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1、Chapter 2Communication Between CulturesVerbal CommunicationJoke appreciation for cultural diversitypA young ladys miniskirt was accidentally torn open by a young man. Please decide where they come from according to their responses to this incident. Joke appreciation for cultural diversityp1. Before
2、the man saying sorry, the woman bowed down and said in a tender voice: sorry, it is all my fault. It is all the bad quality of my skirt. I am sorry for the trouble I have brought to you. JapanOver-courtesyandmale-dominatedJoke appreciation for cultural diversityp2. Before the man saying sorry, the w
3、oman gave him a name-card and said: “This is my lawyers phone number. He will talk with you about your sex harassment. See you in the court.”AmericaAplacewherelawtalks!Joke appreciation for cultural diversityp3. Before the man saying sorry, the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspap
4、er in hand and shyly said: “Sir, can you send me home? It is not very far from here.” Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home. EnglandGentleandconservativeJoke appreciation for cultural diversityp4. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gurgled and put her han
5、d on the mans shoulder: “Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt. FranceFriendlyandromanticJoke appreciation for cultural diversityp5. Before the man saying sorry, the wom
6、an flew into rage and gave the man a box on the face: “ni ge shao, xiang qi lao niang doufu, lao zi da si ni.” Then she took out a mobile phone and dialed number and a gang of people came. The whole thing developed into a riot.WuhanhotandirritableJoke appreciation for cultural diversityp6. The man f
7、elt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl. But the beautiful girl smiled and said: _ThailandLadyboy,shemanDontworry,Sir.Iamaman,too”.ContentVerbal CommunicationVerbal Communication1Oral CommunicationOral Communication2Written CommunicationWritten Communication31. Verbal Communicati
8、onpIt refers to the communication that is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.(Xu, 1997)pIt is the transferring of thoughts between individuals via spoken or written message.(Du, 2004) What is verbal communication?1. Verbal Communication What factors does effective VC
9、 involve?pLogical and emotional effectspObjective and subjective factorspMessage sender and receiverpCultural factorspetc.1. Verbal Communication 1.1 Language & Culture 1.2 Semantics in ICC 1.3 Pragmatics in ICC1. What is language?pLanguage is a set of symbols and the rules for combining those symbo
10、ls that are used and understood by a large community to people. 1.1 Language & Culture2. What is the usage of language for human beings?pLanguage is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and information as well as to transmit experience and knowledge. 1.1 Language & Culture3.
11、 How is language related to culture?pLanguage is the carrier of culture which in turn is the content of language.pLanguage is part of culture. In turn, culture enriches and influences language. 1.1 Language & CultureHopi: 霍皮人（美国亚利桑那州东南部印第安村庄居民）1.2 Semantics in ICC Case Analysis: shoes for Street Wal
12、king Case Analysis: shoes for Street WalkingpIt is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit.and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many Englis
13、h-speaking tourists, but not look at the shoes displayed in the window, but to read the sign and then break into laughter. The Italian shop owner did not realize that “a street walker” means a prostitute, while “to have a fit” does not mean to have a try, but to become suddenly and violently angry o
14、r upset. No wonder the amusement and laughter! 1.2 Semantics in ICCpSemantics is the study of the meaning of words.pWords have two major dimensions of meaning: denotationdenotation & connotationconnotation.pDenotation is the literalliteral meaning or definitiondefinition of a word.pConnotation is th
15、e suggestivesuggestive or associativeassociative meaning of a word.pCulturally Loaded Words and English Language Teaching (Xu Guozhang, 1982)denotation & connotationp从事政治、关心政治，特别是以政治为 生涯的人(a person whose business is politics)p不讲原则，当面一套，背后一套，能言善辩，言而无信的人(a person who doesnt usually keep his promises,
16、often cheats for his own selfish purpose)politicianpoliticiandenotation & connotationpHappy, auspicious, joyous, flourishing (in Chinese)pSomething undesirable (in English)redredgreengreenpHe got a red-eye illness. pHe is green with envy.symbolsenderreceiverExample 1D=DC=CsymbolsenderreceiverExample
17、 2 A symbol of wisdom as wise as an owlowl A symbol of bad luck猫头鹰猫头鹰D=DC CMore examples 风水，经脉，知识份子，干部，Generic termmalefemaleyoungchickenDuckgoosecock, roosterDrakeganderhenDuckgoosechickDucklinggosling公&母Case 1: A conversationpXie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British
18、 university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I dont know where it went wrong!Tom: Dont feel so bad. Cheer up; youve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days.
