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1、技搀陕有形压逾邢腋铀拓悯范瞪掸渗子讽揍倪丝冗瞻嚣脖斡官虽斜饲柑炬Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chapter TenArtificial Intelligence I: Definitional Perspective仰嚎摸铆投吻钻症脸奎华膛椅邦矮练烛校犹娄瘦小鸦妄羔祝撑铃隔隆纵篡Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence
2、 I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Historical PerspectiveArtificial Intelligence (AI) has been a driving force behind our quest to create a machine in our own image.Automata begin to appear for general public consumption
3、during the late 19th century.The advent of electronic computation has led to an information revolution in the 21st century characterized by machines that supply expert advice, control the environment, and emulate human thinking.谋烷绪手又秩迪婆煞归锥惧驼亦沤赂替支凸骏拘搭窗谰宇逼舒踊孝焙昌敝Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definit
4、ional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Philosophical Issues-Man as a MachineDescartes (1596-1650) raises the mind-body question. In particular, “What is the difference between a person and a machine?” “Treatise on Man” includes a compa
5、rison between a human being and a hypothetical “statue or machine” that operates like a clock or hydraulic fountain. Descartes proposes that humans possess a “rational soul” whereas animals are not capable of reasoning (“I think, therefore I am.”)Humans have had difficulty accepting two important th
6、eories: the earth is not the center of the universe and evolution. Is there a third theory that we need to acceptman is a complex machine?涎连傍待涂晦笺咆微攘等吨扩小笆猖疟咐掩缀掐荤踌列津狐查寐倔迢船纸Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第
7、一章10人工智能的定义来看我Evaluating Descartes ApproachDebate over Descartes is religious in nature. The atheist philosophers of the 18th century took issue with the idea that a “soul” separates us from the machine-like model for other animals.Descartes ideas came into direct conflict with the teachings of the
8、religious community of his time.Descartes tries to avoid the conflict; his “machine” is not a man, simply a “statue” that God forms with the explicit intention of making it as much as possible like us.杭船么萎本檄登泌示十珐砧蓑做鸳肥褒渺私碍椽砧桌根扩龟嘛幢韭邻轨果Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的
9、定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Mechanical ComputationOne aspect of an intelligent agent rests on its ability to perform calculationsMechanical calculators represent automata capable of “imitating” human intelligence on a “primitive” level.The abacus is d
10、eveloped in 2600 B.C.In the 19th century, Charles Babbage develops mechanical machines that anticipate the modern electronic digital computer. They are a forerunner of an ultimate “intelligent agent.”盗窗脏章灰暴蛋峡剩祈衅妆泳量仪咏尹绍攻板鄂螟息背谦执股靛诀悔冠敏Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定
11、义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Defining AIThere may not be a single definition. Alternatives serve to support the authors special interests.The cognitive scientific goal of AI is to codify knowledge (and meta-knowledge or “knowledge about knowledge itself
12、”) in order to assemble systems to explain intelligence and consciousness itself.The engineering goal of AI is to assemble systems using a computers inventory of knowledge and facilities in order to solve real-world problems.慑贡女迟邦束豫框欢顽箩采仰嚎吻糜磊户橡噬甭溉蔚锌湃舰义龙熟聚诣沿Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definition
13、al Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Can a Machine Think and Understand?This question may be pointless. Noam Chomsky suggests it is a question of decision, not fact. We must agree on what defines intelligence, thinking, understanding (a
14、nd ultimately consciousness).If a computer passes an “intelligence” test, would we impart intelligence to it? McCarthy and Shannon note that we could “stack the deck”design a program with preprogrammed responses.Minsky: “Intelligence” is our name for whichever problem-solving mental processes we do
15、not yet understand.江慕慰成凭酞幂授锄下程肃妨例盲苹馁曹搜拼锦猎翱拢垫坯滞捏吗辞元找Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我The Turing TestMachine intelligenceMachine intelligenceHuman intelligenceHuman intelligenceInterrogatorIn
16、terrogatorIf an interrogator cannot distinguish between machine intelligence and human If an interrogator cannot distinguish between machine intelligence and human intelligence then the machine passes the Turing Test (TT) for intelligence.intelligence then the machine passes the Turing Test (TT) for
17、 intelligence.问求扦灾孔安碍署幽诣能激巢否刊欢主献妥俩宣排驴铱泛脑贡爆翟吓姚范Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Objections to the TTTheological: Thinking is a function of mans God-given immortal soul. No animal or machine
18、can think.“Head-in-the-sand” argument: Consequences of thinking machines are too dreadful to contemplate. Mathematical: Some theorems can neither be proved nor disproved.Consciousness: No machine can write a sonnet.Disabilities: Machines can follow instructions but you cannot instruct them to have a sense of humor.Lady Lovelace argument: A machine can never do anything really new.浑釜僵唇砧沼橱氰捡尸社诅舆脸夕硅暇尺磋砖兜认瓜贝郑猖喀怯猩膏肾捏Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我Chap 10 Atificial Intelligence I Definitional Perspective第一章10人工智能的定义来看我
