乳聚糖Galactose半乳糖半乳糖Soybean meal, sugar beet pulp豆粕，甜菜粕豆粕，甜菜粕YeganiCell wall NSPs细胞壁细胞壁NSPs2013Intestinal health35CONFIDENTIALCATEGORY类别类别MONOMERIC RESIDUES残基残基SOURCES来源来源Fructans果聚糖果聚糖Fructose果糖果糖Rye黑麦黑麦Mannans甘露聚糖甘露聚糖Mannose甘露糖甘露糖Coconut
48、cake, palm cake椰子饼，棕榈饼椰子饼，棕榈饼Pectins果胶果胶Uronic acids, rhamnose糖醛酸，鼠李糖糖醛酸，鼠李糖Apple, sugar beet pulp 苹果，甜菜粕苹果，甜菜粕Galactomannans半半乳甘露聚糖乳甘露聚糖Galactose, mannose半乳糖，甘露糖半乳糖，甘露糖Guar gum瓜尔豆胶瓜尔豆胶YeganiNon cell wall NSPs非细胞壁非细胞壁NSPs2013Intestinal health36CONFIDENTIALNegative effect on:不良作用于：不良作用于：- enzymatic a
49、ctivity酶活酶活- bile salt activity胆汁盐分泌胆汁盐分泌- transport of nutrients营养素转运营养素转运They absorb water and increase the intestine viscosity非非淀淀粉粉多多糖吸收水，增加肠道食糜粘度糖吸收水，增加肠道食糜粘度Diets with high viscosity increase microbial activity, due to more undigested nutrients available in the anterior part of the gastro-inte
50、stinal tract, resulting in higher microbial fermentation 日日粮粮粘粘度度高高可可提提高高微微生生物物活活性性，由由于于未未消消化化的的可可被被利利用用营营养养物物质质蓄蓄积积在在胃胃肠肠道道前前端端，引引起起微生物大量发酵微生物大量发酵 Reduced performance降低生产性能降低生产性能Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖2013Intestinal health37Souza, CousinsCONFIDENTIAL Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多
51、糖2013Intestinal health38Increased prod. of endogenous enzymes提高内源酶产生量提高内源酶产生量Increased substrate concentration增加底物浓度增加底物浓度NSP非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Reduced digestion and absorption消化和吸收受阻消化和吸收受阻Reduced weight gain Worse FCR降低日增重和饲料转化效率降低日增重和饲料转化效率Proliferation of intestinal flora肠道微生物增殖肠道微生物增殖Reduced intestinal
52、transit降低降低肠道营养物质转运速率肠道营养物质转运速率Increased intestinal viscosity增加肠道食糜粘度增加肠道食糜粘度Reduced interactionenzymes /substrate减弱酶减弱酶/底物相互作用底物相互作用Increased production of mucopolisaccarides提高粘多糖生成量提高粘多糖生成量Increased losses for maintenance维持代谢增强维持代谢增强A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Buhler et al.) CONFIDENTIAL
53、 Effect of NPS on the metabolism of intestine AA and flora非淀粉多糖对小肠氨基酸和微生物区系代谢的影响非淀粉多糖对小肠氨基酸和微生物区系代谢的影响Dietary amino acids日粮氨基酸日粮氨基酸Antimicrobials抗生素抗生素 Increase CytokinesPre inflamation炎性细胞因子增加炎性细胞因子增加Increased use of AA by mucosa粘膜对氨粘膜对氨基酸的利用提高基酸的利用提高Proliferating crypt cells隐窝细胞增殖隐窝细胞增殖Bacterias细菌
54、细菌Villi绒毛绒毛Reduced AA absorption氨基酸吸收降低氨基酸吸收降低Blood血液血液NH4Toxins毒素毒素A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Burrin & Stoll)2013Intestinal health39CONFIDENTIALColony forming units (log CFU/g) and viscosity (Pa-s) in cecal content in broilers fed with corn or wheat + barley diets玉米或小麦玉米或小麦+大麦日粮对肉仔鸡大麦日粮对
55、肉仔鸡盲肠内容物中微生物定植盲肠内容物中微生物定植(log CFU/g)和粘度和粘度(Pa-s)的影响的影响 Diet日粮日粮Corn玉米玉米Wheat + barley小麦小麦+大麦大麦Facultative兼性菌兼性菌8.9 a10.0 bE. Coli大肠杆菌大肠杆菌5.6 a6.5 bViscosity*粘度粘度1,074 a1,638 b* Supernatant of intestinal content (Pascal-seconds)肠道内容物上清液（帕斯卡肠道内容物上清液（帕斯卡/秒）秒） A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Mathl
56、outhi et al.)Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖2013Intestinal health40P0.05CONFIDENTIALNon Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖2013Intestinal health41A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityCONFIDENTIAL42Intestinal healthFEEDING:TANNINS饲料：单宁饲料：单宁2013CONFIDENTIAL Naturally phenolic compounds, based on gall