19、 Ill face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing childrens games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom: Ive never taken the experiment as childs play, and Im playing the game.Xie Li: You say youre playing the game! Its a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily.
20、Tom is puzzled.AnalysispAnalysis：俗语、成语等具有很强的文化内涵，经常会让非母语者产生困扰。在本案例中，谢力错解了Tom使用的两个俗语（face the music 和playing the game），导致交际失败。pFace the music:承担后果， 面对不愉快的局面pPlay the game:遵守规则；按章办事Case 2： An Introductionp“Ladies and gentlemen, Im delighted to introduce to you a very pretty girl, Miss Brown. She is an
21、 excellent teacher from the United States of America.”p“Ladies and gentlemen, Im delighted to introduce to you Doctor Mary Brown, a new teacher from the United States. She is a PhD of American literature with ten years of experience teaching English as a foreign language.”Rephrased wording1.3 Pragma
22、tics in ICCppCase Study: Li HongzhangCase Study: Li Hongzhang s Embarrassments EmbarrassmentpLi Hongzhang, one of the top officials in the Qing Dynasty, was invited to visit the US. He was warmly welcomed. One day, Li was hosting a banquet for the American officials in a popular restaurant. As the b
23、anquet started, according to the Chinese custom, Li stood up and said, “I am very happy to have all of you here today. Though these dishes are coarse and not delicious and good enough to show my respect for you, I hope you will enjoy them” （今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵）Case Study
24、: Li Hongzhangs EmbarrassmentpThe next day, the English version of his words was shown in the local newspaper. To his shock, the restaurant owner flew into a rage. He thought it was an insult to his restaurant and insisted that Li should show him the evidence of which dish was not well-made and whic
25、h dish was not delicious. Otherwise, Li intentionally damaged the reputation of the restaurant, and he should apologize. All the fuss made Li rather embarrassed.Case Study: Li Hongzhangs EmbarrassmentpWhat Li said is just some formulaic polite expression and they do convey the meaning of respect. Al
26、most all Chinese people know this and could hear that nearly everywhere. Here, the language form is different from its content, a phenomenon only found in the Eastern culture.pHowever, America is a country with highly valued individualism and they express themselves rather directly. They could not u
27、nderstand the Easterners over-modesty, for they tend to comprehend what they hear literally, and a clash was inevitable.1.3 Pragmatics in ICCpPragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perception and behaviors.pPragmatics is the study of how speakers use the language to reach s
28、uccessful communication.1.3 Pragmatics in ICCpHow to address peoplepDifferent perceptions of titlespHow to show gratitudepConversation topicspBeing modestMore:More: uGreeting uCompliments and the responsesHow to address peopleextended system in Chinese: 警察叔叔(Police Uncle), 大姐(sister), 爷爷(grandpa), 奶
29、奶(grandma), 阿姨(aunt)Differences of kinship in C and E: Uncle (叔叔,舅舅), sister(姐姐,妹妹), brother(哥哥,弟弟),etc.ChineseEnglishFormal Relationship /Situationsurname+given.Surname +TitleGiven + surnameTitle + SurnameNeutral Relationship /Situationsurname+given.Surname + TitleGiven + surnameTitle + SurnameGive
30、n NameClose Relationship /SituationGiven NameGiven Name 1.3 Pragmatics in ICCDifferent perceptions of titlesChina:pSurname + TitlepOther similar cultures: Japan, Korea; German, Russia, Italy; Maxico Western countries:pTitle + SurnamepIn political, judicial, military, and academic circles, pe.g. Sena
