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1、Tourist Attractions TaskFiveTheArtofClassicalChineseGardensKeyuan GardenThe Art of Classical Chinese GardensTaskLead-inTheArtofClassicalChineseGardensinprofileLingnanGardensKeyuanGardenSimulatedPracticefortourguidesRelatedMaterialsSum-up2021/9/152ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesTask Lead-inTask2:Whatin
2、formationandexpressiondoyouthinkareneededwhenyouintroducegardenattractions?YoucanpresentyourquestionsinChineseandgiveaquestionlist1.Task3:Pleasediscusswhatquestionsthetouristsmayasktoatourguideandgiveaquestionlist2.Task1:PleaseintroducewhatyouhaveseenfromvideoinEnglishasatourguide.2021/9/153ASimulat
3、edCourseforTourGuides The Art of Classical Chinese GardensIntroductionofTheArtofClassicalChineseGardensinProfileDifficultWordsandExpressionsRelatedinformation2021/9/154ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe art of classical Chinese gardens is part of Chinas traditional culture. Many people say that if yo
4、u have never walked through a Chinese garden, you cannot say that you have really visited China.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(1)(1)2021/9/155ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe art of Chinese gardens has a history of more than 3,000 years. Now China has about
5、 1,000 classical gardens. Different from classical European gardens, in which geometric pattern dominates, Chinese gardens are made to resemble natural landscapes on a smaller scale. Classical Chinese gardens fall into two categories: imperial and private. The gardens in North China were mostly impe
6、rial property such as the Beihai Park, the Summer Palace in Beijing, and the Imperial Summer Resort in Chengde. The gardens in the South usually belonged to high officials and wealthy merchants. Many of them spent their years of retirement there in leisure. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Ar
7、t of Classical Chinese Gardens(2)(2)Imperialgarden:TheSummerPalace2021/9/156ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvImperial gardens are large in area. The Summer Palace, for instance, has an area of 290 hectares while the Imperial Summer Resort, the largest imperial garden in China, covers more than 560 hect
8、ares. Most imperial gardens have three sections: the administrative section, residential section and recreational section. In large imperial gardens, the main buildings are connected by an imaginary line in the middle of the garden on a south-north axis. Other buildings scattered among hills and wat
9、ers are linked by subordinate lines forming a well-designed symmetry and adding more beauty to the chief architectural complex.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(3)(3)2021/9/157ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvMost private gardens are found in the South, especially
10、 in cities south of the Changjiang River. Private gardens were mostly built at one side or at the back of residential houses. In almost every case, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of artistically arranged. Rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers. Surrounding t
11、he beautiful scene are small open areas partitioned by corridors through which visitors can enjoy the scenery. Buildings in the garden are open on all sides and are often situated near the water so that the whole scene can be enjoyed. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese
12、Gardens(4)(4)典型的江南私家园林2021/9/158ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvSuzhou, known as the home of gardens, displays the most and the best Chinese traditional private gardens. The great many gardens in the city are good examples of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing garden styles. vThe traditions of Chinese landscap
13、e gardens have their origins far back in history. Records of the Historian, written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (206 B. C - 5 A. D.), tells us that in the Shang Dynasty (16th -11th century B.C.) there were special places called “you” (enclosure) for the rulers to enjoy the beauty of natu
14、re. Often these were gigantic reserves in which all kinds of animals were kept and where the rulers enjoyed hunting. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(5)(5)2021/9/159ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvAfter Emperor Qin Shihuang unified China, the Shanglin Garden was
15、 built. Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty followed the scale of the Shanglin Garden to built the Taiye Pond, in which there were three rockeries Penglai, Fangzhang and Yingzhou. This layout of three hills standing in a pond greatly influenced the art of gardens for later generations and became one of