57、ic esters of glucose or oligomers of flavanoids自自然然存存在在的的酚酚醛醛类类化化合合物物，是是葡葡萄萄糖糖酸酸酯酯或或类黄酮低聚物类黄酮低聚物Present in sorghum, millet, barley, faba beans, .存存在在于于高高粱粱、粟粟、大麦、蚕豆中大麦、蚕豆中High molecular weight分子量大分子量大Can precipitate (different from others phenolic compounds/ polyphenols )可沉淀（不同于其它酚醛化合物可沉淀（不同于其它酚醛化合物
58、/多酚）多酚）- proteins蛋白蛋白- lipids脂类脂类- metallic iones金属离子金属离子- amino acids氨基酸氨基酸- polysaccharides 多糖多糖Tannins - basic characteristics单宁单宁-特性特性2013Intestinal health43A.Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityT. AcamovicCONFIDENTIAL Similar to many others anti nutritional factors, they 与其它抗营养因子相似：与其它抗营养因子相似：stim
59、ulate the secretion of endogenous protein in the intestine刺刺激激肠内源蛋白质分泌肠内源蛋白质分泌cause the erosion of the intestinal mucosa损害肠粘膜损害肠粘膜cause necropsy of villi导致绒毛倒伏受损导致绒毛倒伏受损increase the number of goblet (caliciform )cells增加杯状细胞数量增加杯状细胞数量create insoluble complex that can be used by the intestinal populat
60、ion as a substrate, favoring the development of Necrotic Enteritis产产生生不不溶溶性性复复合合物物，此此类类物物质质被被肠肠道道菌菌群群作作为为基基质质，引引起起坏坏死死性性肠炎肠炎Tannins - basic characteristics单宁单宁-特性特性2013Intestinal health44Vhora et al., ; Martnez, Mitjavila, ChangCONFIDENTIALTannins - effects on apparent AA digestibility of chick peas
61、, with and without tannin单宁单宁-含有单宁与不含含有单宁与不含单宁豌豆单宁豌豆对氨基酸表观消化率的影响对氨基酸表观消化率的影响2013Intestinal health45Bento et al.AMINO ACID氨基酸氨基酸CHICK PEA嘴豆嘴豆CHICK PEA + TANNIN嘴豆嘴豆+单宁单宁ASP天冬氨酸天冬氨酸0.710.42GLU谷氨酸谷氨酸0.730.48SER丝氨酸丝氨酸0.620.28ALA丙氨酸丙氨酸0.500.15TYR酪氨酸酪氨酸0.500.08HIS组氨酸组氨酸0.700.38THR苏氨酸苏氨酸0.430.36ARG精氨酸精氨酸0.8
62、00.59VAL缬氨酸缬氨酸0.480.19PHE苯丙氨酸苯丙氨酸0.710.44ISO异亮氨酸异亮氨酸0.620.33LEU亮氨酸亮氨酸0.650.34LYS赖氨酸赖氨酸0.710.33TAA总氨基酸总氨基酸0.670.35CONFIDENTIALIncreased number of caliciform cells (goblet cells) in jejunum- day 21 提高空肠杯状细胞数量提高空肠杯状细胞数量-21天天 Tannins - effects on performance单宁单宁-对生产性能的影响对生产性能的影响2013Intestinal health46P.
63、 B. De Oliveira et al.CTR对照组对照组TEST试验组试验组CONFIDENTIAL Sobstituting? corn with sorghum in diets has negative effct on intestinal wall: 高粱替代玉米对肠壁不良影响：高粱替代玉米对肠壁不良影响：Reduction of villi height in duodenum十二指肠绒毛高度降低十二指肠绒毛高度降低Reduction of villi number in jejunum空肠绒毛数量减少空肠绒毛数量减少 Reduced absorption surface吸收
64、面积减少吸收面积减少 Reduced absorption of nutrients营养物质吸收减少营养物质吸收减少 Negative effect on performance生产性能降低生产性能降低2013Intestinal health47TorresTannins - effects on performance单宁单宁-对生产性能的影响对生产性能的影响CONFIDENTIAL48Intestinal healthFEEDING:PEROXIDES饲料：过氧化物饲料：过氧化物2013CONFIDENTIAL Fats rich in unsaturated fatty acids a
65、re more suscetible to oxidation process富含不饱和脂肪酸的脂肪更容易发生氧化作用富含不饱和脂肪酸的脂肪更容易发生氧化作用Oxidation results in:氧化作用导致：氧化作用导致：- destruction of vitamins破坏维生素破坏维生素 - destruction of essential fatty acids破坏必需脂肪酸破坏必需脂肪酸- damages to animal tissues动物组织受损动物组织受损- damages to cell structure and alterations to cell membran