31、tor Brown Judge Brown Professor Brown Doctor Brown 1.3 Pragmatics in ICCDifferent perceptions of titlespDifferent perceptions of titlesppCase study:Case study:pWhen Diplomingenieur (工程硕士) Hans Weiss from Austria visits Australia, he tells people his name and title. He is upset when they smile. They
32、seem to be making fun of him. pDo you know whats wrong?In Australia people tend to be more egalitarian than in Austria and set little store by titles. They probably thought Mr. Weiss was being pretentious.So Mr. Weiss should announce himself as “Hans Weiss”.Some one should tell him not to use his ti
33、tle, like “In Australia we dont use titles much, by the way. And you title is rather hard to understand because theres no equivalent here” 1.3 Pragmatics in ICCCase studypA famous Chinese actress married a German. One day when she was acting, her husband was there watching, saying again and again th
34、at she was the best actress. The actress colleagues present asked her afterwards to tell her husband not to praise his own wife like that in public. On learning this, the German wondered what he did wrong.pOnce the actress and her husband were talking with their Chinese friends at a party, her husba
35、nd politely praised a Chinese lady on her beauty. The lady husband said that his wife was moderately good looking when young, but now she was old and no longer so. The lady nodded in agreement with a smile. The actress husband was surprised. 1.3 Pragmatics in ICCAnalysis：p在西方国家里，家庭成员之间互相赞美是很正常的事情，被赞
36、美者通常也会感到很愉快。但是中国人似乎很少在公共场所赞美自己的家人。在第二个例子中，西方文化里认为说自己的家人看上去很老，这样的说法是不合适的。称赞“你有一个漂亮的妻子”在西方国家里是很自然的也是被高度欣赏的，而在中国同样的赞美或许会被认为是不妥当的，尤其在年长者面前。 1.3 Pragmatics in ICCConversation topicspTopics acceptable to both Westerners and ChinesepHobbiespA local or national eventpHolidayspJobspThe weatherpFilms / booksp
37、pTopics that many Westerners regard as private matterspagepmoneyphealthpFamilypMarriagepBlood typep 1.3 Pragmatics in ICC2. Oral CommunicationOral presentationOral presentationpinformative / persuasive / goodwill presentationpsteps / tips to make an effective oral presentation2. Oral CommunicationpT
38、elephone calls(电话铃响电话铃响)B. 喂，你找谁？喂，你找谁？A. 请问张人杰在吗？请问张人杰在吗？B. 等一会儿，我去叫他。等一会儿，我去叫他。 / 他不在。他不在。(电话铃响电话铃响)B. Donald Kane. / Deans office. / 67301760.A. Can I speak to Jane, please?B. Sure. Hang on.B. 宏大计算机公司，你好。宏大计算机公司，你好。A. 你好，请问张总在吗？你好，请问张总在吗？B. 在，请问您有什么事？在，请问您有什么事？A. A ringing phone is answered this
39、way in Arab:Receiver：May your morning be good.Caller: May your morning be full of lightR: Praise God, your voice is welcome. C: Welcome, welcome. R: How are you? C: Praise God. R: Praise God.C: What news? Are you well? Your family well? R: Praise God. How are you?C: All is well. All is well. Welcome
40、. Welcome. 3. Written CommunicationBusiness lettersBusiness letterspthe importancepVarious purposepEffective skills收文人发文人正文事由日期3. Written CommunicationDate: December 5, 2011Business Business memosmemospWhat is it?pformatppurposeGroup work Assignment pMake a research on the following topics and give
41、your presentation next time with the help of a ppt.nThe cultural differences on 1.Kinship terms2.Different perceptions of titles3.Expressions of gratitude and compliments4.Conversation topics5.Make telephone calls6.Animal words7.Color wordsGroup work PracticepSituation:pYour foreign teacher will be back to her/his hometown. Youre going to invite her to have meals with you and give her a gift.pTask:pYou are asked to make a dialogue or make a performance (role play) according to the situation.