16、 the main methods for building classical Chinese gardens. In the Western Han Dynasty people began to build private gardens. The development of classical Chinese gardens during the 400 years of the Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the art of Chinese gardens. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe
17、 Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(6)(6)上林苑：祭地坛上林苑：祭地坛2021/9/1510ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvIn the Tang and Song dynasties, the art of Chinese gardens matured. Private gardens in the Song Dynasty also developed rapidly. The private gardens were mainly built with streams or hills or all kinds of pl
18、ants and flowers or halls and pavilions.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(7)(7)2021/9/1511ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden ages of garden building. The imperial garden Yuannmingyuan is regarded as the masterwork of this
19、period. In the middle and the late Ming Dynasty, the artists summed up their experience in designing gardens by writing articles about gardens, which laid the foundation, in theory, as well as in practice, for the 500 gardens built in South China, mainly in Wuxi, Yixing, Jiading and Ningbo.The Art o
20、f Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(8)(8)2021/9/1512ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvA Chinese garden is not just a park or something attached to a building. It is a world in miniature. The art of Chinese gardening is a way of reconstructing nature. This is achieved by recre
21、ating landscape. In classical Chinese gardens, the flowers, grass, trees, rocks and ponds reflect natural scenes. Halls, verandas, pavilions and bridges blend well with the natural scenery of mountains and rivers.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(9)(9)2021/9/15
22、13ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvClassical Chinese gardens were influenced by landscape painting and pastoral poetry. Horticulturists chose the most impressive natural scenery in paintings and recreated it in their gardens, the way a painter captures the natural scenery of mountains and rivers in a s
23、mall picture. The Art of Classical Chinese The Art of Classical Chinese GardensGardens(10)(10)山水画山水画秦明强秦明强2021/9/1514ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe creation of classical Chinese gardens depended on mountains, rivers, buildings, plants, animals and even the weather. In these gardens usually the gr
24、ound is like that of a mountainous area. This kind of garden layout imitates real terrain. The hills in classical gardens provide natural surroundings for visitors. Looking at the hills, people feel as if they live in a mountainous area and enjoy the beauty and serenity of nature. The Art of Classic
25、al Chinese The Art of Classical Chinese GardensGardens(11)(11)2021/9/1515ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvIn the classical gardens that still exist today, one finds a harmonious interplay between nature and architecture. Decorative structures unite with cliffs, trees, flowers and hills to create artist
26、ic scenery. Gardens are supposed to resemble a sequence of continually changing landscapes. Paths wind through the grounds in a zigzag pattern, revealing new views of halls, trees, bridges, pavilions and hills. Even in the most confined places, architects have succeeded in creating a succession of v
27、arying landscapes. For example, when one opens a door into a small courtyard with no exit, he may find clumps of bamboo and rock and get an illusion that a view is hidden amidst them. He may also see a balustrade fixed on top of a wall and think it borders a hanging garden. The Art of Classical Chin
28、ese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(12)(12)2021/9/1516ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe most important element of a garden is water, in any form, such as ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and waterfalls. The flowing water gives pulsating life to the gardens cliffs, stones, trees, bushes and
29、flowers. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(13)(13)2021/9/1517ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvTrees and flowers, especially in private gardens, are carefully selected for the overall layout of the gardens because of the limited space. Plants and flowers reflecting
30、 the beauty of the four seasons are planted. In spring, peach trees blossom; in summer, lotuses blossom; in autumn, the maple leaves change color; and in winter, the evergreen, bamboos and plum trees provide greenery. Among the most popular flowers are lotuses, peonies, chrysanthemums and orchids. S
31、pecial flowers are planted to attract bees or butterflies. These small insects make the gardens more lively.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(14)(14)2021/9/1518ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvAmong the most important structures of garden grounds are walkways, pav