66、e 细胞结构受损，细胞膜发生改变细胞结构受损，细胞膜发生改变 Peroxides过氧化物过氧化物2013Intestinal health49Adams, CombsCONFIDENTIAL Peroxidized ingredients in the diet result in:日粮中的过氧化物：日粮中的过氧化物：Increased cellular turnover in gastro-intestinal tract提高胃肠道细胞周转率提高胃肠道细胞周转率Increased proliferation of intestine and liver cells肠和肝脏细胞增生肠和肝脏细胞
67、增生Decreased immune response linked to intestinal mucosa 减减少少与与肠肠粘粘膜膜有有关的免疫应答反应关的免疫应答反应Reduced membrane permeability, viscosity and secretory activity other systemic secondary effects:生生物物膜膜通通透透性性、粘粘度度、分分泌泌能能力力降低降低 其它系统不良效应其它系统不良效应 - reduced glucose absorption energy deficiency葡葡萄萄糖糖吸吸收收降低降低 能量不足能量不足
68、- alterations of villi and crypts structure 绒毛和隐窝结构改变绒毛和隐窝结构改变 Peroxides过氧化物过氧化物2013Intestinal health50Dibner et al.CONFIDENTIALPeroxides: concentration during the oxidation process of fats and oils过氧化物：脂肪和油发过氧化物：脂肪和油发生氧化反应过程中过氧化物浓度生氧化反应过程中过氧化物浓度2013Intestinal health51InductionPeriod诱导期诱导期Propagatio
69、n Period快速反应期快速反应期Final period终止期终止期 (meq/kg)Time时间时间RochaCONFIDENTIAL522013Microns微米微米Dibner et al.Effect of oxidized fats on villus height of the intestinal mucosa in broilers 氧化脂肪对肉仔鸡肠粘膜绒毛高度的影响氧化脂肪对肉仔鸡肠粘膜绒毛高度的影响高度高度氧化脂肪氧化脂肪对照组对照组氧化脂肪氧化脂肪+ANTOX对照组对照组+ANTOXCONFIDENTIAL532013Microns微米微米Dibner et al.
70、Effect of oxidized fats on villus surface area of the intestinal mucosa in broilers氧化脂肪对肉仔鸡小肠粘膜绒毛表面积的影响氧化脂肪对肉仔鸡小肠粘膜绒毛表面积的影响对照组对照组对照组对照组+抗氧化剂抗氧化剂氧化脂肪氧化脂肪氧化脂肪氧化脂肪+抗氧化剂抗氧化剂表面积表面积CONFIDENTIALPeroxides过氧化物过氧化物Fat with 120 meq/kg 过氧化值过氧化值120 meq/kg 的脂肪的脂肪2013Intestinal health54A. Maiorka, Master Intestine
71、 QualityCONFIDENTIAL55Intestinal healthFEEDING:MYCOTOXINS饲料：霉菌毒素饲料：霉菌毒素2013CONFIDENTIALAnytime I hear a nutritionist say that they do not have mycotoxin problems, I always feel compelled to insert 每次听到每次听到 配方师说配方师说他们他们那儿不存在霉菌毒素那儿不存在霉菌毒素问题，最后问题，最后 我总是只能我总是只能勉强地勉强地说说“我们了解一些我们了解一些”。 “that we know about
72、” at the end of the sentence. We can probably agree that mycotoxins are always present; maybe not always in a concentration high enough to cause visible problems, but - for sure - enough to negatively affect performance.霉菌毒素无处不在得到大家认同；或许其浓度不高，不会引起肉眼可见的霉菌毒素无处不在得到大家认同；或许其浓度不高，不会引起肉眼可见的问题，但是确实会降低生产性能。问
73、题，但是确实会降低生产性能。Mycotoxins: perception霉菌毒素：认知霉菌毒素：认知2013Intestinal health56D. BuntingCONFIDENTIALReliability of feed sampling is a very strong limiting factor in identifying the origin of mycotoxins in feeds检测饲料霉菌毒素时，饲料检测饲料霉菌毒素时，饲料样品可靠性和代表性至关重要样品可靠性和代表性至关重要It is estimated that the submitted sample rep
74、resents 85% of the error in mycotoxin detection霉菌毒素检测中，估计有霉菌毒素检测中，估计有85%送检样品不具代表性送检样品不具代表性Method and cost of mycotoxin analyses represent a limit to on farm analysis对养殖场而言，霉菌毒素检测方法和费用是限制因素对养殖场而言，霉菌毒素检测方法和费用是限制因素Relatively cheap and fast ELISA assays are only qualitative wrong results (interferences
75、with feed matrices)相对便宜和快速的相对便宜和快速的ELISA定性方法定性方法 错误结果（饲料来源干扰）错误结果（饲料来源干扰）Quantitative assays TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) more diagnostic, but more expensive定量方法定量方法TLC（薄层色谱法）（薄层色谱法） 用于诊用于诊断，但成本高断，但成本高 Mycotoxins: sampling霉菌毒素：取样霉菌毒素：取样2013Intestinal health57R. Ward & M.B. de Ondarza CONFIDENTIAL
