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1、 Edgar Allan Poe坡坡 (18091849) E.A. Poe (18091849) Poes mother Edgar Allan Poe（18091849）埃德加.爱伦.坡Part I. Life ExperiencePart II Literary PositionPart III. Major Works Part IV. Point of ViewPart V. StylePart VI. AppreciationThis daguerreotype of Poe was taken in 1848 when he was 39, a year before his d
2、eathLife ExperienceA miserable childhood:borninBoston,bothparents died within twoyearsafterhisbirth,takeninto the home of John AllaninVirginia,hadanunhappyrelationshipwithhisfosterfatherAn unhappy youth:at17wenttotheUniversityofVirginiabutdidnotfinish,anappointmenttoWest Point but was dismissed less
3、 than a yearlaterA struggling life:in1833,becameaneditorofSouthern Literary Messenger in Richmond, lostthepositionbecauseofexcessivedrinkingandaninabilitytomeetdeadlines,managedtoregainthejobin1835,at27,marriedhis13year-oldcousin,Virginia Clemm, drifted for several years aseditorsindifferentmagazine
4、sbutremainedpoorallhislifeEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) “ “我经常沉湎杯中物，但喝我经常沉湎杯中物，但喝 酒并没使我感到半点儿乐酒并没使我感到半点儿乐 趣。我不惜生命和名声，趣。我不惜生命和名声， 不顾理智，一味喝酒，并不顾理智，一味喝酒，并 非追求乐趣，而是竭力逃非追求乐趣，而是竭力逃 避令人痛苦的回忆，逃避避令人痛苦的回忆，逃避 无法忍受的孤寂，逃避迫无法忍受的孤寂，逃避迫 在眼前的大限。在眼前的大限。” ” A bitter and mysterious death:in1847,wifediedoftuberculosis,in18
5、49,diedinmysteriouscircumstances Life Experience a miserable childhoodwas adopted by John Allan an unhappy relationship entered the University but didnt finish went to West Point but was dismissedat 27 he married his 13-year-old cousin her death in 1847 left him a bitterer life died in mysterious ci
6、rcumstances,in 1849 Part II. Poes literary positionForerunner of western decadent literatureForerunner of aesthetic literatureExplorer of abnormal psychologyFather of psychoanalytic criticismPath-breaker of American detective novelFather of modern short storyHis position Poes position in world liter
7、ature is secure. His influence is world-wide in modern literature. His aesthetics and conscious craftsmanship, his attack on “the heresy of the didactic” and his call for “the rhythmical creation of beauty” have influenced French symbolism and the devotees of “art for arts sake”. Poe is father of ma
8、ny things, one of which is psychoanalytic criticism, the other being the detective story. Edgar Allan PoePoes literary contributionAestheticismPrinciple of beautyPrinciple of unity and concentrationCareful choice of diction for desired effect (the musical effect of words themselves)Negligence of so-
9、called truth and social, political and moral suggestions“Pure poetry” or “pure art”Unity of effect and atmosphere; content in service of artistic effectComments on PoeEdgar Allan Poe is themost controversial andthemostmisunderstoodliterary figure in thehistoryofAmericanliterature.“我我不不在在乎乎我我的的作作品品是是
10、现现在在被被人人读读还还是是由由子子孙孙后后代代来来读读。我我可可以以花花一一个世纪来等待读者。个世纪来等待读者。”Edgar Allan PoeEmerson dismissed him in three words “the jingle man” (打油诗人)，Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable. And Whitman was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in 1875.Not accepted before Frenc
11、h symbolists like Charles Pierre Baudelaire (1821-1867) and Mallarm.In AmericaEmerson:“thejingleman”(noisy)Mark Twain:Hisproseisunreadable.Henry James: “anenthusiasm for Poe isthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelopment”Whitman:admitPoesgenius,butit was “its narrow range andunhealthy,luridquality