32、ilions and bridges. Timber frame construction plays a decisive role here. Pavilion-like houses have neither a harsh nor domination effect, but rather blend effortlessly into their general surroundings.The Art of Classical Chinese The Art of Classical Chinese GardensGardens(15)(15)2021/9/1519ASimulat
33、edCourseforTourGuidesvAbove all, it is the walkways that are most noticeable in gardens. They traverse the complex, subdivide it, connect the different groups of buildings and lead the visitor to the most important points.vLong corridors in the gardens are not only the passageways but also serve as
34、resting places for people. The winding corridors are like belts linking everything together. They provide a covered veranda and function as shelter from the rain and shade from the sun. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(16)(16)2021/9/1520ASimulatedCourseforTour
35、GuidesvThe walls of the walkways and houses feature openings and gateways in many shapes: round moon gates, oval angular, in the shape of vases and bottles, etc. They offer a view into the next courtyard, into the next scene and often look like the frame around a landscape painting. The fine lattice
36、work which can be seen in windows is attractive. Many walls wave on the top so they look like clouds. Looking at the walls, one can imagine the mountains rising and falling in the distance.The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(17)(17)2021/9/1521ASimulatedCourseforT
37、ourGuidesvPavilions were built in especially imposing places, such as on top of a hill or on a small island in the middle of a lake. Open on all sides, they offer a good view and invite the visitor to take a short rest. Various types of bridges can be found on the grounds: flat stone slab bridges fr
38、om which one can comfortably watch the fish in the water, high arched bridges and swinging bridges which subdivide and at the same time ornament the grounds. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(18)(18)pavilionswinging bridge2021/9/1522ASimulatedCourseforTourGuide
39、svThe technique of Chinese garden building has exerted a great influence on other countries. As early as in the 6th century, Chinese garden building was introduced into Japan, where gardens were given Chinese names. During the 18th century, the British developed a landscape park after the Chinese pr
40、ototype. Later the enthusiasm for Chinese-style gardens spread to the European Continent. For example, twenty such scenic parks were built in Paris. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(19)(19)2021/9/1523ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvIn 1980, a Chinese garden name
41、d the Astor Court (Ming Xuan) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City was built; later, a Chinese garden named Fanghua Yuan was constructed for the 1983 Munich World Garden Exhibition in the former West Germany. A miniature model of the Garden of the Master of Nets in Suzhou was produced
42、in 1982 for a display at the Pompidou Center in Paris. The Art of Classical Chinese GardensThe Art of Classical Chinese Gardens(20)(20)Ming XuanFanghua Yuanthe Master of Nets2021/9/1524ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Difficult Words and Expressions Textinhereadministrativeadj.行政的行政的angularadj.有角的有角的;角
43、形的角形的chrysanthemumn.菊花菊花clumpn.一团一团corridorn.走廊走廊dominantadj.最主要的最主要的;占支配地位的占支配地位的geometricadj.几何的几何的;似几何图形的似几何图形的giganticadj.巨大的巨大的;庞大的庞大的horticulturistn.园艺家园艺家interplayn.相互作用相互作用;相互影响相互影响latticeworkn.格子格子;格子细工格子细工layfoundationfor为为奠基奠基layoutn.规划规划;布局布局maplen.枫树枫树miniaturen.缩模缩模;微型画微型画noticeableadj
44、.显著的显著的;易见易见的2021/9/1525ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Difficult Words and Expressions (2)Textinhereorchidn.兰花兰花ornamentsth.withsth.装点或美化某物装点或美化某物pavilionn.亭子亭子peonyn.牡丹牡丹pulsatev.有规律地震动有规律地震动;脉动脉动recreationaladj.娱乐的娱乐的;消遣的消遣的resemblev.代表代表rockeryn.假山；有假山的园林假山；有假山的园林sequencen.连续；顺序连续；顺序slabn.石板石板subo
45、rdinateadj.下级的；低级的；不太重要的下级的；低级的；不太重要的symmetryn.对称；对称美；匀称对称；对称美；匀称terrainn.地形；地带地形；地带traversev.横贯；横切横贯；横切verandan.游廊；走廊；阳台游廊；走廊；阳台2021/9/1526ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesclassicalgardens古典园林。古典园林。中国古典园林的发展已有中国古典园林的发展已有3000多年的历史，经多年的历史，经历了形成期（商、周、春秋战国、秦汉时期）、转历了形成期（商、周、春秋战国、秦汉时期）、转型期（魏晋南北时期）、全盛期（隋唐时期）和
46、成型期（魏晋南北时期）、全盛期（隋唐时期）和成熟期（宋、元、明、清时期）等四个阶段。中国古熟期（宋、元、明、清时期）等四个阶段。中国古典园林的最大特色是：师法自然、融于自然、顺应典园林的最大特色是：师法自然、融于自然、顺应自然、表现自然，体现了自然、表现自然，体现了“天人合一天人合一”的中国民族的中国民族文化观念。文化观念。 Related information (1)2021/9/1527ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (2)ClassicalChinesegardensfallintotwocategories:impe
47、rialandprivate.中国古典园中国古典园林分为两类：皇家园林和私家园林。林分为两类：皇家园林和私家园林。皇家园林的特点是规模宏大，真山真水较多，皇家园林的特点是规模宏大，真山真水较多，园中建筑色彩富丽堂皇，建筑体形高大。园中建筑色彩富丽堂皇，建筑体形高大。私家园林的特点是规模较小，常用假山假水，建筑私家园林的特点是规模较小，常用假山假水，建筑小巧玲珑，表现出淡雅素净的色彩。小巧玲珑，表现出淡雅素净的色彩。2021/9/1528ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (3)ThegardensinNorthChinawerem