76、Toxic secondary metabolites of certain fungi , can cause illness or death, when ingested by animals (or human beings) 特定真菌的有毒次生代谢产物，动物或人类摄入后可引起疾病或死亡特定真菌的有毒次生代谢产物，动物或人类摄入后可引起疾病或死亡Chemically are a group of difuranocoumarin derivatives二氢呋喃氧杂萘邻酮衍生物二氢呋喃氧杂萘邻酮衍生物Produced by fungi (Aspergillus flavus and As
77、pergillus parasiticus)由真菌产生（黄曲霉和寄生由真菌产生（黄曲霉和寄生曲霉）曲霉）Natural contaminants of poultry feeds and feed ingredients (corn, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, peanut meal, cottonseed meal,)家禽饲料和饲料原料（玉米、高粱、粟米、大米、花生粕、家禽饲料和饲料原料（玉米、高粱、粟米、大米、花生粕、棉籽粕棉籽粕.）是天然污染源）是天然污染源Contamination of feeds and feed ingredients may oc
78、cur at any time:饲料和饲料原饲料和饲料原料的霉菌污染可能发生在任何时候：料的霉菌污染可能发生在任何时候： - before and after harvest 收获前后收获前后- during drying干燥期干燥期- at processing加工过程中加工过程中- at manufacturing制造时制造时- during storage 储存期储存期Mycotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素2013Intestinal health58R. Umaya et al. CONFIDENTIALMost commonly mycotoxins associated with c
79、orn (Fusarium spp.):多数常多数常见的霉菌毒素都与玉米有关（镰刀菌属）：见的霉菌毒素都与玉米有关（镰刀菌属）：- DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin - cool, wet field environment)呕吐毒素呕吐毒素（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，脱羟瓜萎镰菌醇脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇，脱羟瓜萎镰菌醇- -阴冷、潮湿的野外环境容易产生）阴冷、潮湿的野外环境容易产生）- fumonisin (hot dry weather ,followed by high humidity)烟曲霉毒素（高温烟曲霉毒素（高温高湿环境容易产生）高湿环境容易产生）- zeara
80、lenone (cool, wet field environment)玉米赤霉烯酮（玉米赤霉烯酮（阴冷、潮湿的野外阴冷、潮湿的野外环境容易产生）环境容易产生）Crop losses/year (The Council for Agricultural Sciences and Technology) 每年农作物损失每年农作物损失 （农业科学与技术委员会）（农业科学与技术委员会）- $ 932 million, due to mycotoxin contamination $9.32亿，由于霉菌毒素污染亿，由于霉菌毒素污染- $ 466 million, for prevention/redu
81、ction of contamination $4.66亿，用于预亿，用于预防防/降低污染降低污染Micotoxins？霉菌毒素霉菌毒素2013Intestinal health59R. Ward & M.B. de OndarzaR. Umaya et al. V. Siegel CONFIDENTIALMicotoxins？: advisory levels safe for poultry霉菌毒素：禽类安全推荐剂量霉菌毒素：禽类安全推荐剂量2013Intestinal health60V. Siegel MYCOTOXIN霉菌霉菌毒素毒素AGE日龄日龄FEED饲料饲料LEVEL剂量剂量A
82、FLATOXINSIMMATURE幼禽幼禽CORN/PEANUT玉米玉米/花生花生20 ppb黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素MATURE成年家禽成年家禽CORN/PEANUT玉米玉米/花生花生100 ppbMATURE成年家禽成年家禽COTTONSEED棉籽棉籽300 ppbALL各个生理阶段各个生理阶段OTHERS其它其它20 ppbFUMONISINS烟曲烟曲霉毒素霉毒素ALL各个生理阶段各个生理阶段TOTAL DIET所有饲料所有饲料50 ppbDON呕吐毒素呕吐毒素ALL各个生理阶段各个生理阶段GRAIN 50% of diet谷物，日粮谷物，日粮中添加量小于中添加量小于50%10 ppmALL
83、各个生理阶段各个生理阶段GRAIN by product 50% of diet谷物副产品，日粮中添加量谷物副产品，日粮中添加量小于小于50%10 ppmZEARALENONE玉玉米赤霉烯酮米赤霉烯酮ALL各个生理阶段各个生理阶段ANY所有饲料所有饲料0.5 ppmCONFIDENTIALFumonisin B1 at concentrations that do not cause pathological alterations can affect the immune response in the intestine 烟烟曲曲霉霉毒毒素素B1浓浓度度不不致致病病时时，影影响肠道的免疫
84、应答反应响肠道的免疫应答反应Fumonisin B1烟曲霉毒素烟曲霉毒素B12013Intestinal health61Bouhet & Oswald CONFIDENTIALReduced digestibility降低消化利用率降低消化利用率Changes in the cells permeability改变细改变细胞渗透性胞渗透性 Reduced capability of renewal of the intestine wall降低肠壁更新能力降低肠壁更新能力 Increased bacterial translocation细菌聚集细菌聚集 Diarrhea腹泻腹泻Increa
