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1、 句子成分句子句子1.主语2.谓语 3.宾语4.表语5.定语6.状语7.补语8.同位语* * * *具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：具体来分，一个句子可分为以下各种成分：1.主语主语(1)主语成分主语成分主语是句子所叙述的主体主语是句子所叙述的主体, 说明句子讲的人或事物说明句子讲的人或事物.可作主语的有可作主语的有:a.名词名词 Shanghai is in the east of China. Tom works very hard.b.代词代词 I bought a new book. That is a
2、picture of our school. Who knows the answer?c.数词数词 Three plus four is seven. The first is the best.d.动词不定式动词不定式 To see is to believe. It is important to learn English. e.动名词短语动名词短语 Smoking is harmful to the health.f.名词化的形容词或分词名词化的形容词或分词 The old should be respected. The disabled will receive more mon
3、ey.g.名词性短语名词性短语 A man with a book is coming towards us.h. 主语从句主语从句 What he said is not true.Note: How to finish the work is a problem.(2) 形式主语形式主语形式主语形式主语(Formal Subject)是代词是代词it的一种用法的一种用法.当当句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句时,为使句子平衡为使句子平衡, 一般用一般用it作形式主语放在句首作形式主语放在句首, 而而将真正的主语当在谓语动词之后将真正的主语当在
4、谓语动词之后.a.It +谓语谓语+动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 It is a good habit to do morning exercises. It is difficult for him to give up smoking.b.It +谓语谓语+动名词短语动名词短语(主要用在以主要用在以no good/use, useless, worthwhile, dangerous等词作表语的等词作表语的句子中句子中) It is no use learning without thinking. It is dangerous playing with fire.c.It +谓语谓语+
5、名词性从句名词性从句(真正的主语是真正的主语是that引导的名引导的名词性从句词性从句) It is a pity that you didnt come to the party. It is said that nobody knows where he lives.2. 谓语谓语 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态, 由动词承担由动词承担, 一般放在主语之后一般放在主语之后.The new term will begin on the 1st of September. His novel has been translated into English.3. 宾语
6、宾语(1)宾语成分宾语成分 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果, 是动作的承受是动作的承受 者者. 宾语常用于及物动词之后宾语常用于及物动词之后, 称为动词宾语称为动词宾语. 介介词后面的名词或代词词后面的名词或代词, 称为介词宾语称为介词宾语. a.名词名词 He lost his parents in his childhood.b.代词代词(人称代词用宾格人称代词用宾格) Everybody likes her.c.数词数词 -How many chairs do you want? -I want four.d.名词化的形容词和分词名词化的形容词和分词 The d
7、octor is operating on the injured.e.动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 Id like to have some coffee.f.动名词短语动名词短语 I havent finished reading your book yet.g.名词性短语或从句名词性短语或从句 I like coffee with some sugar. I think you are right.Note: I really dont know what to do next.(2)双宾语双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语: 直接宾语直接宾语(Direct Ob
8、ject)和间接宾语和间接宾语(Indirect Object), 称为双宾语称为双宾语.这两个宾语往往一个指人这两个宾语往往一个指人(一般为间接宾语一般为间接宾语), 另一个另一个指物指物(一般为直接宾语一般为直接宾语). 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前之前. He gave me a book. 间接宾语间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语a.名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+名词名词 His father named him Johnny.b. 名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+形容词形容词 Youll find our washing-powder excellent.c. 名词或代
9、词宾格名词或代词宾格+介词短语介词短语 At last, he found him in trouble.d. 名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格+分词或动词不定式短语分词或动词不定式短语 Mum asked him to buy some bread. I can see some students playing basketball.注意注意:在在let, make, watch, see, hear, feel等词后等词后, 接动词不定式作宾补接动词不定式作宾补, 则须省去不定式符号则须省去不定式符号to. We heard him sing in the next room.如果复合宾语中
10、的宾语是动词不定式、动名词短语如果复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动名词短语或从句或从句, 常用常用it来代替宾语来代替宾语, 将真正的宾语置于宾语将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语之后补足语之后, it则被称为形式宾语则被称为形式宾语(Formal Object). We found it difficult to solve this problem.形式宾形式宾语语宾语补足语宾语补足语真正宾语真正宾语I think it necessary that we should vote on it.形式宾语形式宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语真正宾真正宾语语4. 4. 4. 4. 表语：表语：表语：表语：表语主
11、要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连表语主要用于表述主语的特征，状态，身份等。它位于连系动词后，构成系表结构。系动词后，构成系表结构。系动词后，构成系表结构。系动词后，构成系表结构。连系动词连系动词连系动词连系动词例例:我是一个老师我是一个老师.I am a teacher.表语表语表语表语例例:这种水果尝起来味道很好这种水果尝起来味道很好. This kind of fruit tastes very delicious.表语表语表语表语1.be1.be动词动词(am, is, are
12、, was, were)(am, is, are, was, were)3.3.感官动词感官动词(look, smell, hear, feel)(look, smell, hear, feel)+ + + +表语表语表语表语2.get/become/turn2.get/become/turn例例:那个女孩变得非常担心那个女孩变得非常担心.The girl got worried. 表语表语表语表语5 . 定语定语 定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词. 可作定可作定语的有语的有:a.形容词形容词 Newton is a famous scientist.b. 名词
13、名词 Lets listen to the weather forecast first.c. 动名词动名词 Our school is going to build a swimming pool.d. 分词短语或动词不定式短语分词短语或动词不定式短语 She is reading an interesting book. I have no pen to write with.e. 介词短语或副词介词短语或副词 I havent got the solution to the problem. I used to live in the room above.f. 从句从句 The man
14、 who is coming toward us is my English teacher. . 状语状语:(adverbial):(adverbial)状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。让步，程度，方
15、式，伴随状况等。让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。a.副词副词 Who can write beautifully?b. 介词短语介词短语 Were going to spend the holiday at the seaside.c. 分词短语分词短语 Not knowing what to do, I decided to give up.d. 动词不定式短语动词不定式短语 His mother often comes to see him.e. 从句从句 As soon as the teacher came in, all the students stoo
16、d up. . . . 补语补语补语补语:(complement):(complement):(complement):(complement)补语补语主语补足语：主语补足语：宾语补足语：宾语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明主语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态补充说明宾语的动作或状态a a a a他被发现偷东西。他被发现偷东西。他被发现偷东西。他被发现偷东西。H was found stealing thingsb b b b我发现那本书很有趣。我发现那本书很有趣。我发现那本书很有趣。我
17、发现那本书很有趣。I found that book very interesting.主语补足语主语补足语宾语补足语宾语补足语a.名词名词 This is my best friend, Tom.b. 代词代词 We all got a surprise.c. 数词数词 This prize is for you two.d. 从句从句 I had no idea that you were here.8. 8. 同位语同位语 在一个句子中在一个句子中, , 一个名词或代词一个名词或代词, , 或相当于或相当于名词的短语或从句名词的短语或从句, , 放在另一个名词或代词放在另一个名词或代词之
18、后之后, , 用以说明它的性质或情况用以说明它的性质或情况, , 被称为同位语被称为同位语(Appositive). (Appositive). 可作同位语的通常有可作同位语的通常有: :(一一) 挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how
19、about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表挑出下列句中的表语语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定挑出下列句中的定语语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the flo
20、or.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四四) 挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语补宾语补足足语语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily som
21、etimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状挑出下列句中的状语语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