12、”(terrible)T. S. Eliot:acriticofthefirstrank,butwith“slipshodwriting”(careless)Reasons for Misunderstanding1) As a perceptive critic, he wrote some scathing criticisms on distinguished literary figures.2) His literary executor sullied his reputation after his death.In EuropeGeorge Bernard Shaw: “the
13、 greatestjournalisticcriticofhistime”Hispoetryis“exquisitelyrefined”.Histalesare“completeworksofart”.Baudelaire:“EdgarPoe,whoisntmuchin America, must become a great man inFrance.”柯柯南南道道尔尔：“一名侦探小说家只能沿这条不宽的主道而行，所以他时时都会发现前方有坡的脚印。如果他偶尔能设法偏离主道，独辟蹊径，那他就可以感到心满意足了。”凡凡尔尔纳纳：“他肯定会有模仿者，有人会试图超越他，有人会试图发展他的风格，但许多自
14、以为已经超过他的人其实永远也不可能与他相提并论。”肖肖伯伯纳纳：“它们不仅仅是一篇篇小说，而完全是一件件艺术品。” Poe enjoyed respect and welcome in EuropeHis reputation was first made in France Today, his works are read with appreciation and understanding. Poes influence was considerable in Spain, Italy, Germany and Russia.Poe was the first American wri
15、ter whoformulizedthetechniqueoftheshortstory.Inpursuitofthetotality ofeffect throughcompression, immediacy and finality, Poeinventedthegenreofthedetectivestoryanddeveloped a new fiction of psychologicalanalysis.Poehasthusoftenbeenconsideredasthefatherofthemodernshortstory.Part III. Major Works Famou
16、sAmericanpoet,short-storywriter,andliterarycriticMostcontroversialandmisunderstoodinAmericaWellreceivedinEurope,England,Spain,esp.inFranceLiteraryoutput:someseventyshortstoriesandadozenpoemsA:PoemsB:ShortstoriesC:literarytheoryD:onefull-lengthnovel:The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym(1838)亚瑟.戈登.皮姆的故事
17、Shaws evaluation of Poes achievementa critic,a poet，a short story writer the greatest journalistic critic of his timehis poetry is “exquisitely refined“(精致优雅精致优雅)his tales are complete works of arta great writer of fiction, a poet of the first rank, and a critic of insight a. A short story writer st
18、ories:two kinds Horror Ratiocination（推理） “The Fall of the House of Usher” “The Black Cat” “The Cask of Amontillado”“Ligeia”（莉盖亚）（莉盖亚） “The Purloined Letter”（被窃的信件）（被窃的信件） fifty poems typically Romantic in both form and content Poes poetictheories Poetry should be short and readable at one sitting, s
19、hould appeal only to “beauty” (aiming at “an elevating excitement of the soul”) True poetry is “the rhythmical creation of beauty”“The Philosophy of Composition “The Poetic Principle”b. A poetc. A literary critic Poems1The Raven (1844) 乌鸦乌鸦2Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔丽安娜贝尔丽3TheSleeper睡美人4ADreamWithinaDream梦中梦5
20、Israfel伊斯拉菲尔6TheBells钟7SonnetToScience十四行诗-致科学8To Helen 献给海伦献给海伦9TheCityintheSea海中的城市made Poe famous as a poet symbol of his dark doubtsand frustrated longing“Nevermore”永不再Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 述异集述异集 a collection of short stories talestwo kinds Horror Ratiocination（推理） “The Murders i
21、n the Rue Morgue” 莫格街谋杀案莫格街谋杀案 “The Gold Bug”金甲虫金甲虫 “The Black Cat” 黑猫黑猫 “The Cask of Amontillado”（红色死亡假面舞会）（红色死亡假面舞会） “Ligeia”莉盖亚莉盖亚 “The Fall of the House of Usher” a story in Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque “The Purloined Letter”被窃的信件被窃的信件“The Mystery of Marie Roget” 玛丽罗杰谜案玛丽罗杰谜案Short Storie
22、s1. Horror Fiction （死亡恐怖小说）（死亡恐怖小说）TheFalloftheHouseofUsherTheMasqueoftheRedDeathLigeiaTheBlackCatTheCaskofAmontilladoTheTell-TaleHeart2. Detective Novel （推理侦探小说）（推理侦探小说）MurdersintheRueMorgueThePurloinedLetterTheGoldBug3. Science Fiction （科幻小说）（科幻小说）4. Satirical Novel（幽默讽刺小说）（幽默讽刺小说）Short stories1 M
