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1、非酮症性高血糖所致的舞蹈样非酮症性高血糖所致的舞蹈样投掷运动投掷运动non-ketotic hyperglycaemia induced chorea-ballismHemiballism-hemichorea (HB-HC) A clinical spectrum of continuous, nonpatterned, and involuntary movements involving one side of the body Focal vascular lesion in the contralateral basal ganglia Metabolic derangements
2、(e. g., non-ketotic hyperglycemia or hyperthyroidism) brain neoplasm infectious diseases of the central nervous system (e. g., human immunodeficiency virus infection)non-ketotic hyperglycemia is the second most common cause of HB-HCPresentation of striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI in patien
3、ts with hemiballism-hemichorea caused by non-ketotic hyperglycemia: Report of seven new cases and a review of literature. J Neurol (2001) 248(1)presentation of ballistic or choreiform movements of at least two of the unilateral face, neck, upper limb and lower limb regions; (2)a markedly elevated bl
4、ood glucose level at the onset of HB-HC; (3)a hyperintensive lesion in the contralateral striatum on brain CT and/or MRI; (4)an abrupt cessation of the dyskinesia after achieving hyperglycemic control; (5)no evidence of acute cerebrovascular, infectious, or inflammatory lesions on brain CT and/or MR
5、I; (6)no evidence of other metabolic derangement, recreational drug use, or a known history of degenerative disorder.Diagnosis of non-ketotic hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome (NKHHS) was made based on the observation of hyperglycemia (blood sugar levels greater than 500 mg/dl), the absence of ket
6、onemia and a serum osmolality greater than 350 mmol/kg 1995年一例年一例74岁老年女性,急性起病,左舞蹈老年女性,急性起病,左舞蹈动作。血糖作。血糖296mg/dl,血渗透,血渗透压296mOmsm/L.尿尿酮阴性,尿糖阳性。阴性,尿糖阳性。舞蹈舞蹈动作持作持续了了37天,天,T1高信号、高信号、T2低信号持低信号持续10个月消失。个月消失。SPECT显示示为高灌注。作者推高灌注。作者推测为小梗死和小梗死和钙沉沉积为MRI异异常信号的原因。常信号的原因。1999年一例,症状同年一例,症状同样,偏,偏侧舞蹈。舞蹈。MRI信号同前例,信号同
7、前例,但有但有强化,化,强化范化范围同同T1异常信号区域。推异常信号区域。推测BBB破坏在先,破坏在先,然后形成然后形成类似似MRI异常信号区。异常信号区。2001年,年,92岁男性。症状、影像学同前。尸男性。症状、影像学同前。尸检证实:多:多灶性小梗死灶、反灶性小梗死灶、反应性胶性胶质增生、神增生、神经元元间反反应(interneuronal response. ) 1999年另一例,年另一例,22岁。症状同前。症状同前。CT示稍高密度影。示稍高密度影。MRI同前。同前。2001年年5例。例。诱因及症状均同前。例因及症状均同前。例为以前未以前未发现患患糖尿病。症状持糖尿病。症状持续6月到月到
8、5年,病程年,病程2天天1月。例有典型的月。例有典型的MRI表表现,一例无明,一例无明显MRI异常信号灶。异常信号灶。2004年,有人年,有人对此病的此病的为微量出血的微量出血的发病机制提出一些病机制提出一些疑疑问,最,最终推推测为进展性梗死,并与星形展性梗死,并与星形细胞反胞反应性增生有性增生有关关 2002年,年,Oh, S. H等等综述了述了1985年年2001年年间报道的道的53例(包括例(包括报道新道新发例病人)并例病人)并进行了行了Meta分析,指分析,指出了出了CHBG的特点的特点为:老年女性受累多(女老年女性受累多(女/男比男比为30/17),),71.1岁(22 92)平均血
9、糖水平)平均血糖水平为481.5mg/dl (169 1264), HbAlc 为14.4(9.919.2),血),血浆渗透渗透压为305.9mmol/kg。绝大部分大部分为单侧舞蹈,少部分舞蹈,少部分发展成双展成双侧。影像学影像学显示:所有病例均有壳核受累。除一例外,内囊示:所有病例均有壳核受累。除一例外,内囊前肢基本不受累。前肢基本不受累。22例随例随访显示,症状与影像学同步性逐示,症状与影像学同步性逐渐缓解。解。39例痊例痊愈,愈,14例好例好转。7例症状复例症状复发。 CT showed an increased density in the contralateral putamen
10、 and/or caudate MRI revealed abnormal hyperintensity on T1-weighted and hypointensity on T2-weighted images The striatal hyperdensity in the brain CT completely resolved within 3 months and in 6 months on MRI.A review revealed a total of 35 cases There was no gender difference and the average age at
11、 the on-set of dyskinesia was 72 years. Prognosis of all the reported cases was excellent and their hyperkinetic states all abruptly ceased after hyperglycemic control had been achieved. Twelve cases had follow up neuroimaging examination. These showed complete resolution within 11 months in 9 cases
12、, partial resolution after 6 months in 1 case, and no change was seen in 2 cases 6 months later.男性,男性, 57岁。尿糖。尿糖(+)二次血糖分二次血糖分别为15.76mmol/L和和 14.89/mmol/LThe nature of the characteristic CT/MRI signal changes still debated Based on the evolution of clinical manifestations and the findings of the neur
13、oimages, Chang et al. suggested that putaminal petechial hemorrhage might be the pathological mechanism . among neuronal subtypes, striatal medium spiny neurones are highly vulnerable to energy depletion. The hypothesis of a reversible metabolic impairment may explain the transient MRI alterations.