85、sed bacterial colonization增加细菌定植增加细菌定植Bouhet & OswaldMicotoxins : effect of exposure of intestine cells to Fumonisine B1 霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素B1对肠上皮细胞对肠上皮细胞增殖的影响增殖的影响2013Intestinal health62烟曲霉毒素烟曲霉毒素B1抑制神经酰胺合成酶抑制神经酰胺合成酶改变酶活改变酶活改变细胞因子改变细胞因子改变脂质生物合成延缓发育和生长延缓发育和生长降低上皮细降低上皮细胞完整性胞完整性CONFIDENTIALIncreased
86、susceptibility to intestine infections 肠道易受感染肠道易受感染Increased colonization by E. Coli 增加大肠增加大肠杆菌定植杆菌定植Strong diarrhea in infections caused by Salmonella 肠道感染沙门氏菌感染，引起严肠道感染沙门氏菌感染，引起严重腹泻重腹泻A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Lorenzoni)Micotoxins: effects of Fumonisine B1 on intestine cells 霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素
87、霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素B1对肠上皮细胞的影响对肠上皮细胞的影响 2013Intestinal health63CONFIDENTIAL642013Log 10 (cfu/g) A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Oswald et al.)Micotoxins: increased suscetibility to E.coli colonization霉菌毒素：使大肠杆菌易于定植霉菌毒素：使大肠杆菌易于定植 abababP0.05回肠盲肠结肠对照组提纯毒素组CONFIDENTIALA. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality
88、(Oswald et al.)Micotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素2013Intestinal health65CONFIDENTIALMicotoxins: effect of Fumonisine B1 in ileum霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素霉菌毒素：烟曲霉毒素B1对回肠的影响对回肠的影响 2013Intestinal health66A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Scavazza et al.)P0.01maaab对照组对照组隐窝隐窝绒毛绒毛7ppm烟曲霉毒素烟曲霉毒素CONFIDENTIALMicotoxins: effect of DON
89、in duodenum 霉菌毒素：呕吐毒素对十二指肠的影响霉菌毒素：呕吐毒素对十二指肠的影响 2013Intestinal health67Awad et al.P0.01mabab对照组5ppm呕吐毒素绒毛高度绒毛宽度CONFIDENTIALSantinMicotoxins: effect on intestine cells - intensive extrusion 霉菌毒素：对肠道细胞的影响霉菌毒素：对肠道细胞的影响-损伤损伤2013Intestinal health68CONFIDENTIAL692013Enzymatic activity U/g酶活酶活U/g WyattAflat
90、oxins: effect on pancreatic enzymes黄曲霉毒素（黄曲霉毒素（AFT）：对胰酶活性的影响）：对胰酶活性的影响 对照组0.625ppmAFT1.25ppmAFT2.5ppmAFT5ppmAFT10ppmAFT胰蛋白酶胰蛋白酶脂肪酶脂肪酶淀粉酶淀粉酶CONFIDENTIAL70Intestinal healthFEEDING:BIOGENIC AMINES饲料：生物胺饲料：生物胺2013CONFIDENTIALThese compounds are organic basis, with low molar mass, which are syntetized du
91、ring the metabolic process, consequent to the degradation of dietary protein, through the activity of enzymes produced by bacteria, fungi and yeasts为为有有机机化化合合物物，分分子子量量低低，在在代代谢谢过过程程中中合合成成，随随日日粮粮蛋蛋白白质质降降解解而而产产生生；蛋蛋白白质质降降解解是是在在细细菌菌、真真菌菌和和酵酵母母产生的酶的作用下完成的产生的酶的作用下完成的Biogenic amines interfere with cellular
92、 proliferation and differentiation and can severly damage the intestine mucosa, kidney and liver生生物物胺胺干干扰细胞增殖和分化，严重损伤肠道粘膜、肾脏和肝脏扰细胞增殖和分化，严重损伤肠道粘膜、肾脏和肝脏The presence of fermentable protein in the gastro-intestinal tract can increase the production of biogenic amines胃胃肠肠道道中中存存在在可可发发酵酵蛋蛋白白，会会提高生物胺的生成量提高生
93、物胺的生成量Biogenic Amines生物胺生物胺2013Intestinal health71Pegg & Mac Cann, Mazzucco CONFIDENTIALMICRO-ORGANISMS微生物微生物PROTEASE蛋白酶蛋白酶AMINO ACIDS氨基酸氨基酸AMINES胺胺INCREASED SECRETION OF GASTRIC ACIDS增加胃酸分泌增加胃酸分泌EROSION OF THE GIZZARD AND INTESTINE MUCOSA损伤肌胃和肠粘膜损伤肌胃和肠粘膜Biogenic Amines生物胺生物胺2013Intestinal health72P
94、egg & Mac Cann CONFIDENTIALBiogenic Amines生物胺生物胺2013Intestinal health73Harry et al. Hystamine is probably the mostly known amine组胺广为人知组胺广为人知Is a vasodilator是一种血管舒张药是一种血管舒张药Increases the secretion of gastric acids, with consequent erosion of the gizzard可提高胃酸分泌，使肌胃损伤可提高胃酸分泌，使肌胃损伤CONFIDENTIALBiogenic a