48、ostlyimperialpropertysuchastheBeihaiPark,theSummerPalaceinBeijing,andtheImperialSummerResortinChende.中国北方园林大多中国北方园林大多是皇家园林是皇家园林,如北京的北海公园、颐和园及承德的避如北京的北海公园、颐和园及承德的避暑山庄等。暑山庄等。中国古典园林可以有不同的分类法。按占有者中国古典园林可以有不同的分类法。按占有者身份可划分为皇家园林和私家园林。这里讲的是又身份可划分为皇家园林和私家园林。这里讲的是又一种分类法，即按园林所在地域划分，可以分为北一种分类法，即按园林所在地域划分，可以分为北
49、方园林、江南园林和岭南园林。方园林、江南园林和岭南园林。2021/9/1529ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (4)you囿。园林的最初形式。最早出现在商周时囿。园林的最初形式。最早出现在商周时期，即圈定一个植被茂密的区域，并在其中筑台掘期，即圈定一个植被茂密的区域，并在其中筑台掘地，供帝王贵族猎狩游乐。地，供帝王贵族猎狩游乐。2021/9/1530ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (5)ShanglinGarden上林苑。该苑引渭水作长上林苑。该苑引渭水作长池
50、，在池中筑蓬莱山以象征神山仙境。汉武帝刘彻池，在池中筑蓬莱山以象征神山仙境。汉武帝刘彻于公元前于公元前138年在秦代旧苑上扩建，规模宏伟，宫室年在秦代旧苑上扩建，规模宏伟，宫室众多，今已无存。众多，今已无存。2021/9/1531ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (6)EmperorWuDioftheHanDynastyfollowedthescaleoftheShanglinGardentobuildtheTaiyePond,inwhichtherewerethreerockeriesPeinglai,Fangzhangand
51、Yingzhou.汉武帝汉武帝在上林苑的基础上修建了太液池，内有蓬莱、方丈、在上林苑的基础上修建了太液池，内有蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲等三座假山。瀛洲等三座假山。蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲是中国古代神话传说中东海蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲是中国古代神话传说中东海中的三山，为神仙所居，总称中的三山，为神仙所居，总称“三神山三神山”。据传，。据传，山上有长生药，宫殿都是用黄金、白银所造。在太山上有长生药，宫殿都是用黄金、白银所造。在太液池中修建三座假山分别以这三座神山命名以象征液池中修建三座假山分别以这三座神山命名以象征神山仙境。神山仙境。2021/9/1532ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Re
52、lated information (7)Yuanmingyuan圆明园。始建于圆明园。始建于1709年，曾年，曾多次扩建。它不仅是中国一座最出色的行宫别苑，多次扩建。它不仅是中国一座最出色的行宫别苑，而且通过传教士的信函、报告和介绍而蜚声欧洲，而且通过传教士的信函、报告和介绍而蜚声欧洲，对对18世纪欧洲自然风景画的发展曾产生一定影响。世纪欧洲自然风景画的发展曾产生一定影响。1860年，英法联军侵入北京，先是劫掠，继而放火年，英法联军侵入北京，先是劫掠，继而放火烧毁了这座旷世名园。现在只留下残垣断壁。烧毁了这座旷世名园。现在只留下残垣断壁。2021/9/1533ASimulatedCourse
53、forTourGuides Related information (8)ClassicalChinesegardenswereinfluencedbylandscapepaintingandpastoralpoetry.中国古典园林受到山水画与田园诗的影响。中国古典园林受到山水画与田园诗的影响。山水画是以山川自然景色为主要题材的绘画。山水画是以山川自然景色为主要题材的绘画。魏晋六朝时多作为人物画的背景；隋唐时已有不少魏晋六朝时多作为人物画的背景；隋唐时已有不少独立的山水画制作；五代以后渐趋成熟，成为中国独立的山水画制作；五代以后渐趋成熟，成为中国画的一个门类。画的一个门类。田园诗是描写田园或
54、乡村的短诗，内有某种风田园诗是描写田园或乡村的短诗，内有某种风景要素的描绘或联想。此类诗通常表达对大自然、景要素的描绘或联想。此类诗通常表达对大自然、田园宁静和美的热爱。田园宁静和美的热爱。2021/9/1534ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (9)In1980,aChinesegardennamedtheAstorCourt(MingXuan)attheMetropolitanMuseumofArtinNewYorkCitywasbuilt;later,aChinesegardennamedFanghuaYuanwascon
55、structedforthe1983MunichWorldGardenExhibitionintheformerWestGermany.1980年，一座名为年，一座名为“明轩明轩”的中国园林在美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆建成；后来，的中国园林在美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆建成；后来，一座名为一座名为“芳华园芳华园”的中国园林于的中国园林于1983在前西德举办的在前西德举办的慕尼黑世界园林展展出。慕尼黑世界园林展展出。1979年，美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆特聘年，美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆特聘27位中国位中国维护苏州园林的匠师，仿照苏州网师园内的殿春簃在博维护苏州园林的匠师，仿照苏州网师园内的殿春簃在博物馆
56、内建了一座袖珍的中国园林，取名物馆内建了一座袖珍的中国园林，取名“明轩明轩”。美国。美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆是西半球最大的博物馆。纽约大都会艺术博物馆是西半球最大的博物馆。2021/9/1535ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Related information (10)AminiaturemodeloftheGardenoftheMasterofNetsinSuzhouwasproducedin1982foradisplayatthePompidouCenterinParis.苏州园林网师园的袖珍模型曾于苏州园林网师园的袖珍模型曾于1982年在巴黎蓬年在巴黎蓬皮
57、杜中心展出。皮杜中心展出。网师园虽是苏州园林中最小的，但却是我国古网师园虽是苏州园林中最小的，但却是我国古典私家园林的代表之一，以布局紧凑、建筑精巧和典私家园林的代表之一，以布局紧凑、建筑精巧和空间尺度比例协调而著称。空间尺度比例协调而著称。巴黎蓬皮杜中心，在法国巴黎市中心区，距卢巴黎蓬皮杜中心，在法国巴黎市中心区，距卢浮宫和巴黎圣母院各约浮宫和巴黎圣母院各约1000米，由英国建筑师米，由英国建筑师R罗罗杰斯和意大利建筑师杰斯和意大利建筑师R皮亚诺合作设计，建于皮亚诺合作设计，建于1972至至1977年间。年间。2021/9/1536ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesL
58、ingnan GardensIntroductionofLingnangardensDifficultWordsandExpressionsAsimulatedpracticefortourguideRelatedInformation2021/9/1537ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesLingnan Gardens (1)vThe term Lingnan Gardens refers to the garden culture of the entire Lingnan region which includes Guangzhou, Shunde, Fosha
59、n and Zhaoqing. The region is endowed with a unique climate, and is a school of its own in terms of language, theatre, music, painting and arts and crafts. The Lingnan gardens are unique as well. KeyuanGarden2021/9/1538ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesLingnan Gardens (2)vThe natural characters of a gard
60、en are emphasized in the Lingnan school of Chinese garden Culture. Mountains, springs, lakes and islands are put to best use in the construction of gardens that look fresh and lively and wide open and that always attract visitors with an unadorned beauty. The layout of a garden is mapped out strict
61、according to a well-defined concept. Instead of deep courtyards and zigzagging paths, Lingnan gardens are as a rule straightforward and open for all to see. Yuying Mountain House2021/9/1539ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesLingnan Gardens (3)vBuildings are erected at carefully chosen sites, and their des