23、S. Found in a Bottle (1833) 瓶中手稿2 Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque (1839) 荒诞奇异的故事3 The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841) 毛格街血案毛格街血案4 The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌厄舍古屋的倒塌5 The Cask of Amontillado 一桶白葡萄酒6 Ligeia 丽姬亚7 The Purloined Letter 窃信案8 The Man of the Crowd 人群中的人9 The Tell-Tale H
24、eart 泄密的心10 William Wilson威廉.威尔逊11 Black Cat黑猫12 The Imp of the Perverse变态的小鬼13 The Gold Bug金甲虫14 The Mystery of Marie Roger 玛丽.罗热疑案15 The Masque of the Red Death 红色死亡的化妆舞会 literary theoryThe Poetic Principle The Philosophy of Composition Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的His theory for short story- cl
25、arity 1. The short story must be of such length as to be read at one sitting (brevity), so as to ensure the totality of impression. 2.The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story. 3. No word should be used which does not contribute to the “pre-established” desi
26、gn of the work (compression). 4.A tale should reveal some logical truth with “the fullest satisfaction” and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader. (a certain decision 某种结局）Poes theory for short storyShort story should be of brevity, totality, single effect, c
27、ompression(压缩压缩) and finality. His theory of poetry 1.His poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity.2.The poem should be short, readable at one sitting (or as long as “The Raven”).3. Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader，to pure ones soul.4.Melancholy is
28、 the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.5.Poetry does not have to inculcate a moral.6.The artistry of the poem lies not in what is being said but in what way it is said. (form is superior to content)7.stresses musical quality of verse and defines true poetry as “rhythmical creation of beauty.”P
29、oes theory for poetry poems short but achieve maximum effectproduce a feeling of beauty in the reader pure“, not to moralizeHe stresses rhythm insists on an even(规则的规则的) metrical flow 真实能够满足人的理智真实能够满足人的理智, ,感情能够满足人的心灵感情能够满足人的心灵, , 而美则能激动人的灵魂而美则能激动人的灵魂Themes 1. death predominant theme2. horror“Poe is
30、 not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poes writings is dead.” 3.negative thoughts of scienceEdgar Allan PoeLiterary features of PoeMotifs of Poes poems and stories:LoveBeauty (supernatual beauty)Death (often of a woman, a lover)TerrorNeurotic disorderEdgar Allan PoePoes gothicismDecadent
31、contentGrotesque imagesAbnormal psychesMelancholy Supernatural elementsOther gothic elements (deserted castle, old temple, dark and gloomy cellar; stone coffin; dead woman; hero of abnormal psyche)Style 1) He was good at generalizing.2) His style was traditional.3) He insisted on an even metrical fl
32、ow in versification.Annabel LeeBy Allen PoeSettingThenarrator(persona)writesaboutafictionalkingdomalongtheoceanshore.Itisanidyllic,beautiful,landofenchantmentaparadiseonearthwhereheandAnnabelLeefellinloveasadolescents.Onecanimaginethattheystrolledthebeaches,handinhand,ingentlebreezeswhilethesunwentd
33、ownandthetiderushedin.Thiskingdom,whereloveruledtheirhearts,remainsdeartothememoryofthepoetafterAnnabelLeedies,forhissoulremainsunitedwithhers.CharactersNarrator(persona):Amanofdeepsensibilitywhoextollsayoungmaidenwithwhomhefelldeeplyinlove.AnnabelLee:Beautifulyoungmaidenlovedbythepoet.Shewasofnoble
34、birth,asLine17ofStanza1suggestswhenitsaysshehad“highborn”relatives.AnnabelLeeprobablyrepresentsPoeswife,whodiedatayoungage.Seraphs:MembersofthehighestorderofangelsaroundthethroneofGod.AccordingtotheBible,theyeachhadthreepairsofwings.Inthepoem,theseraphsaresoenviousofthelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnab
35、elLeethattheycauseAnnabelsdeath.RelativeofAnnabelLee:A“highbornkinsman”(Line17,Stanza1)whocarriesawayandentombsherbody.Familiar Motif: Romeo and JulietLikeShakespearesRomeoandJuliet,thenarratorandAnnabelLeearebothveryyoungwhentheyfalldeeplyinlove.Inaddition,likeShakespeares“star-crossed”lovers,Poesl
36、oversbecomevictimsofforcesbeyondtheircontrol.Finally,thenarratorandAnnabelLeelikeRomeoandJulietexperiencealovebeyondtheunderstandingofolderpersons.(Seetheopeninglinesofthesecondstanza.)The Real Annabel LeeThemodelforAnnabelLeewasprobablyPoeswife,VirginiaClemm,whomhemarriedwhenshewasonly13.Theirmarri
37、agewasaveryhappyone.Unfortunately,shediedoftuberculosisinJanuary1847whenshewasstillinhertwenties.PoediedtwoyearsandninemonthslateronOctober7,1849.“AnnabelLee”washislastpoem.Rhyme, Rhythm, Repetition:PoeusesthreeRsrhyme,rhythm,andrepetitionin“AnnabelLee”tocreateaharmonyofsoundsthatunderscoretheexquis
38、iteharmonyofthenarratorsrelationshipwithhisbeloved.ThemeEternallove.ThelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnabelLeeissostrongandbeautifulandpurethateventheseraphs,thehighestorderofangelsinheaven,envyit.TheyattempttokillthislovebysendingachillingwindthatkillsAnnabelLee.However,theloveremainsaliveeternalbecaus
39、ethesoulsoftheloversremainunited.ThedeathofabeautifulwomanisacommonthemeinPoeswriting.Poerepeatsthisrhythmicpatternthroughoutthepoem,perhapstosuggesttheriseandfallofthetides.Healsorepeatskeyphrasessuchasin this kingdom by the seaandmy Annabel Lee(ormy beautiful Annabel Lee)tocreatehauntingrefrains.I
40、naddition,Poesometimesrepeatswordsorwordpatternswithinasingleline,asin(1)many and many a year ago,(2)we loved with a love that was more than love,and(3)my darlingmy darling.Poefurtherenhancestherhythmofthepoemwiththerepetitionofconsonantsounds(alliteration).Notice,forexample,therepetitionofthe“w”and
41、“l”soundsinthislineinStanza2:But we loved with a love that was more than love.Poesometimescouplesrepetitionofconsonantsoundswithrepetitionofvowelsounds,asinmany and many,love and be loved,andthose who were older than we.Word Choice:Poecarefullychosethewordsofthepoemtoevokeadreamlandorfairytaleatmosp
42、here.It was many and many a year ago,forexample,echoesthetraditionalfairytaleopeningofonce upon a time.Thewordskingdom, maiden,andchildthenleadthereaderintothenever-neverland,withkingdomsuggestingchivalryandromance,maidensuggestinginnocence,andchildsuggestingthewondermentofyouth.Althoughhefirstusess
43、epulchre(Stanza3)torefertoAnnabelLeesburialchamberthenrepeatsitintheseventhlineofStanza6heusestombinthelastlineofthepoemtorefertoherrestingplace.Tombhasamoreominousconnotation,suggestingfinality.Italsohasamoredeathlyring,likethecavernoustollofafuneralbell.ImageryDarkness and Light: Impliedandexplici
44、timagesofdarknessandlightoccurthroughoutthepoem.Poeimpliesthatthekingdombytheseaisabright,cheerfulplacewherethesunshinesontwoyounglovers,thenarratorandAnnabelLee.Ironically,inanotherrealmofdazzlinglightheaventhehighestorderofangels,theSeraphim,growdarkwithenvyoftheyoungcouple.Undercoverofnight,theys
45、endacoldwindthatkillsAnnabelLee:Thewindcameoutofthecloudbynight,/ChillingandkillingmyAnnabelLee.Butthenarratorsaysheremainsinarealmoflight,forhissoulandthesoulofAnnabelLeeareone.Inthelaststanza,PoeemphasizesthispointwithlightimageryIhopeyouwontmindwhenIgowithoutyouforanicechatwithaclosefriendofmine.