95、mines: origin and effect生物胺：来源和作用生物胺：来源和作用2013Intestinal health74Adapted from Willis, Hendericxk摘自摘自Willis, HendericxkAMINO ACID氨基酸氨基酸AMINE胺胺EFFECT作用作用Glycine甘氨酸甘氨酸Methyl-amine甲基胺甲基胺Central nervous system; cramps, paralysis中枢神经系统；痉挛，麻痹中枢神经系统；痉挛，麻痹Alanine丙氨酸丙氨酸Ethyl-amine乙胺乙胺Central nervous system; c
96、ramps, paralysis中枢神经系统；痉挛，麻痹中枢神经系统；痉挛，麻痹Serine丝氨酸丝氨酸Amino-ethanol氨基乙醇氨基乙醇Precursor of choline & lecithin胆碱和卵磷脂的前体胆碱和卵磷脂的前体Aspartic acid天冬氨酸天冬氨酸-alanine -丙氨酸丙氨酸Precursor of pantothenic acid泛酸的前体泛酸的前体Glutamic acid谷氨酸谷氨酸-amino-butyric acid -氨基丁酸氨基丁酸Anti-chemical transmitter抗化学转移因子抗化学转移因子Arginine精氨酸精氨酸A
97、gmatine胍丁胺胍丁胺Inhibits di-amino- oxidase抑制二氨基氧化酶抑制二氨基氧化酶Cysteine半胱氨酸半胱氨酸Cystamine胱胺胱胺Taurine precursor牛磺酸的前体牛磺酸的前体Histidine组氨酸组氨酸Histamine组胺组胺Vaso active舒张血管舒张血管Tyrosine酪氨酸酪氨酸Tyramine酪胺酪胺Inhibits di/mono amino oxidase and N-methyl transferase, vaso active 抑制二氨基抑制二氨基/单氨基氧化酶和单氨基氧化酶和N-甲基甲基转移酶，舒张血管转移酶，舒张
98、血管Ornithine鸟氨酸鸟氨酸Putrescine腐胺腐胺Inhibits mono amino oxidase, vaso active抑制单氨基氧化抑制单氨基氧化酶，舒张血管酶，舒张血管 CONFIDENTIAL2013Intestinal health75Adapted from Willis, Hendericxk摘自摘自Willis, HendericxkAMINO ACID氨基酸氨基酸AMINE胺胺EFFECT作用作用IsoleucineLeucine异亮氨酸异亮氨酸 亮氨酸亮氨酸Iso-amylamine异戊胺异戊胺Cramps, paralysis, vaso active
99、痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管Lysine赖氨酸赖氨酸Cadaverine尸胺尸胺Increases blood pressure, hearth rhythm, inhibits di-amino oxidasePhenylalanine苯丙氨酸苯丙氨酸Phenyl-ethyl-amine苯乙胺苯乙胺Vaso active, increases blood pressure, inhibits di/mono-amino oxidase and N-methyl-transferase舒张血管，舒张血管，增加血压，增加血压，抑制二氨基抑制二氨基/单氨基氧化酶和单氨基氧化酶和N-甲基
100、转移酶甲基转移酶Methionine蛋氨酸蛋氨酸EspermidineE-亚精胺亚精胺EspermineE-精胺精胺Nervous system, vaso active神经系统，舒张血管神经系统，舒张血管Tryptophan色氨酸色氨酸Tryptamine色胺色胺Increases blood pressure, inhibits di/mono-amino oxidase and N-methyl-transferase增加血压，增加血压，抑制二氨基抑制二氨基/单氨基氧化酶和单氨基氧化酶和N-甲基转移酶甲基转移酶Threonine苏氨酸苏氨酸Hydroxi-propyl amine羟基丙胺
101、羟基丙胺Cramps, paralysis, vaso active痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管Valine缬氨酸缬氨酸Iso-butyl amine异丁胺异丁胺Cramps, paralysis, vaso active痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管痉挛，麻痹，舒张血管Biogenic amines: origin and effect生物胺：来源和作用生物胺：来源和作用CONFIDENTIALBiogenic amines: indigested feed生物胺：未消化的饲料生物胺：未消化的饲料2013Intestinal health76A. Maiorka, Master Intes
102、tine QualityCONFIDENTIAL77Intestinal healthFEEDING: PHYSICAL FORM饲料：物理形态饲料：物理形态2013CONFIDENTIALEffect of feed physical form饲料物理形态的影响饲料物理形态的影响PELLET QUALITY颗粒质量颗粒质量2013Intestinal health78J.S. Moritz et al.QUALITY质量质量% PELLET%颗粒颗粒% FINES%粉料粉料HIGH 高高9010MEDIUM 中中6040LOW 低低3070MASH粉状粉状0100CONFIDENTIALEf
103、fect of feed physical form on broiler performance饲料物理形态对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响饲料物理形态对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响2013Intestinal health79J.S. Moritz et al.Feed form饲料形态饲料形态Carcass weight(38 days) (kg)胴体重（胴体重（38日日龄）（龄）（kg）FCR饲饲料转化料转化效率效率$/kg Carcass weight$/kg胴体重胴体重Relative difference mash/pellet ($/kg)粉料粉料/颗颗粒差异粒差异($/kg)Mash粉状粉状1