14、studies by SPECT and PET have revealed the reduction of blood flow and metabolism in the contralateral striatum MR spectroscopy has also demonstrated the presence of pronounced energy depletion and neuronal dysfunction in the contralateral striatum proton MRI spectroscopy and diffusion weighted MRI
15、studies suggest a hyperviscosity syndrome, possibly caused by hyperglycaemia, and concomitant cytotoxic edema could be the cause of the MRI changes. MRI的信号的信号变化可以用化可以用该部位的点状出血及随后的高部位的点状出血及随后的高铁血血红蛋白形成和含蛋白形成和含铁血黄素的沉血黄素的沉积来解来解释因因为很多高血糖患者的周很多高血糖患者的周围神神经都有髓鞘的都有髓鞘的损害,所害,所以壳核中的高信号可能与以壳核中的高信号可能与损害的神害的神经髓鞘有
16、关,它可以髓鞘有关,它可以选择性地混合髓鞘性地混合髓鞘结合水与合水与轴突游离水使突游离水使T1像像缩短短 biopsy specimen from the hyperintense putamen revealed a slight atrocytosis and vacuolization or a fragment of gliotic brain tissue with abundant gemistocytes, but was without deposition of hemosiderin. 标本本检查发现病病变部位部位仅为轻度的星形胶度的星形胶质细胞增生和空胞增生和空泡形成,而
17、没有泡形成,而没有铁或或钙的沉的沉积 标本中本中发现了含有原了含有原浆性星形胶性星形胶质细胞的胞的脑胶胶质碎片,并碎片,并认为MRI短短T1信号是由于信号是由于肿胀的原的原浆性星形胶性星形胶质细胞中蛋白胞中蛋白水化水化层所致所致 病理生理基病理生理基础不明,可能与糖尿病不明,可能与糖尿病脑血管病血管病变所致的急所致的急性血性血脑屏障功能障碍及高血糖后的代屏障功能障碍及高血糖后的代谢紊乱有关紊乱有关雌激素可以降低黑雌激素可以降低黑质纹状体系状体系统多巴胺的功能、增加多巴胺的功能、增加多巴胺受体的密度,使多巴胺受体多巴胺受体的密度,使多巴胺受体产生超敏生超敏现象,更年期象,更年期妇女雌激素减少,故
18、本病多女雌激素减少,故本病多见于老年女性于老年女性从神从神经影像上来看本病的影像上来看本病的发生与尾状核及豆状核生与尾状核及豆状核损害害有关,波有关,波谱分析分析发现病灶部位的病灶部位的N-乙乙酰天冬氨酸(天冬氨酸(NAA)/肌酸(肌酸(Cr)比)比值低于低于对侧、胆碱(、胆碱(Cho)/Cr比比值高于高于对侧且有乳酸且有乳酸盐峰出峰出现,这三种三种变化分化分别预示了神示了神经原的原的丢失失和和损害、神害、神经胶胶质的增生和潜在的慢性局灶性的增生和潜在的慢性局灶性脑血管病血管病 SPECT研究研究发现基底基底节区血流灌注减低,区血流灌注减低,PET研究研究证实病病灶部位糖的代灶部位糖的代谢显著
19、降低,著降低,证实了病灶部位存在缺血了病灶部位存在缺血现象象因因为本病多本病多见于糖尿病非于糖尿病非酮症高血糖患者,有学者症高血糖患者,有学者认为此此类患者患者细胞能量代胞能量代谢以无氧代以无氧代谢为主,三主,三羧酸循酸循环被抑制,被抑制,脑细胞以胞以GABA为能量来源,能量来源,导致致 GABA被很快耗竭,基底被很快耗竭,基底节正常活正常活动受到受到损害,害,临床上出床上出现偏偏侧舞蹈症舞蹈症 解解释很多,如很多,如:1) 肥大星形胶肥大星形胶质细胞胞;2) 迟发缺血高缺血高信号信号;3) 二氧化二氧化锰歧化歧化酶 非非酮症性高血糖所致的舞蹈症性高血糖所致的舞蹈样投投掷运运动1,见于糖尿病患
20、者;于糖尿病患者;2,以急起的舞蹈,以急起的舞蹈样投投掷运运动为特征,一般无神特征,一般无神经系系统其他的其他的症状和体征;症状和体征;3,发病病时血糖高,但血血糖高,但血酮体体阴性阴性;4,CT基基底底节区密度稍高,区密度稍高,MRI表表现为短短T1信号,信号,T2像改像改变不明不明显,也可出,也可出现稍短稍短T2的表的表现;5,疾病病理不明,可能与,疾病病理不明,可能与高血糖高血糖导致局部血管通透性增加致局部血管通透性增加导致血管渗血致血管渗血有关,也可能与有关,也可能与高血糖所致的局部代高血糖所致的局部代谢障碍障碍有关;有关;6,首先,首先应尽快尽快纠正高血糖,同正高血糖,同时可予氟可予氟哌啶醇等醇等对症症处理;理;7,预后:后:纠正高血糖后大部分病人症状消失正高血糖后大部分病人症状消失