62、igns are succinct and simple and in cheerful colors. Graceful and fluent are the words for the style of Lingnan, which are neither as splendid as northern gardens and nor as delicate and elegant as gardens in the lower Yangtze valley. Qinghuiyuan Garden2021/9/1540ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesLingnan
63、 Gardens (4)vThe Lingnan garden style is represented by the four framed Qing-dynasty gardens in Guangdong - the Yuying Mountain House in Fanyu of Guangzhou, the Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, the Liangyuan Garden in Foshan, and the Qinghuiyuan Garden in Shunde. In addition, the Chengs Ancestral Temple f
64、igures prominently as a typical ancient mansion-type garden. Liangyuan Garden2021/9/1541ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Difficult Words and ExpressionsTextinherebeendowedwith具有具有unadornedadj.没有装饰的没有装饰的(不加渲不加渲染的染的,原来的原来的,自然的自然的)mapout详细制定详细制定,筹划筹划erectv.竖立竖立,使使.直立直立,建筑建筑succincta.简洁的简洁的2021/9/1542ASimu
65、latedCourseforTourGuidesChengs Ancestral Temple 顺德陈家祠顺德陈家祠 顺德兴建祠堂顺德兴建祠堂,始于宋元始于宋元,盛于明清。清代中后期盛于明清。清代中后期,大小宗祠遍大小宗祠遍布城乡布城乡,为数逾万为数逾万,构筑宏丽构筑宏丽,有有“顺德祠堂南海庙顺德祠堂南海庙”之誉。陈之誉。陈家祠坐落于佛山市顺德区乐从镇南村家祠坐落于佛山市顺德区乐从镇南村,为全市现存最大的祠堂为全市现存最大的祠堂,兴建于清光绪二十一年兴建于清光绪二十一年(1895),正式名称为陈氏大宗祠。该正式名称为陈氏大宗祠。该祠建筑面积祠建筑面积4000平方米平方米,面阔五间面阔五间,进深
66、三座。左右有配殿。进深三座。左右有配殿。祠前为白石板小广场祠前为白石板小广场,前、中座之间有大天井和大平台前、中座之间有大天井和大平台,中、后中、后座之间有丹墀式大台阶。各座撑顶的大木柱口径座之间有丹墀式大台阶。各座撑顶的大木柱口径70余厘米余厘米,高高达达13 米余米余;里外砖雕、木雕、石雕甚多里外砖雕、木雕、石雕甚多,工艺精美。现为区文工艺精美。现为区文物保护单位。物保护单位。 Related information2021/9/1543ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides A simulated practice for tour guidePleaserepeat
67、theintroductionofLingnanfamousgardensin5or10minutesasatourguide,herearesomepictures.Lingnanfamousgardens2021/9/1544ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Keyuan Garden IntroductionofKeyuanGardenNotesAsimulatedpracticefortourguideDifferentwords2021/9/1545ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesKeyuan Garden in Dongguan
68、(1) vKeyuan Garden is one of the four famous gardens of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) in Guangdong Province. Lying in the west of Dongguan, it occupies an area of 2,200 square meters (0.54 acres) in a triangular-shape. It was built with blue bricks in 1850 by Zhang Jingxiu, a deposed military officer. Si
69、nce 2001, the garden is under state protection as a national cultural treasure.可可园园邀邀山山阁阁2021/9/1546ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvKeyuan Garden means a garden not too bad for visiting in Chinese. Its creator was somewhat on the modest side. In fact, the garden is a splendid architectural work. It is
70、 a multifunctional garden which joins the living room, villa, yard, garden and study together skillfully in a limited area. Built in the classical garden style, it has dozens of traditional buildings, including pavilions, pools and bridges and most of the buildings are named with the word Ke (means
71、not too bad in Chinese), such as Kezhou Pool and Ketang Hall.Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (2) Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (2) 可楼可楼可轩可轩可亭可亭可堂可堂2021/9/1547ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvThe garden can be generally divided into four parts: three building groups and a yard. The southeast building group is the
72、 place for welcoming the guests; the west building group with many pavilions is the place for feasting and viewing; and the north building group is the place prepared for the owner to reside, paint, parade and recite poetry. While in the middle, there is a big courtyard circled by these three groups
73、. The yard consists of southwest and northeast areas. The visitors can see some scenic spots there, such as the Orchid Platform, the Bend Pool. Around the yard, there is a long corridor named Huanbi Corridor which connects the three building groups together closely. Walking along the corridor, the v
74、isitors will encounter all the beautiful scenes of the garden.Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (3) Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (3) OrchidPlatformHuanbiCorridor2021/9/1548ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesKeyuan Garden in Dongguan (4) Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (4) vLike other gardens in southern China, the buildin
75、gs, the flowers, the hills and the lakes in Keyuan blend with the surroundings harmoniously. Visitors will be satisfied with the perfect scenery wherever they stand. When walking into this garden, they will find that the garden is in a complex arrangement. The paths extend in all directions. There a
76、re 130 doorways and 108 gateposts opening onto pavilions and kiosks. It is like a big maze. If the visitors are not careful enough, they will lose themselves in the picturesque garden.2021/9/1549ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvExcept for its exquisite architectural style and enjoyable scenery, Keyuan
