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1、英汉互译实践与技巧英汉互译实践与技巧第十三章第十三章- -科技英语翻译科技英语翻译. Formation of English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成英语技术词语的构成1. Affixation 缀合法：缀合法：prefix and suffix miniultrasonicprober = mini + ultra + sonic +prober微型超声微型超声波金属探伤仪波金属探伤仪 macrospacetransship = macro + space + trans + ship 巨型空间巨型空间转运飞船转运飞船teletypesetter= tele + t
2、ype + setter 电传排宇机电传排宇机bathythermograph = bathy + thermo + graph 海水测温仪海水测温仪barothermograph = baro + thermo + graph 气压温度记录气压温度记录器器deoxyribonucleic = de + oxy + ribo + nucleic 脱氧核糖核脱氧核糖核的的photomoiphogenesis = photo + morpho + genesis 光形态发光形态发生生. Formation of English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成英语技术词语的构成2.
3、 Compounding复合法复合法Combining with a hyphen：salt-former卤素，卤素，dew-point露点，露点，pulse-sealer 脉冲定标器脉冲定标器combining without a hyphen: fallout放射性尘埃，放射性尘埃，hovercraft气垫船，气垫船，waterlock 水闸，水闸，thunderstorm 雷雷暴暴two or more separate words forming a word combination: verbal translator逐字翻译机逐字翻译机, satellite antimissile
4、 observation system 卫星反导弹观察系统卫星反导弹观察系统bull s eye (靶心靶心)，cat-and-mouse (航向与指挥的航向与指挥的)，dog house (高频高压电源屏蔽罩高频高压电源屏蔽罩). Formation of English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成英语技术词语的构成3. Blending 缩合法缩合法smog = smoke + fog 烟雾烟雾brunch = breakfast + lunch 早午餐早午餐/晚早餐晚早餐telex = teleprinter + exchange 电传电传gravisphere =
5、 gravity + sphere 引力范围引力范围medicare = medical + care 医疗保健医疗保健biorhythm = biological + rhythm 生理节奏生理节奏copytron = copy + electron 电子复写电子复写(技术技术)4. Acronym首字母缩略首字母缩略ADP automatic data processing 自动数据处理自动数据处理AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病艾滋病EDPM electronic data processing machine 电子数据处理机电子数
6、据处理机MOUSE minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth (仪仪表载重表载重50 公斤以下的公斤以下的) 不载人的最小人造地球卫星不载人的最小人造地球卫星SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈限制战略武器会谈SNAP subsystem for nuclear auxiliary power (原子原子)核辅助动核辅助动力子系统力子系统AS air scoop 空气收集器空气收集器 air seasoned 风干的风干的(木材木材) airspeed 空速、气流速率空速、气流速率 ai
7、r station 航空站、飞机场航空站、飞机场 American Standard 美国标准美国标准 atmosphere and space 大气层与宇宙空间大气层与宇宙空间. Formation of English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成英语技术词语的构成5. Proper Nouns专有名词专有名词Xerox 静电复制静电复制(derived from a trademark) IBM System IBM 系统系统(derived from a US corporation) Kuru 库鲁病库鲁病(derived from a place in east
8、ern New Guinea) Alfven wave 阿尔文波阿尔文波(derived from the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfven) . Characteristics Syntax of EST科技英语的句法特点科技英语的句法特点1、More Long and Complicated SentencesOne of the most important things which the economic theories can contribute to management science is building analytical m
9、odels which help in recognizing the structure of managerial problems, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision making, and m concentrating on the main issues. 经济理论对于管理科学的最重要贡献之一，就是建立经济理论对于管理科学的最重要贡献之一，就是建立分析模型。这种模型有分析模型。这种模型有 助于认识管理问题的构成，助于认识管理问题的构成，排除可能妨碍决策的次要因素，从而有助于集中精力排除可能妨碍决策
10、的次要因素，从而有助于集中精力去解决主要的问题。去解决主要的问题。. Characteristics Syntax of EST科技英语的句法特点科技英语的句法特点2、High Frequency of Noun Phrases (More Nominalization) All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough. Poor Translation: 只要有足够的电位差，所有物体都允许一些电流通过。只要有足够的
11、电位差，所有物体都允许一些电流通过。Idiomatic Translation: 只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。3、 Extensive Use of he Passive Voice General English： People get natural rubber from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid, which is called latex. They mix it with acid, and d y it, and then they send it to countries
12、all over the world. Chinese Version: 人们从橡胶树中获得天然橡胶。这是一种叫做人们从橡胶树中获得天然橡胶。这是一种叫做乳胶乳胶的白色乳的白色乳状液体。人们先将橡胶与酸混合在一起，将其烘干，然后再运状液体。人们先将橡胶与酸混合在一起，将其烘干，然后再运往世界各国往世界各国 。Scientific English: Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated with acid and dried, be
13、fore being dispatched to countries all over the world. Chinese Version: 天然橡胶天然橡胶 一种一种 叫做叫做乳胶乳胶的的 白色乳状液体取自橡胶树。白色乳状液体取自橡胶树。 在运在运往世界各国之前，橡胶要经过酸处理和烘干。往世界各国之前，橡胶要经过酸处理和烘干。4、More Non-Finite Forms of the Verb Today the electronic computer is widely used hi solving mathematical problems having to do with we