104、.4111.80 b0.887-Low quality P.低质量颗粒低质量颗粒1.4391.76 a0.870- 0.018Medium quality P.中档质量颗粒中档质量颗粒1.4651.77 ac0.871- 0.017High quality P.高质量颗粒高质量颗粒1.5051.75 a0.830- 0.057CONFIDENTIALEffect of feed physical form饲料物理形态的影响饲料物理形态的影响Average diameter and physical form颗粒直径和物理形态颗粒直径和物理形态passage rate流通速率流通速率gizzar
105、d and intestine weight肌胃和肠道重量肌胃和肠道重量gizzard and intestine pH肌肌 胃和肠道胃和肠道pH intestine mucosa肠道粘膜肠道粘膜 Performance生产性能生产性能 2013Intestinal health80A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityCONFIDENTIALA well developed gizzard helps optmiziing the grinding and absorption capability in the gastro-intestinal trac
106、t 肌胃的快速发育有助于磨碎食物和提高胃肠道吸收能力肌胃的快速发育有助于磨碎食物和提高胃肠道吸收能力This can have an additional effect on the processing of the feed, after ingestion 肌胃磨碎功能有助于饲料消化肌胃磨碎功能有助于饲料消化Effect of feed physical formWeight of the organs器官的重量器官的重量2013Intestinal health81Nir et al.肌胃肌胃十二指肠十二指肠胰腺胰腺腺胃腺胃CONFIDENTIALEffect of feed phys
107、ical form饲料物理形态的影响饲料物理形态的影响Effect of physical form of feed on the weight of viscera and pH of intestine content in broiler - day 42 饲料物理形态对饲料物理形态对42日龄肉仔鸡内脏重量和小肠内容物日龄肉仔鸡内脏重量和小肠内容物pH的影响的影响Adapted from Dahlke et al.Weight (g)重量（重量（g）Feed*饲料饲料 Intestine pH肠道肠道pH Gizzard肌胃肌胃Duodenum十二指肠十二指肠Jejunum+Ileum空
108、肠空肠+回肠回肠Meal粉料粉料6.8 b32.012.1 b38.9 bPellet颗粒颗粒7.0 a31.714.3 a 47.8 aAverage of 4 pellet and 4 meal diets, with granulometry of 0.336, 0.585, 0.856 ,1.12 mm 4份颗粒料和份颗粒料和4份粉料的平均值，经粒度测定法测定的颗粒直径是份粉料的平均值，经粒度测定法测定的颗粒直径是0.336, 0.585, 0.856 ,1.12 mm2013Intestinal health82P0.05CONFIDENTIALEffect of diameter
109、of particle size on some gizzard characteristics day 7 颗粒直径大小对颗粒直径大小对7日龄禽肌胃的影响日龄禽肌胃的影响Nir et al.Particlediameter (mm)颗粒直径颗粒直径(mm)Weight (g)重量重量(g)Content (g)内容物内容物(g)pH0.57 3.95 b1.38 b3.47 a1.13-1.23 4.50 a2.96 a3.03 b2.10-2.30 4.87 a3.02 a2.47 b2013Intestinal health83P0.05Effect of feed physical f
110、orm饲料物理形态的影响饲料物理形态的影响CONFIDENTIALEffect of diameter of particle size on the weight of organs of broilers - day 42 颗粒直径大小对颗粒直径大小对42日龄肉仔鸡器官重量的影响日龄肉仔鸡器官重量的影响Adapted from Dahlke et al.WEIGHT (g)重量重量(g)Diameter (mm)直径直径(mm)Gizzard肌胃肌胃Duodenum十二指肠十二指肠Jejunum+Ileum空肠空肠+回肠回肠0.336 20.05 d 8.76 b27.35 b0.585
111、29.52 c 13.89 a 43.77 a0.856 36.03 b 12.48 a 42.56 a1.120 41.56 a 13.84 a41.90 a2013Intestinal health84P0.05Effect of feed physical form饲料物理形态的影响饲料物理形态的影响CONFIDENTIALThe size of feed particles can :饲料颗粒大小能：饲料颗粒大小能：influence intake and digestion of the diet影响日粮的采食和消化影响日粮的采食和消化create morphological alt
112、erations 引起胃肠道形态改变引起胃肠道形态改变affect digestive secretions 影响消化液分泌影响消化液分泌affect transit time through the gastro-intestinal tract 影响食糜通过胃肠道的时间影响食糜通过胃肠道的时间Comments讨论讨论2013Intestinal health85CONFIDENTIAL862013Intestinal integrity: how to evaluate it?肠道完整性：如何评价？肠道完整性：如何评价？Field observations: 现场观测：现场观测：Perfo
113、rm necropsy 解剖解剖Weekly evaluation of the weight gain curve in each lot每周评估批每周评估批次增重曲线次增重曲线Regular evaluation of global health status 健康状况的定期评定健康状况的定期评定Final production results of each lot 批次最终生长性能批次最终生长性能Intestinal healthCONFIDENTIAL872013Intestinal integrity: how to evaluate it?肠道完整性：如何评价？肠道完整性：如何评