77、is known for its important role in the modern history of Chinese painting and calligraphy. Although Zhang Jingxuan was a military officer, he mastered painting, calligraphy, chess as well as poetry. As he quit working, he invited two famous painters, Juchao and Julian , to paint in Keyuan all year r
78、ound. Their painting laid a foundation for Lingnan School (an important painting school in Chinas painting history which claims that the traditional painting should absorb the soul of western culture to improve its connotation to a modern and popular aspect.).Keyuan Garden in Dongguan (5) Keyuan Gar
79、den in Dongguan (5) 2021/9/1550ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Difficult WordsTextinheredeposev.免职免职,废废;作证供证作证供证gatepostn.门柱门柱calligraphyn.书法书法2021/9/1551ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides张敬修张敬修清清广东东莞人。广东东莞人。道光（道光（1821-1850）末）末补浔州知府，升右江道。补浔州知府，升右江道。咸丰五年（咸丰五年（1855）擢广）擢广西按察使。因病回籍，西按察使。因病回籍，辟可园，内储书史，外辟可园，内储书史
80、，外莳花木。素善书、画，莳花木。素善书、画，写梅兰石，秀逸天成，写梅兰石，秀逸天成，笔墨超绝。卒年四十一。笔墨超绝。卒年四十一。 ZhangJingxiuNotes 2021/9/1552ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides居巢居巢？-1899清清按寒松阁按寒松阁谈艺琐录作居仁，误。颜所居曰谈艺琐录作居仁，误。颜所居曰今夕庵，番禺（今广州）人。尝今夕庵，番禺（今广州）人。尝入广西张德甫按察军幕。所作尤入广西张德甫按察军幕。所作尤得江山之助。山水、花卉、鸟禽得江山之助。山水、花卉、鸟禽，皆雅秀，草虫尤精。书法规模，皆雅秀，草虫尤精。书法规模恽寿平，工诗词，有昔邪室诗、恽寿平
81、，工诗词，有昔邪室诗、烟语词、今夕盦读画绝句及题画烟语词、今夕盦读画绝句及题画诗。卒年六十余。按巢弟廉生于诗。卒年六十余。按巢弟廉生于一八二八，则巢之出生当早于一一八二八，则巢之出生当早于一八二七，以卒年一八九九推之，八二七，以卒年一八九九推之，年应在七十以上。年应在七十以上。 JuchaoNotes 2021/9/1553ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides居廉（居廉（18281904）清朝，番禺）清朝，番禺（今广州）人。巢弟。古泉（今广州）人。巢弟。古泉隔山隔山老人。画花卉、翎毛、草虫及人物，老人。画花卉、翎毛、草虫及人物，设色妍丽，笔致工整，但乏气韵。设色妍丽，笔致
82、工整，但乏气韵。长指头画，尝作二十四番花信图。长指头画，尝作二十四番花信图。道光间，临川李芸甫（秉绶）聘孟道光间，临川李芸甫（秉绶）聘孟丽堂（觐乙）、宋藕塘（光宝）来丽堂（觐乙）、宋藕塘（光宝）来粤教授作花卉。丽堂以意笔挥洒，粤教授作花卉。丽堂以意笔挥洒，上追陈道复，藕塘设色写生，明丽上追陈道复，藕塘设色写生，明丽妍秀。粤画遂开二派。杜洛川、邓妍秀。粤画遂开二派。杜洛川、邓荫泉，丽堂派也。张鼎铭、宋子熙，荫泉，丽堂派也。张鼎铭、宋子熙，藕塘派也。巢廉兄弟出，初犹学藕藕塘派也。巢廉兄弟出，初犹学藕塘，后乃自成一家，居氏花卉又开塘，后乃自成一家，居氏花卉又开一生面矣。一生面矣。 JulianNot
83、es 2021/9/1554ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides岭南画派是海上画派之后崛起的最成体系岭南画派是海上画派之后崛起的最成体系,影影响最大的一个画派。创始人为响最大的一个画派。创始人为,陈树人陈树人,简称简称二高一陈二高一陈。它是岭南文化至具。它是岭南文化至具特色的祖国优秀文化之一，它和粤剧、广东音特色的祖国优秀文化之一，它和粤剧、广东音乐被称为乐被称为“岭南三秀岭南三秀”，是中国传统国画中的，是中国传统国画中的革命派，它有如下特点：革命派，它有如下特点：一、主张创新，以岭南特有景物丰富题材；一、主张创新，以岭南特有景物丰富题材；二、主张写实，引入西洋画派；二、
84、主张写实，引入西洋画派；三、博取诸家之长；三、博取诸家之长；四、发扬了国画的优良传统，在绘画技术四、发扬了国画的优良传统，在绘画技术上，一反勾勒法而用上，一反勾勒法而用“没骨法没骨法”，用，用“撞水撞撞水撞粉粉”法，以求其真。法，以求其真。岭南画派始于晚清时期，岭南画派始于晚清时期，二高一陈即为早期著名创始人，二高即为高剑二高一陈即为早期著名创始人，二高即为高剑父、高奇峰，陈即为陈树人，其弟子多成名家，父、高奇峰，陈即为陈树人，其弟子多成名家，形成一海内外华人都喜欢的著名画派。形成一海内外华人都喜欢的著名画派。 LingnanSchoolNotes 高剑父 高奇峰2021/9/1555ASim
85、ulatedCourseforTourGuides高剑父高剑父(18791951),中国近现中国近现代中国画家、美术教育家、岭南代中国画家、美术教育家、岭南画派创始人之一。名伦画派创始人之一。名伦,字剑父字剑父,后以字行。后以字行。1879年年10月月12日生日生于广东省番禺县于广东省番禺县,1951年年6月月22日日卒于澳门。高剑父兄弟六人卒于澳门。高剑父兄弟六人,他他行四行四,五弟高奇峰五弟高奇峰,亦善画亦善画,与他与他同为岭南画派的先驱。同为岭南画派的先驱。高剑父高剑父Notes 2021/9/1556ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides高奇峰（高奇峰（1889-1
86、933）名嵡，字奇峰，以字行，）名嵡，字奇峰，以字行，广东番禺（今广州）人。晚清画家，岭南画派创广东番禺（今广州）人。晚清画家，岭南画派创始人之一，岭南画派的美术创作，在题材上以翎始人之一，岭南画派的美术创作，在题材上以翎毛走兽、花卉、山水为主，其中高奇峰、高剑父毛走兽、花卉、山水为主，其中高奇峰、高剑父两兄弟尤喜画鹰、狮和虎，高奇峰的绘画技艺、两兄弟尤喜画鹰、狮和虎，高奇峰的绘画技艺、主张以及人生经历均受其兄高剑父影响，作品以主张以及人生经历均受其兄高剑父影响，作品以翎毛、走兽、花卉最为擅长，在艺术上写生最为翎毛、走兽、花卉最为擅长，在艺术上写生最为突出，善用色彩和水墨渲染，画风工整而刚劲、
87、突出，善用色彩和水墨渲染，画风工整而刚劲、真实而诗意昂然。真实而诗意昂然。二高兄弟的山水画，可以看二高兄弟的山水画，可以看出马远、夏圭横砍竖劈出马远、夏圭横砍竖劈的传统，以及日本画的的传统，以及日本画的影响。高剑父奇拔苍拙，高奇峰则是雄健与俊美影响。高剑父奇拔苍拙，高奇峰则是雄健与俊美兼而有之。出版有三高遗作合集等。兼而有之。出版有三高遗作合集等。高奇峰高奇峰Notes 2021/9/1557ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesPleasemakeapresentationaboutLiangyuanGardenin5or10minutesasatourguide,now
88、herearesomepictures.AsimulatedpracticefortourguideLiangyuanGarden2021/9/1558ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesLiangyuan GardenTheLiangyuanGardenisthelargestofGuangdongsfourmajorQinggardens.CabinetSecretaryLiangAiru,workingtogetherwithhisthreeniecesLiangJiuzhang,LiangJiuhuaandLiangJimu,builtthisgardenonan
89、ostentatiousplanin1800,orthefifthyearoftheJiaqingReign.HencethenameLiangyuanorLangsGarden.ThegardencomprisesfourgroupsofbuildingsthatareelegantpiecesofChinesearchitecture:Twelve-StoneStudios,HanxiangHall,Star-spangledThatchedHall,andFenjiangThatchedHut.Surroundedwithacorridor,itsbuildingsgleamingint
90、herichfoliagetrees,theLiangyuanGardenisabeautifulpictureinitsownright.Ondisplayinthisgardenare80orsostoneinscriptionsofcalligraphicworksbyfamousmastersofvariousdynasties.2021/9/1559ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesA simulated practice for tour guideQuestionList1（presentbystudents)Practice(2):Pleasesimul
91、atetheguideofKeyuanGardentoeachotherandanswerthequestionsyoupresentinthepartofTaskLead-inQuestionList2（presentbystudents)2021/9/1560ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides Simulated Practice for tour guides OralPracticeNo.1PresentationNo.3InterpretationNo.22021/9/1561ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesOral Practice