14、ather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 今天，电子计算机广泛地用于解决一些数学问题，这今天，电子计算机广泛地用于解决一些数学问题，这些问题与天气预报和把卫星送人轨道有关。些问题与天气预报和把卫星送人轨道有关。5、Different Uses of the TenseWhen steam is condensed again to water, the same amount of heat is given out as was taken in when me steam was formed. 当蒸汽重新冷却为水时，所释放出
15、的热量与其当蒸汽重新冷却为水时，所释放出的热量与其原来原来形形成蒸汽时所吸收的热量相等。成蒸汽时所吸收的热量相等。. Characteristics Syntax of EST科技英语的句法特点科技英语的句法特点6、The Post-Position of the AttributiveThe force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the same height. 向上的向上的力与力与向下的向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。度。. Methods of Tran
16、slating EST科技英语的翻译方法科技英语的翻译方法1、Expanding Noun Phrases into Separate Clauses The slightly porous nature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to be colored with either organic or inorganic dyes. 氧化膜表面具有轻微的渗透性氧化膜表面具有轻微的渗透性，因此可以用有机或无机，因此可以用有机或无机染料着色。染料着色。2、Converting Noun Phrases into Verb-object
17、Structures The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country. 建立这些大型钢铁厂建立这些大型钢铁厂会大大加速我国钢铁工业的发展。会大大加速我国钢铁工业的发展。. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英语的翻译方法科技英语的翻译方法3、Converting Attributive Elements into Inde
18、pendent Sentences, Adverbial Clauses, etc.This is an electrical method, which is most promising when the water is brackish. 这是一种电气方法。当水含盐时，这是一种电气方法。当水含盐时，它最有希望它最有希望。4、Converting the Passive into the Active Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds. 大自然大自然赋予赋予草
19、木草木4 种传播种子的方法。种传播种子的方法。. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英语的翻译方法科技英语的翻译方法5、Supplementing Necessary Words to Indicate Different TensesIt was understood that atoms were the smallest elements. It is known now that atoms are further divided into nuclei and electrons, neutrons and protons, et
20、c. 以前人们以前人们认为原子是最小的结构单元，现在才知道原子认为原子是最小的结构单元，现在才知道原子还可以分为原子核与电子、中子与质子等。还可以分为原子核与电子、中子与质子等。 Practice: Point out mistakes in the following translation and correct them. 1. In 1872, he published the results in a paper titled The Galvanic Chain, Mathematically Treated. *在在1872 年，他用年，他用电流的链、数学化处理电流的链、数学化处
21、理为标题在为标题在报纸上发表了这个结果。报纸上发表了这个结果。2. The importance of superconductors in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated. *超导体在电器应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。超导体在电器应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。3. During one four-year period about 600 years ago the Black Death killed at least 25 million people in Europe. *大约大约600 年前，黑死病在年前，黑死病在4
22、年中至少使年中至少使2500万欧洲人死万欧洲人死亡。亡。4. The pilot lamp stopped to represent the termination of1he operation. *指示灯停止显示操作终止。指示灯停止显示操作终止。1. In 1872, he published the results in a paper titled The Galvanic Chain, Mathematically Treated. 1872 年，他在以电流的链、数学化处理为标题的年，他在以电流的链、数学化处理为标题的论文里发表了这个结果。论文里发表了这个结果。2. The impo
23、rtance of superconductors in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated. 对超导体在电器应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。对超导体在电器应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。3. During one four-year period about 600 years ago the Black Death killed at least 25 million people in Europe. 大约在大约在600 年前，黑死病一次流行了年前，黑死病一次流行了4 年，至少使年，至少使2500万欧洲人死亡。万欧洲人死亡。
24、4. The pilot lamp stopped to represent the termination of1he operation. 指示灯熄灭，以表示操作终止。指示灯熄灭，以表示操作终止。5. If a designer were to design a bracket to support 100 lb. when it should have been figured for1000 lb., failure would be forthcoming. *如果设汁者所设计的托架能支撑如果设汁者所设计的托架能支撑100 磅，当它被设计磅，当它被设计为为1000磅时，事故一定会出现
25、。磅时，事故一定会出现。6. Afterwards he found a sunspot which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb of the sun, to reappear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. *后来，他发现有一个停留在太阳西部的边缘上的黑子后来，他发现有一个停留在太阳西部的边缘上的黑子过了很长一段时间才消失在太阳的东部边缘上，最后再过了很长一段时间才消失在太阳的东部边缘上，最后再次获得了原位。次
26、获得了原位。5. If a designer were to design a bracket to support 100 lb. when it should have been figured for1000 lb., failure would be forthcoming. 如果一个托架应当被设计为如果一个托架应当被设计为1000磅而设计者却将它设计磅而设计者却将它设计为为100磅，那么肯定会发生事故。磅，那么肯定会发生事故。6. Afterwards he found a sunspot which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb of the sun, to reappear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. 后来，他发现在太阳西部的边缘上有一群黑子，过了好后来，他发现在太阳西部的边缘上有一群黑子，过了好一会儿，黑子渐渐消失，出现在太阳东部边缘，最后又一会儿，黑子渐渐消失，出现在太阳东部边缘，最后又回复原位。回复原位。结束结束