46、Youaremybosomfriend,butyoucannottaketheplaceofotherfriendsanymorethantheycandoyours.Ineedtheircare,encouragementandsoberingcriticismjustasIdoyours.Astarlessskywithasolitarymoonwouldbedullandcheerless,whynotlettherebeamoonlitnightresplendentwithtwinklingstars.mayoccasionallywanttomakeatouroffarawaypl
47、aces.PleasedontholdmebackwhenIstartpackingforit.Youarethecenterofmylife,butcertainlynotthewholeofit.Iyearntoseethemysteriesandwondersoftheworldmilesawaybeyondthemountains;Soletmehaveachancetoexploremy“AlicesWonderland”asa“loneranger”.SometimelaterwhenIcomebacktoyouwithexoticexperiencesandfreshinsigh
48、ts,Imsureyouwilllookatmeinanewlight.Mydearhusband,solongasyouletmehavesuchalittle,littleworld,Illbeverymuchindebtedtoyou.Use of Alliteration: Poe relies heavily on alliteration in Annabel Lee to create pleasing sound patterns. Following are examples of alliteration in the poem: First StanzaNotice th
49、e recurrence of m and n sounds (alliteration). Second StanzaCoveted: envied, resented Third Stanzathis was the reason: the seraphs envy long ago: these words echo many a year ago in Line 1, Stanza 1. a cloud: Using these words instead of the sky infuses foreboding and gloom while symbolizing the dar
50、k envy of the seraphs. selpulchre: British spelling of sepulcher. Britain, of course, has always had a monarchy, the type of government that would rule in a kingdom by the sea Fourth stanzaout of a cloud by night: Use of this phrase emphasizes the dark envy of the angels and their sneaky scheme (whi
51、ch unfolds under the cover of night). chilling and killing: an example of internal rhyme Fifth StanzaThe narrator here focuses on three worlds: (1) earth, the realm of humans; (2) heaven, the realm of angels; and (3) hell, the realm of demons. The love between him and Annabel is stronger than any ot
52、her earthly love and can survive the sinister efforts of the angels and the demons to sabotage蓄意破坏 it. ever, dissever: internal rhyme Sixth StanzaPoe stresses imagery of light in this stanza, associating moonbeams with dreams about his beloved and the radiance of stars with her eyes. In the sixth li
53、ne, he uses a figure of speech called anaphora首语重复法 when he writes the word my four times. 很久很久以前，在一个滨海的国度里，住着一位少女你或许认得，她的芳名叫安娜贝尔.李；这少女活着没有别的愿望，只为和我俩情相许。那会儿我还是个孩子，她也未脱稚气，在这个滨海的国度里；可我们的爱超越一切，无人能及我和我的安娜贝尔.李；我们爱得那样深，连天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉。这就是那不幸的根源，很久以前在这个滨海的国度里，夜里一阵寒风从白云端吹起，冻僵了我的安娜贝尔.李；于是她那些高贵的亲戚来到凡间把她从我的身边夺
54、去，将她关进一座坟墓在这个滨海的国度里。这些天使们在天上，不及我们一半快活，于是他们把我和她妒嫉对就是这个缘故（谁不晓得呢，在这个滨海的国度里）云端刮起了寒风，冻僵并带走了我的安娜贝尔.李。可我们的爱情远远地胜利那些年纪长于我们的人那些智慧胜于我们的人无论是天上的天使，还是海底的恶魔，都不能将我们的灵魂分离，我和我美丽的安娜贝尔.李 因为月亮的每一丝清辉都勾起我的回忆梦里那美丽的安娜贝尔.李群星的每一次升空都令我觉得秋波在闪动那是我美丽的安娜贝尔.李就这样，伴着潮水，我整夜躺在她身旁我亲爱的我亲爱的我的生命，我的新娘，在海边那座坟茔里，在大海边她的墓穴里。TO HELEN Helen, thy
55、 beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore,That gently, oer a perfumed sea,The weary, wayworn wanderer boreTo his own native shore.On desperate seas long wont to roam,Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was GreeceAnd the grandeur that was Rom
56、e.To Helen 海伦，你的美貌于我似远古尼西亚人的帆船，轻轻飘过芬芳的海面，让旅途劳顿的游子，回到他故乡的岸边。在漂泊已久、波涛汹涌的海上，你风信子般的头发、古典的脸庞，和尼厄神般的风采已带我回家乡，回到罗马曾经的伟大，和希腊曾经的荣光。Lo! in yon brilliant window-nicheHow statue-like I see thee stand,The agate lamp within thy hand!Ah, Psyche, from the regions whichAre Holy Land! 瞧！彼处辉煌窗龛里你，恰似雕像，伫立，玛瑙灯儿手中提！啊，普赛克
57、，来自仙土圣地！注：1. Naiad尼厄神，希腊、罗马神话中，生活在河、湖、泉中并赋予其生命和永久存在的仙女。2. Psyche-普赛克，希、罗神话中一灵魂化身的美少女，被爱神厄洛斯所爱。） It is generally considered a tribute to Mrs. Jane Stanard, a Rickmond matron considerate of the young Poe. This piece celebrates an idealized woman as the incarnation of the pure, unattainable , romanticized beauty of antiquity. It is the abstract yearning of the young male for the perfect woman. The symbol of Helen of Troy permits the mind to comprehend a long-departed civilization.