92、I. Answer the following questions. Try to say as much as you can. Questions on text A1. Where are the most important examples of Chinese landscape garden located?vAnswers:wyx65wy2. What are the differences between the gardens in North China and in South Chinas?vAnswers:wyx65wy2021/9/1562ASimulatedCo
93、urseforTourGuidesOral Practice3. How do Chinas imperial gardens differ from private gardens?vAnswers:wyx65wy4. Why is it said that a Chinese garden is a world in miniature?vAnswers:wyx65wy2021/9/1563ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesOral Practice5.How is a Chinese garden influenced by landscape paintings
94、 and pastoral poetry? Give examples to show this.vAnswers:wyx65wy6. What are the most important elements of a garden?vAnswers:wyx65wy2021/9/1564ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesOral Practice7. Please explain the evolution of Chinese gardens.vAnswers:wyx65wy8. List the principal kinds of Chinese gardens
95、and the characteristics of each one.vAnswers:wyx65wy2021/9/1565ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretation1、 障景也叫屏景，是造园艺术的传统手法之一。用来障景也叫屏景，是造园艺术的传统手法之一。用来分隔景象和组织景象观赏的过渡，常于景象间置以分隔景象和组织景象观赏的过渡，常于景象间置以树木、假山、曲廊、漏明墙等，以增加景象层次，树木、假山、曲廊、漏明墙等，以增加景象层次，从而达到步移景移的效果。从而达到步移景移的效果。vZhan jing , also called pingjing (
96、screen- view), is a traditional device of Chinese landscape architecture. It is used to separate different vistas, and serves as the transition between different layers of views trees, artificial rockeries, zigzag corridors, lattice walls, etc, to create a sense of spatial sight with the changing of
97、 the viewers position. II.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglishorally.2021/9/1566ASimulatedCourseforTourGuides 2、衬景也是我国造园艺术的传统手法之一。通过反衬，使园衬景也是我国造园艺术的传统手法之一。通过反衬，使园林景象产生悬殊对比。比如将建筑与假山置于隔水相望的林景象产生悬殊对比。比如将建筑与假山置于隔水相望的两端，可使人产生山势高远的感觉，又如在园门处布置狭两端，可使人产生山势高远的感觉，又如在园门处布置狭窄而封闭的庭园，等到绕出庭院，突然出现一派山池景色，窄而封闭的庭园，等到绕出庭院，突
98、然出现一派山池景色，使人产生豁然开朗的感觉。使人产生豁然开朗的感觉。InterpretationvBack setting is also one of the traditional service used in Chinas landscape architecture. Through back settings, contrast among different vistas can be enhanced. For example, the architecture and, the rockery placed on two extreme of water make peopl
99、e feel that the rockery is high and broad. Another case in point, narrow and closed corridors are built at the entrance of the garden, so that when one makes an detour and gets out of the yard, there suddenly appears a beautiful landscape with mountains and water in front of him, he would feel then
100、that the view is suddenly cleared up. 2021/9/1567ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretation 3、颐和园又称夏宫，是因为夏天清代皇室成员都住在这里而得名的，为我国现、颐和园又称夏宫，是因为夏天清代皇室成员都住在这里而得名的，为我国现存最宏伟的皇家园林。园内以万寿山为中心，万寿山面临昆明湖，著名建筑有存最宏伟的皇家园林。园内以万寿山为中心，万寿山面临昆明湖，著名建筑有728米长的长廊、最宏伟的建筑群排云殿、米长的长廊、最宏伟的建筑群排云殿、41米高的佛香阁、通长米高的佛香阁、通长37米的石舫米的石舫等。颐
101、和园建成于等。颐和园建成于1764年，年，1860年被英法联军焚毁，慈禧太后挪用海军经费年被英法联军焚毁，慈禧太后挪用海军经费500余万两白银于余万两白银于1888年重建。年重建。vYihe Garden is also called the Summer Palace. It is so called because all the royal members of the Qing Dynasty used to spend their summer days here. It is also the most palatial royal garden now preserved in
102、China. With Wanshou Mountain as the central point, facing Kunming Lake, the garden has famous buildings like the 728-meter-long corridor, the most majestic architectural complex of Chasing-cloud Palace, the 41-meter-high Buddha Temple, the 37-meter-long marble boat, and so on. The Summer Palace was
103、built and completed in 1764 and was burned down by the British and French alliance in 1860. later on, Empress Dowager Cixi appropriated Five million taels of silver from the navy allocation and had the garden rebuilt in 1888.2021/9/1568ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretation4、 承德避暑山庄又称承德离宫或热河行宫，
104、是我国现存占地最大的皇家宫苑，承德避暑山庄又称承德离宫或热河行宫，是我国现存占地最大的皇家宫苑，总面积总面积560公顷。山庄始建于公顷。山庄始建于1730年，历时年，历时83年才完工。山庄分为宫殿区和年才完工。山庄分为宫殿区和苑景区两在部分，山庄内有古建筑苑景区两在部分，山庄内有古建筑100多处，集中了我国南北建筑布局的特多处，集中了我国南北建筑布局的特点，综合了我国各地建筑艺术的风格，是我国各地名胜的缩影。点，综合了我国各地建筑艺术的风格，是我国各地名胜的缩影。vThe Chengde Summer Resort is also called the Chengde Imperial Vac
105、ation Palace, or Rehe Vacation Palace for the emperor. Covering an area of 560 hectares, it is the largest imperial villa preserved in China. The construction of the resort started in 1730, and lasted for 83 years. The villa consists of two sections: the palace section and the garden section. There
106、are over 100 buildings in the resort, which represent all the features of the architecture in North China and South China by integrating different styles of the architectural arts of different palaces in China, presenting the epitomes of attractions all over the country.2021/9/1569ASimulatedCoursefo
107、rTourGuidesInterpretation5、 扬州个园是江南名园之一，是盐商黄应泰的私家园林，建于扬州个园是江南名园之一，是盐商黄应泰的私家园林，建于1818年。个年。个园以叠石立意精巧和气势雄浑著称，其建筑以分峰叠石的手法和选用园以叠石立意精巧和气势雄浑著称，其建筑以分峰叠石的手法和选用不同颜色的石料，表现春、夏、秋、冬四季不同的景色。个园是全国不同颜色的石料，表现春、夏、秋、冬四季不同的景色。个园是全国重点文物保护单位。重点文物保护单位。vThe Geyuan Garden in Yangzhou City is a famous garden in South China. I