114、价？Laboratory observations: 实验室观测实验室观测Resistance to rupture 抗破裂的能力抗破裂的能力Intestine morphology (villi length, crypt depth, # of mucus producing cells) 小肠形态（绒毛长度，隐窝深度，粘液产生细胞数量）小肠形态（绒毛长度，隐窝深度，粘液产生细胞数量）Intestine density and relative weight 肠道密度和相对重量肠道密度和相对重量Enzymes concentration in the intestine epitheliu
115、m 小肠上皮细胞消化酶浓度小肠上皮细胞消化酶浓度Intestinal healthCONFIDENTIAL882013Intestinal integrity: how to evaluate it?肠道完整性：如何评价？肠道完整性：如何评价？Laboratory observations:实验室观测实验室观测Carbohydrates absorption 碳水化合物吸收碳水化合物吸收Cell proliferation and fusion of crypts 隐窝细胞增殖和融合隐窝细胞增殖和融合Evaluation of inflammatory cells 炎性细胞测定炎性细胞测定Ev
116、aluation of plasma di-amino oxidase 血液二氨基氧化酶测定血液二氨基氧化酶测定Intestinal healthCONFIDENTIAL892013Intestinal integrity: comments肠道完整性：讨论肠道完整性：讨论Prevention of intestine damages by : 肠道损伤预防：肠道损伤预防：Selecting suppliers选择供应商选择供应商Applying strict quality standards for feed ingredients严格的饲料品控标准严格的饲料品控标准Eliminating
117、 raw materials contaminated with mycotoxins, biogenic amines and/or clostridia禁止使用被霉菌毒素、生物胺和梭菌污染的原料禁止使用被霉菌毒素、生物胺和梭菌污染的原料Eliminating fats and oils oxidized or not complying with standards of quality control禁用被氧化的脂肪和油，或者没有按照质量控制标准采购的原料禁用被氧化的脂肪和油，或者没有按照质量控制标准采购的原料Providing immediate and continued feed
118、of high quality to day old chicks, fully satisfying the nutritional requirements从从1日龄起提供及时持续的高质量日龄起提供及时持续的高质量饲料，完全满足家禽的营养需要饲料，完全满足家禽的营养需要Optimizing management and environment, including hygiene and insects control (biosecurity)科学管理和适宜环境，包括保健和杀虫（生物安全）科学管理和适宜环境，包括保健和杀虫（生物安全）Intestinal healthCONFIDENTI
119、AL902013Intestinal integrity: comments肠道完整性：讨论肠道完整性：讨论Rational and strategic use of anticoccidials (chemicals and ionophores) and vaccines 科学规范使用抗球虫药（化学类和离子型）与疫苗科学规范使用抗球虫药（化学类和离子型）与疫苗Rational and strategic use of feed additives antibiotics 科学规范使用抗生素类饲料添加剂科学规范使用抗生素类饲料添加剂Focused treatments for enteric
120、 disorders, before that 7% of the chicken are affected 及时治疗肠道疾病，尤其要在及时治疗肠道疾病，尤其要在7%的鸡被感染之前治疗的鸡被感染之前治疗Intestinal healthCONFIDENTIALFocus on those factors that affect the integrity of the mucosa and increase losses for the maintenance of cellular integrity关关注注影影响响粘粘膜膜完整性的因素，重视损害细胞完整性的因素完整性的因素，重视损害细胞完整
121、性的因素The inclusion in the diet of some ingredient can create adequate conditions for the development of processes that can damage the intestine mucosa日粮某些成分经加工后会损伤小肠粘膜日粮某些成分经加工后会损伤小肠粘膜All nutritional and formulation practices focused to decreasing the imbalance of the gastro-intestinal tract - like t
122、he use of raw materials with low contents of anti-nutritional factors - can provide better performance at a reduced production cost 日日粮粮营营养养和和配配方方要要侧侧重重于于维维持持胃胃肠肠道道平平衡衡-如如使使用用抗抗营营养养因因子子含含量量低低的的原原料料-能能在在较较低低的的生生产产成成本本情情况况下下，达到理想的生产性能达到理想的生产性能Summary总结总结2013Intestinal health91CONFIDENTIAL92Intestinal health2013PhibroAnimalHealthCorporation,Teaneck,NJ07666Stafac, PhibroandHealthy Animals. Healthy Food. Healthy World.areregisteredtrademarksofPhibroAnimalHealthCorporation.2013