108、t used to be the private garden of salt merchant Huang Yingtai. The garden was built in 1818 and was well-known for its delicate conceptions of overlapping stones, and its firm and vigorous landscapes. The scenery in the Geyuan Garden was built by means of piling up rockeries with stones of differen
109、t colors, so as to represent the different scenes of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The garden is a national monument.2021/9/1570ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretation Yuyuan Garden is in the northeast of the Old Town of Shanghai. A high official had it designed in the Suzhou style as a pr
110、ivate garden and built form 1559-1577. Later, it was restored several times. In spite of its relatively small area of two hectares, it seems considerably larger due to the skillful arrangement of 30 different landscape scenes.v豫园位于老上海的东北区，豫园位于老上海的东北区，于于1559年至年至1577年建年建成，是一位官位显赫的朝成，是一位官位显赫的朝廷官员依苏州园林风
111、格设廷官员依苏州园林风格设计修建的私家园林。后曾计修建的私家园林。后曾多次修复。尽管它的面积多次修复。尽管它的面积很小，只有两公顷，但很小，只有两公顷，但30处不同景致的精湛布局却处不同景致的精湛布局却让它显得很宽敞。让它显得很宽敞。III.TranslatethefollowingintoChineseorally2021/9/1571ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretationvThe garden consists of an inner and an outer section. The inner garden, Neiyuan, is in
112、 the southern part and substantially smaller than the outer one; but then, it is also more impressive and romantic, if it is possible to visit it in the early morning hours in order to enjoy it alone.v豫园由内外两部分组成。豫园由内外两部分组成。内部称内部称“内园内园”，位于全，位于全园的东南部，比外部小许园的东南部，比外部小许多，但却更有浪漫色彩，多，但却更有浪漫色彩，让人流连忘返，若在早上让人
113、流连忘返，若在早上独自浏览那就更美好了。独自浏览那就更美好了。2021/9/1572ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretationvThe outer part is in the north and contains numerous halls, pavilions and lakes. In 1853, the Pavilion of Spring in the northeast was the seat of the Xiao-dao Hui, the Society of Little Swords, who led an uprising
114、against Qing rule and occupied Shanghai for 17 months.v外园位于北部，其中有许外园位于北部，其中有许多多 厅堂、亭阁和人工湖。厅堂、亭阁和人工湖。1853年，位于东北部的年，位于东北部的点春堂曾作为小刀会的据点春堂曾作为小刀会的据点。他们领导了反对清政点。他们领导了反对清政府统治的起义并占领上海府统治的起义并占领上海长达长达17个月之久。个月之久。2021/9/1573ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesInterpretationvA man-made, 11-meter-high hill bounds the g
115、arden in the northwest. Huxin Ting teahouse is a favorite with the citizens of Shanghai. It is in the southwest, outside the garden grounds, a two-story building resting on posts in the middle of a pond and connected to the shore by a “Zigzag Bridge.”v在西北方向，有一座在西北方向，有一座11米米高的假山。湖心亭茶馆是高的假山。湖心亭茶馆是上海市民
116、最喜欢的地方。上海市民最喜欢的地方。它地处豫园外西北方向，它地处豫园外西北方向，是一座位于湖心的两层建是一座位于湖心的两层建筑。一座曲桥将茶馆和湖筑。一座曲桥将茶馆和湖岸相连。岸相连。2021/9/1574ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesPresentation(1)QinghuiyuanGardenPleasemakeapresentationaboutQinghuiyuanGardenin5or10minutesasatourguide,nowherearesomepictures.2021/9/1575ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesQ
117、inghuiyuan GardenQinghuiyuan,oneofthefourmajorQinggardensinGuangdong,issituatedinShunde.Builtin1800,orthefifthyearoftheJiaqingReign,itistypicaloftheLingnanstyleofgardenconstruction.Outwardlyitlooksjustlikeanotherordinarygarden.Inside,however,itturnsouttobeanall-embracingworld.Famousbuildingsincludet
118、heBoathall,theXiyingStudy,andtheWatersideChamber.Exquisitearchitectureissetoffbyapool,anartificialmountainaswellassuchflowersandplantsasmagnolia,kapoktrees,gingkotrees,andChinesewisteria.2021/9/1576ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesvClass presentation:vMake a presentation about the famous garden Yuying M
119、ountain House in five, ten or fifteen minutes in front of the class. The teacher and other students will make comments on whether you address the main points about the site within the time limits, and how the presentation can be improved.Presentation(2)YuyingMountainHouse2021/9/1577ASimulatedCoursef
120、orTourGuideslThe Yuying Mountain House in Fanyu, or 17 kilometers fromdowntownGuangzhou,isoneofthefourfamousQing-dynastygardensinGuangdong.In1864,orthethirdyearoftheTongzhiReign, the metropolitan graduate Wit Yantian hired a team offamous artisans and build this house by absorbing thearchitecturalar
121、tofSuzhouandHangzhougardens.lThecomplexconsistsoffourmainbuildings.Anarchedbridgecovered witha roofed corridor divides the garden in two.Thewestern part is centered on a quasi-square lotus flower pond,whileapentagonalwatersidechambersitsinthecenteroftheeasternpart.lFamousbuildingsonthepremisesinclud
122、etheShenliuHall,thePoolsideHall,andthePeacockPavilion.Pavilions,kiosks,pondsandhallsaredistributedinthisgardenwiththeaidofawindingcorridor, an arched bridge, flowery paths, artificial hills,enclosingwalls,andverdanttrees,tobringaboutagardenofseeminglyunfathomabledepth.2021/9/1578ASimulatedCourseforTourGuidesRelated Materialshttp:/ Attractions
